Index

Aboakyir festival 269 animal slaughter practices 43 abolo 271 anjera 239–40 afang (okazi) 259 appetite problems, nutrition support 165–6 African- diet 113–32 apple tea 311 common (traditional) foods 115–17, 118–20 diets 212–36 ‘healthy eating’ alternatives 116, 117–18, common (traditional) foods and meals 215–17, 121–2 218 customs and religions 115 healthy eating recommendations 218–22, diet-related disorders 223, 235 coronary heart disease and stroke 126–31 regional variations 218–20 obesity 122–3 religious restrictions 214–15 ethnographic data and UK migration 113–15 cultural and religious infl uences 214–15 further reading 132 diet-related disorders 221–36 support groups 131–2 coronary heart disease 233–6 weaning practices 343–4 diabetes 227–33 websites 131 nutritional defi ciencies 236 alcohol use obesity 221–7 East Asia 145, 187–8 ethnographic information 212–14 East Mediterranean regions 220, 241–2 UK migration 214 East and South-East European regions 284, meal patterns 215–16, 222 300–1 COPYRIGHTEDareca MATERIAL nut (chalia) 64, 77–8, 91 South Asian Sub-continent 14, 33, 45, 66, 75, atama leaves (beletientien) 259 83, 90 ayurvedic medicine 14 during pregnancy 325 and diabetes 94 allergies 346–7 see also ‘hot / cold’ foods anaemia alpha-zero-thalassaemia 168 bacterial infections, food–acquired 323–5 iron defi ciency 20, 69, 97, 168, 236 Bakatue festival 269

Multicultural Handbook of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, First Edition. Edited by Aruna Thaker, Arlene Barton. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Published 2012 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 380 Multicultural Handbook of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics 313 breastfeeding 69, 70–1, 327–31 Bangladeshi diet 72–85 advantages 327 common (traditional) foods 76–9, 80–3 beyond 12-months 331 ‘healthy eating’ recommendations 79–83 express and storage 326–7, 330 cooking methods and meal patterns 76–8 following surgery 329–30 customs and religious observances 75–6 HIV-positive mothers 330–1 demographic data and history 72–5 returning to work 331 diet-related disorders and defi ciencies 835 buckwheat dishes 281, 310 coronary heart disease 84–5 Buddhism diabetes 84 cultural legacies 138–40 obesity 83–4 demographic data impact of UK migration 74–5, 77 East Asia 138 websites 98, 101–2 Sri Lanka 85–6 barbecue dishes 45 dietary obligations 86 Basmati rice 8, 44 religious observances 86 bean curds see tofu buns beans see pulses and beans African 257 beauty ideals, and body weight 53–4 Asian breads 149, 151 beef and beef products, religious restrictions 4 burfi 49 beetroot soup 288 butter Bengal gram 25 cultural signifi cance 310 betel see paan (betel quid) Indian cuisines 9 beveridges see alcohol use; drinks see also ghee bhakhari fl atbread 7 Bharatu 10 caffeine intake, during pregnancy 325 bitter gourd see karela (bitter melon gourd) cakes, Eastern European 290 bitterleaf 259 calcium defi ciencies 167–8 black gram fl our see mung fl our cancer 63–8, 354–63 blessings and food offerings 4 dietary modifi cations 67–8, 162–4, 306 BMI classifi cations 52, 66, 122, 224–5, 318 incidence and ethnic variations 63–4, 95, 160–2, body weight recommendations 52, 66, 122, 224–5 353–4 and preconception advice 318 impact of industrialization 355 38 native vs. migrant levels 95, 96, 162–3 bottle feeding see formula feeds overall rates 356 bowel cancer 66, 162, 357–8 UK rates 356 breadfruit leaf teas 128 lifestyle risk factors 64–6, 95 breads specifi c diseases 356–61 fi lled buns 147, 149, 181–2 breast 357 healthy options 19 cervical 359–60 Indian-style 7–8, 44 colon and rectum 66, 162, 357–8 -style 240 liver 359 pitta 298 lung 356–7 religious signifi cance 280–1 nasopharyngeal 361 rice fl our rolls 171 oesophageal 360 sour-dough 280–1 oral 63–4, 360–1 sweet 7–8, 44, 280 prostate 358–9 unleavened 7–8, 44, 240 stomach 358 breast cancer 357 support and information 362–3 breast surgery / implants 329–30 websites and information sources 372 Index 381

