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Arthur Ashkin: Father of the Optical Tweezers RETROSPECTIVE

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Arthur Ashkin: Father of the Optical Tweezers RETROSPECTIVE RETROSPECTIVE Arthur Ashkin: Father of the optical tweezers RETROSPECTIVE Ren ´e-JeanEssiambrea,1 The father of the optical tweezers, Arthur Ashkin, graduating from Columbia in 1947, he enrolled at passed away peacefully at his home in Rumson, NJ, on Cornell University as a Ph.D. student in nuclear physics, September 21, 2020, at the age of 98, two years after like his brother. By that time, Julius had already partici- being awarded the 2018 Physics Nobel Prize. pated in the Manhattan Project, where he worked closely with Feynman. Arthur liked to recall, half- Family and Childhood jokingly, that he lived all his life in the shadow of his Arthur Ashkin was born in Brooklyn, NY, on Septem- brother, the smart one of the family. At Cornell, Arthur ber 2, 1922, the son of humble eastern European met his wife, Aline, an undergraduate majoring in Jewish immigrants. Arthur’s father, Isador, was an or- chemistry, with whom he would happily spend the rest phan from Odessa, then part of Russia, while his of his life. mother, Anna, was from the province of Galicia, then After obtaining his Ph.D. in 1952, Arthur accepted part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. a job offer from Bell Labs, the research arm of AT&T, Isador immigrated to the United States in 1910, where he joined the microwave research department shortly before his nineteenth birthday. Upon his arrival of the Murray Hill Laboratory.* The first project he was at Ellis Island, his surname, Ashkenasy, was Ameri- assigned was on suppressing noise in a microwave canized to Ashkin. Having trained as a dental techni- amplifier, a goal later found to be impossible. “I al- cian in the orphanage where he was raised, Isador most got fired after a year of not making much prog- established his own dental laboratory on the Lower ress on this project,” Arthur recalled. After pulling East Side of Manhattan, specializing in dental pros- through this initial stressful period, Arthur became theses. Anna, who worked briefly as a secretary in Red freer to choose his own projects. For the next decade, Hook, Brooklyn, became a homemaker, raising Arthur he would pursue research on such topics as electron− and his siblings in Flatbush, Brooklyn. electron scattering and various aspects of the traveling Arthur had three siblings, a younger sister, Ruth, an wave tube. elder brother, Julius, and the first-born, Gertrude, who died at a young age. Ruth studied Greek and Latin Early Days of Nonlinear Optics at The City College of New York and became an The second half of the 1950s was marked by a race to esteemed teacher in the New York City elementary build the first “optical maser,” a name commonly used school system. Julius became a physicist. He was an for the laser at the time. The demonstration came in exceptionally gifted student who graduated early and 1960 when Theodore Maiman built a ruby laser (1). It became a close collaborator with many leading physi- took a few more years before Arthur started to ex- cists of the time, including Richard Feynman, Edward periment with lasers, and he sometimes remarked, “I Teller, and Hans Bethe. was late entering the laser field.” From the early 1960s to the mid-1970s, Arthur and his colleagues performed Studies and Joining Bell Labs a series of landmark laser experiments that would re- Arthur followed in his brother’s footsteps, enrolling as verberate for decades in optical research and paved the an undergraduate in physics at Columbia University. way for the development of novel optical devices. World War II interrupted his studies. After being Several of the early laser experiments that Arthur drafted into the Signal Corps, he was then assigned to and his colleagues performed explored the optical the Columbia Radiation Laboratory as a technician, properties of ferroelectric crystals. He reported the building high-power magnetrons as part of the war first observation of continuous wave (cw) second- effort. He remembered those years as highly forma- harmonic generation (2) and, with his close colleague tive, helping him develop his experimental skills. After Gary Boyd, an early demonstration of cw parametric aCrawford Hill Laboratory, Nokia Bell Labs, Holmdel, NJ 07733 Author contributions: R.-J.E. wrote the paper. Published under the PNAS license. 