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Normbrytare På Rullskridskor En Presstudie Om Fem Svenska Rikstäckande Tidningars Rapportering Och Framställning Av Idrotten Roller Derby

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Normbrytare På Rullskridskor En Presstudie Om Fem Svenska Rikstäckande Tidningars Rapportering Och Framställning Av Idrotten Roller Derby UMEÅ UNIVERSITET Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier Normbrytare på rullskridskor En presstudie om fem svenska rikstäckande tidningars rapportering och framställning av idrotten roller derby Humanistiskt samhällsprogram Historia C C-uppsats 15 poäng VT 2020 Dylan Rockman Innehållsförteckning 1. Inledning ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Syfte och frågeställningar ............................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Bakgrund ............................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2.1 Idrottens regler.......................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Tidigare forskning ........................................................................................................................................ 5 1.3.1 Kvinnliga idrottare i media mellan åren 1920-1996 ................................................ 5 1.3.2 Kvinnliga idrottare i media under 2000-talet…………………………….…………….7 1.4 Teoretisk utgångspunkt och begrepp……………………………..……………………………….8 1.4.1 Kön och genus…………...……………………..……………………………….……………………….8 1.4.2 Genussystem……………………………………….…………………………………………………......9 1.4.3 Kroppen och siutationen…………….…………………..………….……………………………10 1.5 Källmaterial och avgränsningar ………………………………………………………………….10 1.6 Metod och källkritik…………………………………………………………...…………………………11 2. Undersökning……………………..……………………………………………………………………….……..13 2.1 Placering…………………………………………………………………………………..…………………….13 2.2 Våldet…………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………16 2.3 Kön………………………………………………………...……………………………………………………….19 2.4 Förändringen……………………………………………………………...…………………………………..22 3. Diskussion…………………………………………………………………………………………………...……..25 3.1 Placering…………………………...……………..……………………………….……………...……………..25 3.2 Våldet………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….25 3.3 Kön…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………26 3.4 Förändring ………………………...……………….………………………………………………………….28 3.5 Vidare forskning…………………………….……………………………………………………………...29 4. Sammanfattning………………………………………………………………………………………..………..31 5. Käll- och litteraturförteckning……….…………………………………………………...……………..32 Digitala källor……………………...…………………………………………………...…………………………32 Artiklar………………………………….……………………………………………………………...…………..32 Hemsidor………………………………………………………………………………………………………….34 Litteratur………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….34 1. Inledning Inom den historiska forskningen finns det en enig bild av att idrott, som socialt fenomen, är något som både är skapat för och av män. Den manlighet som finns inom idrotten har reproducerats genom imitation av handlingar. Unga manliga idrottare har imiterat äldre manliga idrottares beteende, medvetet eller omedvetet. På så vis skapas ett manligt ideal i idrotten medan kvinnor historiskt sett hållits utanför idrottens värld.1 Denna bild av att idrott som ”männens arena” har resulterat i att kvinnliga idrottares prestationer och utövande inte tolkas och värderas på samma sätt som de manliga idrottarnas.2 Går det att urskilja den manliga idrottsutövaren som norm även när man studerar medias sportrapportering? I en studie från 1999 studerades i vilken utsträckning som kvinnliga idrottare fick ta plats i svensk sportsrapporteringen under åren 1995–1996 och resultatet visade att kvinnor bara tog upp en liten del av rapporteringen. Kvinnor som utövade idrotter som ansågs som könsneutrala eller maskulina rapporterades det än mindre om.3 Idrotten roller derby utövas på rullskridskor och är en fullkontaktidrott. Utövarna är ofta kvinnor, transpersoner eller icke-binära, dock börjar det växa fram lag som enbart består av cis-män,4 (cis är en person vars biologiska kön stämmer överens med det sociala könet) men oftast får män involverade i roller derby ansvar som funktionärer eller cheerleaders.5 Roller derby har blivit kallad den mest fysiskt våldsamma idrotten som är skapad av och för kvinnor.6 Hur har då roller derby, en fullkontaktidrott skapad av och för kvinnor, framställts och rapporterats om i svensk media? 1 Andreasson, Jesper, Idrottens kön: genus, kropp och sexualitet i lagidrottens vardag, Diss. Lund: Lunds universitet, Kalmar, 2006, s 22. 2 Andreasson, Idrottens kön: genus, kropp och sexualitet i lagidrottens vardag, 2006, s 23. 3 Koivula, Nathalie, Gender in sport, Diss. Stockholm Universitet, Stockholm, 1999, s 50. 4 Stockholm Roller Derby, Roller derby - What is roller derby?, https://rollerderby.se/roller-derby/, hämtad 19/3–2020. 