Cantonese cuisine 142 nutritional support 164–7 carbohydrates 23–4 support groups 190 and diabetes 24 weaning practices 344 cardiovascular disease 94–5 Chinese medicine 139–40 dietary modifi cation 95 Chinese Takeaway foods 151–2 see also coronary heart disease and stroke Christianity carp fi sh 282 religious dietary observances 279–80 cassava 258, 270 Seventh Day Adventists 115 cervical cancer 359–60 in West Africa 250, 268 chaas yoghurt drinks 10, 16 Christmas celebrations 280, 298 chai (masala tea) 10 chutneys see pickles and chutneys Channuka 203–4 cigarette smoking chapatti 7–8, 32, 240 health risks 59–60, 64, 146 chickpea during pregnancy 325–6 curry 31 East Asia 146, 188 fl our 9 East and South-East European regions 284, child and infant health 326 301–2 bottle-fed infants 331–7 Eastern Mediterranean regions 220–1, 234, 242 breast-fed infants 69, 70–1, 326, 327–31 South Asian Sub-continent 14, 33–4, 47, 78, 90 defi ciency disorders 21, 69–70 cinnamon 57 dental health 347–9 coconut 88 use of dummies 349 coconut oil 173 weaning 71–2, 337–46 cocoyam leaf 259–60 cultural and religious infl uences 340–6 community educators see health education foods to avoid 339 community farms 20 timing 337–8 147 weight problems 70 cornmeal 270–1 see also nutritional support coronary heart disease and stroke 35–41, 57–63, chilli pepper 261 127–31, 157–60, 233–4, 302, 306 Chinese diets 135–68 associated conditions 58, 127 common (traditional and regional) foods dietary causes 94–5, 128, 159 140–4, 147–8 dietary modifi cations 40–1, 58–9, 62, 95, Central provinces 141 128–31, 159–60, 208, 234–6, 302, 306 Eastern provinces 140–1 drug treatments 127–8 Northern provinces 140 evidence of good practice 60–1, 131 Western provinces 141–2 management and lifestyle changes 39–41, healthy eating changes 146–52 58–60, 62, 127–31 cooking methods and meal patterns 142–4 prevalence and risk factors 36, 39, 57–8, 94–5, cultural infl uences and religious observances 127, 157–9, 233–4 138–40 support and rehabilitation 61, 131 demographic information 135–7 treatment centres and projects 61–2 diet-related disorders 152–68 cows, religious signifi cance 4 cancers 160–4 ‘curries’, traditional vs. healthy options 48, 81–2, coronary heart disease and stroke 157–64 90 diabetes 154–7 nutritional defi ciencies 167–8 dairy products see and dairy products obesity 152–4 7–8, 9, 16, 17, 31, 37, 44 further reading 190 dental problems, oral health recommendations impact of UK migration 137–8, 151 347–9 382 Multicultural Handbook of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics diabetes 21–8, 54–7, 124–6, 154–7, 208–9, 227–33, emotions and food types 4, 33 302 see also ‘hot / cold’ foods complications and associated conditions 23, 36, enteral feeds 210, 265 55, 58, 124–5, 231–3 and religious beliefs 265 hypertension and stroke 94, 232 European diets see East and South-East Europe metabolic syndrome 156 Ewe tribe (Ghana) 269 renal failure 94, 124, 208, 232–3 ewedu (cring-cring) 260 dietary and lifestyle management 23–5, 55–7, ‘exchange lists’ systems 25–7 94, 125–6, 156–7, 209, 228–31 exercise see physical activity drug treatments 228 ethnicity fi