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Roller Derby Changed My Life’: Rethinking Marxist Theory of Emancipatory Praxis Through a Case Study of Women’S Flat-Track Roller Derby

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Roller Derby Changed My Life’: Rethinking Marxist Theory of Emancipatory Praxis Through a Case Study of Women’S Flat-Track Roller Derby 91,500 words ‘Roller derby changed my life’: Rethinking Marxist theory of emancipatory praxis through a case study of women’s flat-track roller derby Polly Lisa Bennett (nee Lisa Farrance) B Social Science (RMIT University) MA Global Media Communication (University of Melbourne) November 2020 Institute of Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities Victoria University Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Roller derby and emancipatory praxis 2 Abstract This thesis develops upon theories of alienation, social reproduction, ideology and emancipation through a study of how roller derby changes skaters’ lives. The thesis focuses on research participants’ experiences of their bodies within a women-led sport that rejects mainstream conceptions of femininity. It demonstrates how a reimagining of the body through physical activity in an alternative, liberating and mutually-supportive subculture can lead to a renewed sense of power and a rejection of internalised ideological constraints. The thesis describes a five-year, ethnographic case study of roller derby in and around Melbourne, Australia. The thesis draws upon observation of major events, and in-depth interviews with a selection of local skaters and visiting international coaches and organisers, all of whom identified with the saying ‘roller derby changed my life’. The skaters’ life changes are various: leaving abusive relationships; coming out as same-sex attracted or transgender; changing their appreciation for their bodies; or ‘finally finding myself’. The thesis asks, why? It discovered several, inter-connected responses. First, freedom and fulfilment come from becoming physically strong but also competent in a technically difficult sport. Skaters coming to understand what the body can do, for the first time in their lives, is common even to those starting out. Secondly, skaters perform within a subculture that reshapes gendered subjectivity in life-changing ways. The sport’s culture is not only ‘queer accepting’ but often ‘out and proud’. This leads to participants’ deep reappraisals of intimate relationships and senses of self. Thirdly, the pattern of selF-actualisation is connected to the sport’s ethic of being run ‘by the skater, for the skater’. Participants reported finding themselves and their ‘people’ for the first time. This is intimately tied to a rethinking of their bodies in action and to resisting the constraints of mainstream femininity in new ways. Past debates regarding freedom from alienation within Marxism and critical social theory have focussed heavily on the resistance to estrangement of labour within Roller derby and emancipatory praxis 3 ‘the economy’. In contrast, this thesis explores how participation in cultural activities such as sport, especially when run by the participants, may also provide examples of human flourishing. In doing this, the thesis discusses the intersections between production and social reproduction in both contributing to alienation – especially for women’s and feminised bodies – and in being catalysts for social change. The thesis follows in the footsteps of Marxists such as Harry Cleaver, CLR James and Stuart Hall in emphasising the forms of social change evident in alternative cultural practice. The thesis also stands within re-theorisation of social reproduction, particularly in the work of Tithi Bhattacharya and Lise Vogel. That sport can provide radical practices of human flourishing is a rare finding in Marxist studies of sport. The thesis finds that subcultures such as roller derby provide an indication of conditions that contribute to freedom from alienation as well as of forms of social reproduction that contribute to human flourishing. The thesis concludes that conditions of freedom, mutual support and participant control must exist if alternative physical practices are truly to contribute to emancipatory praxis. Keywords: Marxism, alienation, emancipation, praxis, roller derby, social reproduction. Roller derby and emancipatory praxis 4 Student Declaration Doctor of Philosophy I, Polly Lisa Bennett (nee Lisa Farrance), declare that the PhD thesis entitled ‘Roller derby changed my life’: Rethinking Marxist theory of emancipatory praxis through a case study of women’s flat-track roller derby is no more than 100,000 words in length including quotes and exclusive of tables, figures, appendices, bibliography, references and footnotes. This thesis contains no material that has been submitted previously, in whole or in part, for the award of any other academic degree or diploma. Due acknowledgement has been made in the