5 Finely, J. Nancy,”Skating femininity: gender maneuvering in women´s roller derby”, Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, vol. 39, nr. 4, 2010, s 375. 6 Finely,” Skating femininity: gender maneuvering in women´s roller derby”, 2010, s 369. 1 1.1 Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka Dagens Nyheter, Aftonbladet, Expressen, Göteborgs-Posten och Svenska Dagbladet, vilka är fem av Sveriges största tidningar, för att se hur idrotten roller derby har rapporterats om och framställts ur ett genusperspektiv i media från januari 2011 till november 2019. Frågarna som denna uppsats ämnar besvara är: - I vilken del av tidningarna placeras artiklarna? - Hur kommenteras våldet i artiklarna? - Hur framställs kön i artiklarna? - Går det att urskilja någon förändring i artiklarna sedan januari 2011 till november 2019, och i så fall hur och varför? 1.2 Bakgrund Roller derbyns historia är över hundra år gammal. I mitten av 1880-talet hölls ett sex dagars långt maraton på rullskridskor i Madison Square Garden i New York, som var drygt 160 svenska mil långt och det var endast män som fick delta. Vinnare, William Donovan, som fick mycket medial uppmärksamhet efter vinsten, dog en vecka efter att han gått i mål på grund av utmattning. Efter Donovans död ansågs idrotten vara alldeles för farlig och intresset från allmänheten svalnade.7 Begreppet roller derby myntades 1922 i en artikel i tidningen Chicago Tribune som handlade om det ökande intresset för rullskridskotävlingar.8 År 1935 hölls ett nytt rullskridskomaraton och mannen bakom det var Leo Seltzer. Seltzer välkomnade även kvinnliga deltagare denna gång och det gav ett ökat intresse. Hundratals kvinnor över hela USA kom för att delta i loppet.9 Det var även under denna tid som idrotten utvecklades till att bli mer av en fullkontaktsport. Sportjournalisten Damon Runyon uppmuntrade Seltzer att införa mer tacklingar med tanken att det skulle locka fler åskådare. Seltzer var skeptiskt till idén till en början, men upptäckte snabbt att Runyon hade rätt, publiken älskade det.10 Roller derbyn nådde sin höjdpunkt 1949 då 55 000 åskådare fyllde Madison Square Garden för att se 7 Women’s History, Feminism on the Flat Track: a brief history of roller derby, https://www.womenshistory.org/articles/feminism-flat-track, hämtad 2/4-2020. 8 Atlanta Roller Derby, History of derby, https://www.atlantarollerderby.com/history-of-derby/, hämtad 25/2–2020. 9 Women’s History, Feminism on the Flat Track: a brief history of roller derby, https://www.womenshistory.org/articles/feminism-flat-track, hämtad 2/4-2020. 10 Atlanta Roller Derby, History of derby, https://www.atlantarollerderby.com/history-of-derby/, hämtad 25/2–2020. 2 en match, men snabbt efter det svalnade intresset för idrotten. Det gjordes några försök för att blåsa liv i idrotten igen under 1960–1970-talet, men det var inte samma idrott längre. Det hade televiserats och den fysiska underhållningen, som tacklingarna, var nu på låtsas och det fick en mer teatral karaktär.11 Det var inte förrän 2001 som roller derbyn fick ett uppsving igen i Austin Texas i form av Women´s Flat Track Roller Derby, och man riktade sig mot alternativa grupper som bland annat punkare och musiker. År 2002 upprättades de första Flat Track Rules, vilket innebar att idrotten kunde utövas på en platt ovalbana. Tidigare hade idrotten utövats på en lutande bana, men med de nya Flat Track Rules blev det lättare och billigare att hitta lokaler där man kunde träna och spela matcher. Flat Track Roller Derbyn kom från DIY rörelsen (do it yourself) som hade liknande värderingar som punkrörelsen. Rörelserna hade kopplingar till varandra och värnade om gör-det-själv-principen och att utvecklingen skulle ske på deras egna villkor och inte bestämmas av större företag.12 2000-talets roller derby skiljde sig från den roller derbyn som hade sina glansdagar under slutet av 1940-talet. År 2004 bildades United Leagues Coalition som bestod av flertalet olika flat track föreningar med det gemensamma målet att göra roller derby till en modern idrott. År 2005 bytte de namn till Women´s Flat Track Derby Association, WFTDA, för att på ett tydligt sätt visa det bakomliggande feministiska budskapet.13 Roller derby blev även en fristad för människor inom HBTQ-kretsar14 eftersom idrotten ansågs var inkluderande och välkomnande.15 Medan idrotten spred sig över USA tog det några år till innan roller derbyn fick fäste i Sverige. Stockholm roller derby (STRD) var Skandinaviens första roller derby förening som bildades 2007. Intresset för idrotten var lågt i början, men 2009 släpptes filmen Whip It som handlade om roller derby i Texas vilket bidrog till att intresset för idrotten ökade.16 Som utövare av idrotten kunde man även välja att ha ett roller derbynamn, en typ av alter ego, som utövarna ”tog på sig” under matcherna och som de sedan kunde ”ta av sig”
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