ndings 123–4, 227 fan 147 ‘good practice’ guidance 126, 233 fast-foods 53 herbs and other treatments 27–8, 56–7, 94, fasting 230–1 during pregnancy and breast-feeding 210 prevalence and risk factors 22–3, 54–5, 94, 124, religious traditions 5, 28, 42–3, 75, 204, 215, 155–6, 293, 302 238, 279 dietary restrictions see food taboos; individual restrictions for diabetes 57, 230–1 disorders; religious-based dietary fat intake restrictions dietary recommendations 20, 25 dim sum 143, 147 healthy options 20, 40 Dipo festival 269 East Asian diets 150–1, 173, 177 Diwali festival 6, 31 in South Asian Sub-continent 9, 12, 39, 40, 82 Dragon Boat festival 144 reduction guidelines 128–30 drinks risk associations 65 East Asian 143–4, 173–4, 185 see also oils and fats South Asian 10, 12, 16, 19, 46, 48, 77 fenugreek 27, 56–7 West Indian 115, 118 festivals dry mouth 166–7 Chinese populations 144 dummies 349 Christian faiths 280, 298 dumplings Hindu populations 5–6 in East Asian cuisines 140, 142–3 Muslim populations 42–3, 75, 309 in Eastern European cuisines 281 West African populations 269, 270 in West African cuisines 270–1 fi bre (dietary) 24, 65–6, 121 Durga Puja 76 insoluble 168 sources 25 East Asia fi sh Chinese diets 135–68 dried 80–1 Japanese diets 178–90 kosher 200 Vietnamese diets 168–78 marinated 281–2 East Mediterranean region 212–44 salted and smoked 271–2 Arabic diets 212–36 fi sh dishes, East Asian cuisine 149 Somalian diets 236–44 fi sh oils 40, 121, 128 East and South-East Europe 277–314 during pregnancy 323 Greek diets 296–306 ‘fi ve-a-day’ fruit and vegetable intake 40 Polish diets 277–96 folic acid 321 Turkish diets 306–14 food intolerances 346–7 Easter celebrations 280, 298 lactose 185, 272 egusi (melon seed) 260 food offerings and blessings 4 Eid-al-Adha (Sacrifi ce holiday) 75, 309 food restrictions see food taboos; religious-based Eid-al-Fitr (end of Ramadan) 75, 309 dietary restrictions Index 383 food taboos, African continent 253, 257, 258 diabetes 302 formula feeds 331–7 obesity 302 casein- and whey- dominant feeds 331–2 meal patterns 300–2 disadvantages 327–8 websites and further reading 314 follow-on feeds 332 Greek Orthodox Church 297–8 growth / weight gain expectations 335 green gram 25 indications 331 green tea 151 kosher 210 groundnut oil 261 preparation methods 336–7 Gujarati diets 6–28 specialist formulas 332–3 common (traditional) foods 6–14, 17–18 standard preparations 331 ‘healthy eating’ alternatives 15, 19–20 sterilizing equipment 335–6 cooking methods and meal patterns 14, 15, 16 use of alternative 333–5 customs and religious observances 4–6 cow and goat milk 334 diet-related disorders 20–1, 21–5 organic products 334 defi ciency-disorders 20–1 soya-based formulas 333–4 diabetes 21–8 fortifi ed foods 167, 264, 265 ethnographic data 1–6 fried foods 20 impact of UK migration 15, 16, 17–18 fruit intake websites and further reading 97, 99–100 and cancer 306 gum disease 347 in South Asian Sub–continent 36 gurdwara 30–1 fufu dumpling 252, 271 Fuijian cuisine 142 haemoglobin H disease 168 Hakka cuisine 142 garlic, restrictions 4 halal foods 215 Ghanaian diets 266–75 halwa 49 common (traditional) foods 269–73 hamsi fi sh 310 healthy eating recommendations 274 harem foods 43, 75, 86, 238 cooking methods and meal patterns 273, 274 health education cultural and religious observances 268–9, 270 good practices and recommendations 60–3 festivals 269 use of ‘fi ve-a-day’ fruit and vegetable intake demographic data 266–8 40 UK migration 266–8, 273 healthy eating diet-related disorders 273 African-Caribbean diets 116, 117–18, 121–2 