The Unladylike Ladies of Roller Derby?: How Spectators, Players and Derby Wives Do and Redo Gender and Heteronormativity in All-Female Roller Derby
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by White Rose E-theses Online The Unladylike Ladies of Roller Derby?: How Spectators, Players and Derby Wives Do and Redo Gender and Heteronormativity in All-Female Roller Derby Megan Geneva Murray PhD The University of York Women’s Studies January 2012 Abstract All-female roller derby is a rapidly growing full-contact sport played on quad roller skates, with a highly popularized punk, feminine, sexual and tough aesthetic. Utilising theories on the institution of heterosexuality, I conducted a qualitative study on all-female roller derby which evaluated the way in which derby aligns with or challenges heteronormativity. In order to approach this question, I analysed, firstly, thirty-eight interviews with spectators, and twelve with players about their interactions with spectators. Secondly, I interviewed twenty-six players about the phenomenon of “derby wives,” a term used to describe particular female friendships in roller derby. My findings relate the complex relationship between players and spectators by focusing on: (i) spectators’ interpretations of the dress, pseudonyms, and identities of players, as well as the ways in which they were actively involved in doing gender through their discussions of all-female, coed, and all-male roller derby; (ii) players’ descriptions of their interactions with spectators, family members, romantic partners, friends and strangers, regarding roller derby. Additionally, I address the reformulation of the role “wife” to meet the needs of female players within the community, and “derby wives” as an example of Adrienne Rich’s (1980) “lesbian continuum.” “Derby girls” are described as “super heroes” and “rock stars.” Their pseudonyms are believed to help them “transform” once they take to the track. Roller derby is seen as providing a venue to showcase women’s strength and new conceptualizations of femininity and motherhood. However, my findings also indicate that with its many challenges to gender stereotypes, heterosexuality and gender dualism are pervasive and evident in the sport. Even though derby has done much to expand gender expectations, these expectations have only been expanded; they are not diminished or eradicated. Despite this, through all-female roller derby, women are seen as acting in new, transformative ways. 2 Table of Contents Abstract...................................................................................................................2 List of Tables ..........................................................................................................6 List of Images .........................................................................................................7 Acknowledgements.................................................................................................8 Author’s Declaration .............................................................................................9 Introduction..........................................................................................................10 Watching, Playing and Researching Roller Derby ..........................................12 Chapter One. Situating Derby Spectators: How History Influences Perceptions of Roller Derby ............................................................................... 18 The Feminised and Heterosexualised in Women’s Sport ................................20 Lesbian Invisibility and Existence ................................................................ 32 Feminised Muscular Bodies.......................................................................... 36 Non-virtuous Femininity and Sexualisation.................................................. 40 Chick Fight! .................................................................................................. 50 Coed Sport........................................................................................................52 Gender Policy...................................................................................................61 Derby Spectators ..............................................................................................66 Conclusion .......................................................................................................71 Chapter Two. Capitulating to the Institution of Heterosexuality? .................72 Debates in Heterosexuality: Heterosexual Women as “Collaborators” or Feminists? ........................................................................................................72 Successful and Failed Heterosexuality in Women’s Sport and Derby ............79 Female Friendship: Derby Wives and the Lesbian Continuum .......................86 Conclusion .......................................................................................................91 Chapter Three. Researching Heterosexuality in All-Female Roller Derby....93 Understanding Spectators.................................................................................94 Recruitment................................................................................................... 96 Interview Process .......................................................................................... 98 Data Analysis and Interpretation................................................................. 102 Understanding Derby Wives..........................................................................104 Recruitment................................................................................................. 104 3 Interview Process ........................................................................................ 105 Data Analysis and Interpretation................................................................. 106 Demographics ................................................................................................108 Conclusion .....................................................................................................112 Chapter Four. Sex, Femininity, and Athleticism: The Meaning of Dress ....114 Respectability within Derby Culture: The Meaning of Dress and Femininity117 Skaters’ Intent: “The difference between a burlesque show and a strip club” ..................................................................................................................... 123 Projecting and Negotiating Femininity....................................................... 127 Queering Derby: How Men Dress for Sport ............................................... 136 “Watching Women in Hot Pants Hit Each Other”.........................................140 Boutfits and Sex Help Sell the Sport: But to Whom is it Being Sold? ..........146 Unwanted Attention: Perverted Gaze and Handsy Spectators.......................153 Conclusion .....................................................................................................159 Chapter Five. “Dude, She’s Knocking the Manhood Right Out of You”: How Spectators’ Understandings of Roller Derby Construct Gendered Difference ..............................................................................................................................163 Constructing Difference: “The Gayest Guy in Gym Class Still Can Play Basketball Better than All the Girls” .............................................................164 Gendered Sameness: How Size Doesn’t Matter, as Long as Only Women are Playing ...........................................................................................................175 Are All the Referees and Coaches Men? .......................................................179 Gendered Identification with Players: “When I Grow Up I Want to be a Roller Girl”................................................................................................................181 Conclusion .....................................................................................................189 Chapter Six. Playing with, and/or Restrained by, Gender and Sexuality: Derby Girls On and Off the Track .................................................................. 192 The Role of the Persona in Gender Restrictions ............................................193 “Soft-Spoken Mothers” or the “Anti-Hero of Women”.................................205 A Wife Less Ordinary: Heteronormativity and Derby Wives .......................211 Derby Wife as Best Friend.......................................................................... 215 Derby Wife as a “Wife” .............................................................................. 217 Lesbian Continuum ........................................................................................223 Love for Other Women ............................................................................... 224 4 “We are All Raging Lesbos”....................................................................... 227 Conclusion .....................................................................................................244 Conclusion...........................................................................................................246 Appendix A: Descriptive Statistics ...................................................................254 Appendix B: Call for Participants....................................................................262 Spectators and Players 2009...........................................................................262 US Derby Wives Research.............................................................................263