1Email: [email protected]. Published January 29, 2021. *The Murray Hill Laboratory is located at 600 Mountain Avenue in New Providence, NJ. PNAS 2021 Vol. 118 No. 7 e2026827118 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2026827118 | 1of4 Downloaded by guest on September 23, 2021 experimental investigations led to the observation of stimulated Raman (5, 6) and Brillouin scattering (7), four- wave mixing (8), and self-phase modulation (9). Arthur mentioned that these nonlinear optics experiments were inspired by his experiences early in his career working with high-power microwave amplifiers. “Iwas expecting to see new frequencies generated if we in- jected enough power in an optical fiber,” he said, when explaining his intuition on the observation of four-wave mixing in a few-mode fiber. Discovery of Optical Trapping from Radiation Pressure Arthur Ashkin is considered by many to be the father of laser trapping of particles using radiation pressure. In 1970, at the age of 47, Arthur published the first observation that radiation pressure from lasers can “trap” transparent dielectric spheres (10). It was the dawn of laser optical trapping. In the same paper, Arthur discussed how optical trapping could also be applied to atoms and molecules. It is interesting to note that the manuscript was almost not submitted to Physical Review Letters. At the time, Bell Labs had a mandatory internal review to clear a manuscript be- fore it could be submitted for external publication. The review came back saying that the manuscript had no new physics, and, even though there was nothing Arthur Ashkin, in his backyard, looking through a wrong with it, it was not worthy of Physical Review magnifying glass. Image credit: Daniel Ashkin ’ (photographer). Letters. Arthur s boss at the time, Rudolf Kompfner, in a rare moment where he lost his cool, simply said, “Hell, just send it in!” The manuscript was easily ac- amplification (3). In 1966, Arthur discovered the phe- cepted for publication with congratulations and is now nomenon of optical damage due to photorefractive a milestone paper of Physical Review Letters (11). index modulation in LiNbO and other ferroelectrics (4). 3 Arthur published a second paper in Physical Re- It is around that time that the group moved from Murray † view Letters that same year, where he analyzed atomic Hill to the Holmdel Laboratory. beam deflection by a laser radiation pressure (12) In the second half of the 1960s, Arthur hired the based on the effect he had envisioned in his first pa- first three members of his group: John Bjorkholm, per. From the time of publication of these two seminal Roger Stolen, and Erich Ippen. He was viewed by papers in 1970 (10, 12) to the mid-1980s, Arthur “ ” them as not only the boss but also a teacher and a published a series of papers on optical trapping and mentor. When reminiscing with others about these days, Arthur sprightly declared, “Can you believe my luck to have hired these three guys.” Prior to 1972, optical fibers suffered from very high transmission losses, on the order of 1 decibel per meter, mainly due to impurities contaminating the glass. Interestingly, the glass material, in the form of optical fibers, microscopic spheres, or powerful len- ses, would be central to his scientific achievements throughout his career. Despite the drawback of high loss, early optical fibers enabled strong spatial con- finement of light that was maintained over distances well beyond what could be achieved in bulk materials. Therefore, optical fibers became a great “laboratory” for observing nonlinear effects. In a series of break- through experiments, Erich Ippen, Roger Stolen, and John Bjorkholm, with the help of Arthur, laid out the foundation of nonlinear optics in fibers. These From right to left: Arthur Ashkin, Steven Chu, and John Bjorkholm in 1986, around the time of the first † The Holmdel Laboratory was located at 101 Crawfords Corner demonstration of atom trapping. Reused with Road in Holmdel, NJ. permission of Nokia Corporation and AT&T Archives. 2of4 | PNAS Essiambre https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2026827118 Arthur Ashkin: Father of the optical tweezers Downloaded by guest on September 23, 2021 its applications (13). He pioneered optical levitation (14), performed an optical version of the Millikan ex- periment, and performed high-precision Mie scatter- ing measurements. His efforts toward optically trapping atoms also progressed. Together with John Bjorkholm, he demonstrated strong transverse con- finement and defocusing of atomic beams by fre- quency tuning an overlapping copropagating laser beam (15, 16). There were also important theoretical advances that Arthur contributed to during that period. His good friend James Gordon developed a quantum model to understand the stability of radiation traps. It was based largely on numerous discussions with Ar- thur and insights he provided (17). At the time of de- termining authorship, Arthur’s reaction was, “Jim, I should not be a co-author of this paper. I don’t un- derstand this stuff,” to which Jim answered, “You clearly explained the problem to me. That’s more than enough.” A few years later, Arthur and Jim published another theoretical paper, led by Arthur this time, Arthur Ashkin in his homemade laboratory in his basement in November 2018. where they demonstrated that the resonant radiation pressure, or scattering force, alone could not stably unusual circumstances: applying optical trapping and trap objects having a scalar polarizability tensor.
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