nutritional defi ciencies 275 Arab diets 218–22, 223 websites and further information 275–6 Bangladeshi diets 79–83 ghee 4, 9, 33, 49 Chinese diets 146–52 glycaemic index of foods 24, 26, 56 Ghanaian diets 274 grape products 201 Greek diets 302–6 see also alcohol use Gujarati diets 15, 19–20 Greek diets 296–306 Japanese diets 188–9 common (traditional) foods 298–300 Jewish traditions 202, 205–7 glossary 304–5 ‘Mediterranean’ diets 117, 302–6, 314 Mediterranean diets and health 302–6 Nigerian diets 254–8 cultural and religious observances 297–8 Pakistani diets 47–50 demographic information 296–7 Polish diets 266–7, 286–7, 291–2 UK migration 297 Punjabi diets 35, 37–9 diet-related disorders 302, 306 Sri Lankan diets 91–2, 95–7 cancer 306 Turkish diets 312 coronary heart disease and stroke 302, 306 Vietnamese diets 176–8 384 Multicultural Handbook of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics

for bottle feeds 331–7 dietary infl uences and restrictions 43, 75, 86, for breastfeeding 327–31 237–8, 308–9 for children 326 festivals and obligations 42–3, 75, 309 for pre-term infants 345–6 Israel 197–8 for preconception 317–19 see also Jewish diet for pregnancy 319–26 for weaning infants 337–45 Jainism 5 heart disease see coronary heart disease and Janmashtmi festival 6 stroke Japanese diets 178–90 herbal remedies common (traditional) foods 180–6 for coronary heart disease and stroke 128 cooking methods and food preservation 186–7 for diabetes 27–8, 56–7, 94, 230–1 cultural and religious infl uences 180 herbs and demographic information 178–9 East Asian 144–5, 174, 185–6 UK migration 180 Jewish traditions 206 further reading 190–1 Mediterranean diets 217 health and life expectancy 190 South Asian Sub-continent 13, 33, 76–7 meal patterns 188–90 West Africa 260–1, 272–3 second-generation migrants 188–9 West Indies 115–17 use of alcohol and cigarettes 187–8 Hindu religion Jewish diets 197–211 celebrations and festivals 5–6, 75–6 cultural and religious infl uences 199–205 demographic data and key features 4 fasting 204–5 dietary implications 4–5, 86 festivals 203–5 HIV-positive mothers 330–1 Hebrew calendar 201–3 Hoisin sauce 148 religious observances 201–5 Holi festival 5–6 diet-related disorders 207–10 Homowo festival 269 cancer 209 hookah 220–1 diabetes 208–9 hoppers 88 obesity 207–8 hospitality 4 stroke 208 ‘hot / cold’ foods 14, 33, 90–1 ethnographic information 197–9 and pregnancy 69 UK migration 199 Hunnan cuisine 141 food production and preparation 201–6 hypercholesterolaemia 234 healthy eating alternatives 202, 205–7 hypertension 58 specifi c restrictions 200 classifi cations 232 health practices 205 dietary modifi cations 128–31, 152, 208, 232 nutritional support 209–10 treatments 127–8 websites and resources 211 see also coronary heart disease and stroke joint pain, therapeutic remedies 14

Indian restaurants 74 8 infections, food-acquired 323–5 karela (bitter melon gourd) 27–8, 56, 128, 147 insulin 228 Kashrut 200 iodine defi ciencies 97 141–2, 302, 312 iron kenkey 271 defi ciencies 20, 69, 97, 236 Kill the Five Thieves 30 sources 21 Kirat Karni 30 Islam kosher foods 200 demographic data and key features 42, 251, kulfi 49 308 Kuwait 219–20 Index 385 lacto-vegetarian diets in East and South–East European cuisines 282, benefi ts 21 299 South Asian populations 4 in Eastern Mediterranean diets 239, 255 lactose intolerance 185, 272 in Jewish traditions 201 lard 150, 283, 292 in South Asian Sub–continent 9–10, 19, 37–8, Lebanon 219 76, 83 lentils see dal; pulses in West African diets 251, 272 lilva seeds 8 in West Indian diets 116, 