text to all other material used. Ethics approval was gained for all research interviews and event observations and is lodged with Victoria University under: HRETH 12/340. Except where otherwise indicated, this thesis is my own work. Date: 23 November 2020 Roller derby and emancipatory praxis 5 Prior Publications1 The following conference paper contains an exploration of theories now in chapter 2: Farrance, Lisa (2009) ‘Just Giving Voice to the Voiceless? An Exploration of the New Media Practice(s) of Social Movements’. European Consortium on Political Research Conference, Potsdam Germany, September. The following contain early drafts of arguments that are now throughout the thesis: Bennett, Polly (nee Lisa Farrance) (2012) ‘Living the life within: on the radical potential of sport’, Overland Literary Journal, 209 Summer. Motta, Sara2, Lisa Farrance and Natalie Zirngast (2014) ‘Keynote Panel: Feminising Emancipation’, Historical Materialism Conference: States, Reproduction, Capital. Sydney Mechanics’ School of Arts, Sydney Australia. 5-6 Sep. Farrance, Lisa (2014) (peer reviewed) ‘”Roller derby changed my life”: sport as emancipatory potential’, Challenging Identities, Institutions and Communities, The Australian Sociological Association Conference, University of South Australia. 27 Nov. The following conference presentations contain elements of early data analysis preceding thesis chapters 4-6. Farrance, Lisa (Polly) (2015) ‘”Roller derby changed my life”: on emancipation through physical action’, Minor Culture Conference, Cultural Studies Association of Australasia, University of Melbourne. 1-3 Dec. Farrance, Lisa (Polly) (2016) ‘Gender, inter-subjectivity and selF-valorisation in the sport of women’s flat-track roller derby’. Australian Sociological Association Conference, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne. 28 Nov-1 Dec. Farrance, Lisa (Polly) (2016) ‘”Overcoming the chaos”: the moments of selF- valorisation on a roller derby track’. Crossroads in Cultural Studies International Conference, Sydney University. 15-17 Dec. I thank all conferences participants, panel collaborators, TASA Conference reviewers (2014), Historical Materialism Australia organisers and editors of the Overland Literary Journal for their generous feedback and advice. 1 Formal name change was in 2017. Some publications have backdated this. 2 See Sara Motta’s later, related work in Liminal Subjects: Weaving (Our) Liberation (2018). Roller derby and emancipatory praxis 6 Acknowledgement of Country This thesis was written primarily on the lands of the Kulin Nations. Specifically, I wrote and researched on Boon Wurrung, Wurundjeri and Wathaurong lands. Sovereignty over this land was never ceded and the cities of so-called Melbourne and Geelong (Djillong) were founded on bloodshed, war and terrorism. These acts continue. As a white settler I benefit immeasurably from this colonisation. It is therefore a life-long responsibility to contribute to reparations and acts of de- colonising. I also acknowledge the traditions of rebellion and emancipatory praxis which have existed on these lands for tens of thousands of years. I aim to honour these in my own contributions to praxis today. I pay my sincere respects to all Elders of these lands, past, present and emerging. This always was, always will be, Aboriginal land. Roller derby and emancipatory praxis 7 General Acknowledgements Any piece of work is never a solo project. As Karl Marx described (and I paraphrase), even when working alone, every piece of work is always already social. Firstly I thank my two primary supervisors, Jamie Doughney and Nicole Pepperell. Both have a seemingly endless knowledge of Capital which has led to many excellent discussions and sometimes debates. These have deeply informed this project. In addition, their advice and support for early-career academics is really appreciated. This thesis would not be what it is if not for your careful and thorough guidance. I thank Victoria University and specifically the Institute of Strategic Economics for supporting my research and providing a much-needed scholarship. I thank the hardworking staFf at the Graduate Research Centre for their training programs and support. I also thank the supportive team in Sport Sociology at Victoria University, such as Brent McDonald, who provided opportunities for interdisciplinary engagement. This thesis could not have been conducted if it were not for the existence of modern roller derby and even more importantly, the incredibly generous contributions of all of those who participated in the research interviews. The depth of the stories you told were beyond what I had hoped for. Thank you also to those who reviewed draft material, particularly the critiques of racism within the sport. I am forever grateful. I am also indebted to that initially small breakaway in Austin Texas, who took roller derby onto the flat track and brought democracy
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