125 lime juice 10 unpasteurized 334–5 linoleic acid 323, 324 use for infant feeds 334 listeriosis 324–5 miso 186 locuma 311 Mongolian dishes 140 low-fat dairy foods 130 monosodium glutamate (MSG) 151, 162, 174 lung cancer 356–7 Moon festival 144 lycopene 306 Muharrem 309 mukhvas 14 Macmillan Cancer support 362 mung fl our 9 mah ke dal 31 mushrooms 282 Maha Shivratri festival 5 maize and maize meal 270–1 Naam Japna 30 Makar Sankranti (Kite Flying festival) 5 44 malawa pancake 240 nasopharyngeal cancer 162, 361 malnutrition 95–6 nausea and vomiting, nutrition support 166 masala 13 Navratri festival 6 maternal and infant health 68–9, 96–7, New Year celebrations 6, 298 317–51 Nigerian diets 248–66 preconception 317–19 common (traditional) foods 252–61 pregnancy and lactation 319–26 healthy eating recommendations 254–8 breastfeeding 326–31 regional variations 250–1 bottle feeding 331–7 cultural and religious infl uences 250–3 weaning 337–46 food taboos 253, 257, 258 food intolerances and allergies 346–7 demographic information 248–50 oral health problems 347–9 UK migration 250 websites and further reading 349–51 diet-related disorders 261–4 meat eating coronary heart disease 263–4 disease risk associations 66 obesity 263–4 kosher preparations 200 eating patterns and meal preparations 251–2, raw dishes 310 253 religious observances 4, 43, 200–1 nutritional support 264–6 ‘Mediterranean’ diets 117, 302–6, 314 nitrosamines 66, 162 metabolic syndrome 156, 363–6 noodles 142, 148, 149, 171, 181 dietary modifi cations 365–6 nutrition support 95–6, 117, 164–7, 209–10 information sources 372–3 see also formula feeds; fortifi ed foods prevalence 364 nutritional supplements 167, 368 treatments 364–5 nuts 9, 25 see also diabetes; hypertension; obesity sweet dishes 313 methionine 8 312 obesity milk and dairy products cultural infl uences 53–4, 92–3, 122–3, 207 in East Asian diets 150, 173 defi nitions 51, 222–4 386 Multicultural Handbook of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics

dietary modifi cations 52, 93, 93–4, 123, 154, impact of UK migration 42 155, 207, 225, 302 websites and further reading 98, 100–1 drug treatments 123 49 ethnic factors and prevalence 51–2, 92–3, 122, palm fruit sauce 261 152–3, 222–4, 242, 292 palm oil 256, 261 UKmigration 93 pancakes 171, 239–40 genetics and metabolic defects 123 paneer 49 in children 70 papdi 10 lifestyle, activity and behavior changes 52–4, papya 128 93–4, 123, 154, 225–6, 242–3 7–8, 31, 44 risks and associated conditions 66–7, 153–4 parev foods 201 metabolic syndrome 156, 363–6 Passover 204 polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) 363–6 PCOS see polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) oesophageal cancer 360 peanut allergies 323 ogbono (bush mango seed) 260 Peking dishes 140 oils and fats Pentecostalism 115 in East Asian diets 150, 173, 185 phosphate-rich foods 94 in South Asian Sub-continent diets 9, 12, 20, physical activity 39, 40, 82 benefi ts and recommendations 39, 52–3, 60, in West African diets 256, 261 225–6, 284 in West Indian diets 128–9 during pregnancy 320–1 okra 260, 271 GP referral schemes 62 olive oil 300 phytoestrogens 333–4 health benefi ts 306 pickles and chutneys 10, 44–5, 282 omega-3 fatty acids 40, 121, 306 pigmies 311 during pregnancy 323 pilau rice 8 onions, restrictions 4 plantains 259, 270 oral cancers 63–4, 360–1 Polish diets 277–96 oral health recommendations 318–19, 347–9 common (traditional) foods 280–3, 291–2 oral sores and disorders 166 glossary of dishes 288–90 see also dry mouth meal patterns 286–7 osteomalacia 243, 367 cultural and religious observances 279–80 see also vitamin D defi ciencies demographic data 277–9 oyster sauce 148 UK migration 279, 285–7 diet-related disorders 292–6 paan (betel quid) 14, 45, 64, 77–8, 90 cancer 293 and oral cancers 64, 91 cardiovascular disease 292–3 Pakistani diets 41–72 diabetes 293 common (traditional) foods 44–5, 46, 47, obesity 292 64–5 food production and preservation 283–4 ‘healthy eating’ alternatives 47–50 healthy eating and lifestyle recommendations cooking methods and meal patterns 43–7, 48 266–7, 286–7, 291–2 customs and religious observances 42–3 barriers 294–5 diet-related disorders 51–72 polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) 363–6 cancer 63–8 dietary modifi cations 365–6 coronary heart disease 57–63 prevalence 364 diabetes 54–7 treatments 364–5 maternal and child conditions 68–72 pork and pork products 43, 115, 252, 281 obesity 51–4 potassium-rich foods 94, 233 ethnographic data 41–2 potatoes, sweet 254 Index 387 pre-term infants 345–6 Hinduism 4–5, 86 preconception health 317–19 Islamic faith 43, 75, 86, 214–15, 237–8, pregnancy 319–26 308–9 birth spacing 319 Judaism 200 dietary and lifestyle restrictions 40, 69, 210, Sikhism 31 323–6 and weaning practices 340–6 contra-indicated drugs 326 renal failure 94, 124, 208, 232–3 dietary recommendations 14, 319–20 restricted foods see food taboos; religious-based supplements 321–2 dietary restrictions general maternal health considerations 68–9, rice dishes 44 319–20 in East Asian diets 142, 143, 148–9, 170–6, obstetric complications (age-associated) 319 180–1 safe exercising 320–1 in South Asian Sub-continent 8, 37, 44 weight gain expectations 320 in West African dishes 254 prostate cancer 358–9 rice fl our 9 proteins 24 rickets 367 and diabetes 24 see also vitamin D defi ciencies pulses and beans 8–9, 25 Rosh Hashannah 203 in casseroles 299 rotali 16 curds 149 7, 44, 49, 240 curried and spiced versions 31 rye breads 281 as deserts 173 dried whole 8–9 Sabbath 201–2 ground / fl our 9 Sahib festival 31 in soups 282, 288 sake 187 sprouted 8–9 salmonellosis 325 Punjabi diet 28–41 salt intake 20, 130, 300 common (traditional) foods 31, 36 risk associations 65 ‘healthy eating’ alternatives 35, 37–9 sarson ka sag 31 cooking methods and meal patterns 32–3 seafood, in East Asian diets 173, 183–4 customs and religious observances 30–1 Seker Bayrami ( holiday) 309 diet-related disorders 35–41 Seventh Day Adventists 115 coronary heart disease and stroke 35–41 Shandong dishes 140 ethnographic data 28–30 Shanghai’s cuisine 140–1 impact of UK migration 34–5 Shavout 204 support groups 99 49 websites and further reading 97–8, 100 shisha (hookah) 220–1 8, 44 Sichuan cuisine 141 Purim 204 Sikh religion demographic data 28–30 10 religious observances 30–1 Raki 312 sip feeds 209–10, 264–5 Rakshabandhan festival 6 and religious beliefs 264–5 Ramadan 42–3, 75, 215, 238, 309 smoking see cigarette smoking Rastafarianism 115 snack foods 16, 32, 38–9, 48, 143 rat ears (joy weed) 128 and coronary heart disease 38–9 religious-based dietary restrictions soko 260 Buddhism 86 Somalian diets 236–44 Christian faiths 115, 250, 295 common (traditional) foods 238–42 Greek Orthodox Church 297–8 cultural and religious infl uences 237–9 388 Multicultural Handbook of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics

demographic information 236–7 supplements see nutrition support; nutritional UK migration 236–7 supplements diet-related disorders 242–3 obesity 242–3 taboo foods see food taboos; religious-based vitamin D defi ciencies 243 dietary restrictions dietary and meal patterns 238–41 311 infant feeding practices 243, 345 bread 44 websites and further information 244 tandoori cooking methods 45 soups, Eastern European 288 taste disorders 166 soursop leaf teas 128 TCM see Chinese medicine South Asian Sub–continent 1–98 teas Bangladeshi diet 72–85 fruit 311 Gujarati diet 1–28 green 151 Pakistani diets 41–72 Masala (chai) 10 Punjabi diet 28–41 teeth, oral health recommendations 347–9 Sri Lankan diet 85–97 thepla fl at bread 7–8 weaning practices 342–3 tobacco (chewing) 14, 45, 64 soy sauce 148, 186, 187 see also cigarette smoking soya bean 8 tofu 149–50, 173, 184 soya milk tong sui (sweet soup) 151 infant feeds 333–4, 348 toothpastes 349 and phytoestrogens 333–4 toxoplasmosis 325 spices see herbs and spices Tu Beshvat 204 spinach 31, 260 Turkish diets 306–14 spiritual healing 28 common (traditional) foods 309–13 sprouted pulses and beans 8–9, 147 healthy eating recommendations 312 Sri Lankan diet 85–97 cultural and religious observances 308–9 common (traditional) foods 87–91 festivals 309 ‘healthy eating’ and nutritional support demographic information 306–8 91–2, 95–7 UK migration 308 cooking methods and meal patterns 87–8, 90–1 diet-related disorders 314 customs and religious observances 86–7 websites and further reading 314 diet-related disorders 92–5 cancer 95 ugu (fl uted pumpkin leaves) 260 diabetes 94 UK migration nutritional defi ciencies 97 from East Asia 137–8, 175–6, 180 obesity 92–4 from the Eastern Mediterranean 214, 236–7 renal failure 94 from Eastern and South-Eastern Europe 279, further reading 102 285–7, 296–7, 308 steak tartar 310 from the South Asian Sub-continent 3, 15–18, sterilization methods, feeding equipment 335–6 29–30, 34–5, 42, 74–5, 77, 85 stomach cancer 358 from West Africa 250 stroke see cardiovascular disease; coronary heart from the West Indies 113–15 disease and stroke Jewish settlers 199 Sudanese diet 218–19 sugar bread 271 Vaghar 8, 14 sugar products 19–20 Vand Chakna 30 alternatives 38–9 vegan diets 115 and child health 347–9 and infant/child feeds 342 Sukkot 203 vegetables Index 389

in East Asian diets 139–42, 171, 172, 182–3 waist circumference measures 123, 225 in East and South-East European cuisines 282, waterleaves 260 290 weaning practices 71–2, 96–7, 337–46 in South Asian Sub-continent 9, 11, 36, 38, 46, current guidelines on timing 337–8 82, 88–9 methods 338–9 in West African diets 256, 259–60 baby-led 339 in West Indies 119, 128 before 12 months 339 vegetarian diets food recommendations (general) 339 advantages 21 giving fl uids from 6–months 340 and infant/child feeds 342 use of home cooked foods 240–346 Vietnamese diets 168–78 weight management programmes 54, 225–7 common (traditional) foods and meals West Africa 248–76 170–6 Ghanaian diets 266–76 key food groups 170–5 Nigerian diets 248–66 meal patterns 175–6 weaning practices 344–5 UK migrants 175–6 West Indies see African–Caribbean diet cultural and religious infl uences 169–70 whey-based infant formulas 331 demographic information 168–9 white butter 9 further reading 190 wholegrain foods 131 ‘healthy eating’ alternatives 176–8 see also fi bre (dietary) regional variations 170 vitamin A defi ciencies 97 xerostomia 166–7 requirements during pregnancy 322 vitamin B12 requirements 20–1, 321–2 yams 258–9, 270 vitamin D defi ciencies 21, 69–70, 72, 97, 236, 243, Yin and Yang forces 139–40 366–72 yoga 28 key points 366 yoghurt 10 natural sources 367 Yon Kippur 203 prevention and public health measures 368, Yunnan cuisine 141 370–2 requirements during pregnancy 322–3 zakat 42 UK prevalence 369–70 Zoroastrianism 4