OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 42 NO. 1 WINTER 1992

Published by

THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio MEMBERSHIP AND DUES Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows: Regular membership $15.00; husband and wife (one copy of publication) $16.00; Life membership $300.00. 3 A.S.O. OFFICERS Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, published quarterly, is included President James G. Hovan, 16979 South Meadow Circle, in the membership dues. The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an Strongsville, OH 44136, (216) 238-1799 incorporated non-profit organization. Vice President Larry L. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue SE, East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 BACK ISSUES Exec. Sect. Barbara Motts, 3435 Sciotangy Drive, Columbus, OH 43221, (614) 898-4116 (work) (614) 459-0808 (home) Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: Recording Sect. Nancy E. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $ 6.00 SE, East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 5.00 Treasurer Don F. Potter, 1391 Hootman Drive, Reynoldsburg, Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $10.00 OH 43068, (614) 861-0673 The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, OH Back issues—black and white—each $ 5.00 43064, (614)873-5471 Back issues—four full color plates—each $ 5.00 Immediate Past Pres. Donald A. Casto, 138 Ann Court, Lancaster, OH 43130, (614) 653-9477 Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are generally out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write to business office for prices and availability.

BUSINESS MANAGER Paul Wildermuth, 5210 Coonpath Road NE, Pleasantville, OH ASO CHAPTERS 43148, (614) 536-7855 or (800) 736-7815. Aboriginal Explorers Club President: John M. Rose, R.D. #1, Box 12, Chester, WV TRUSTEES Beau Fleuve Chapter 1992 David W. Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave., Portsmouth, OH President: John C. McKendry, 5545 Trescott Terrace, Lakeview, NY 45662, (614) 354-1454 (work) Blue Jacket Chapter 1992 Stephen Kelley, 301 Columbia Ave., Box 1, Seaman, OH President: Jacque F. Stahler, 115 S. Mill Street, DeGraff, OH 45679,(513)386-2375 Cuyahoga Valley Chapter 1992 Walter J. Sperry, 6910 Range Line Rd., Mt. Vernon, OH President: Norman Park, 4495 W. High Street, Mantua, OH 43050,(614)393-2314 Flint Ridge Chapter 1994 Martha Otto, 2200 East Powell Road, Westerville, OH 43081, President: James E 770 S. 2nd Street, (614)297-2641 (work), (614) 846-7640 (home) Fort Salem Chapter 1994 Don Gehlbach, 3435 Sciotangy Drive, Columbus, OH 43221, President: Clinton McClain, 1844 Sicily Road, Mt. Orab, OH (614)459-0808 Johnny Appleseed Chapter 1994 Stephen J. Parker, 1859 Frank Drive, Lancaster, OH 43130, President: Charles Fulk, 2122 Cottage Street, Ashland, OH (614)653-6642 1994 S. A. (Joe) Redick, 35 West Riverglen Drive, Worthington, OH King Beaver Chapter President: Ronald Richman, Box 23, Clay Street, Edinburg, PA 43085, (614)885-0665 1994 Michael W. Schoenfeld, 5683 Blacklick-Eastern Road NW, Lake County Chapter Pickerington, OH 43147, (614) 837-7088 President: William M. King, 9735 Ridgeview Trail, Mentor, OH Lower Ohio River Valley Basin Chapter REGIONAL COLLABORATORS President: Will Storey, 1820 Dexter, Portsmouth, OH David W. Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave., Portsmouth, OH 45662 Miamiville Archaeological Conservation Chapter Mark W. Long, Box 467, Wellston, OH President: Raymond E. Lovins, Box 86, Miamiville, OH Steven Kelley, Seaman, OH Mound City Chapter William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave., Lakewood, OH President: Carmel "Bud" Tackett, 906 Charleston Pk., Chillicothe, OH James L. Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Neil Avenue Mall, North Coast Chapter Columbus, OH 43210 President: Robert W. McGreevey, 24687 Tara-Lynn Dr., N. Olmstead, OH Gordon Hart, 760 N. Main St., Bluffton, Indiana 46714 Painted Post Chapter David J. Snyder, P.O. Box 388, Luckey, OH 43443 President: Joe Johnson, 108 Erwin Avenue, Follansbee, WV Dr. Phillip R. Shriver, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056 Sandusky Bay Chapter Brian Da Re, 58561 Sharon Blvd., Rayland, OH 43943 President: George B. DeMuth, 4303 Nash Rd., Wakeman, OH Jeff Carskadden, 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North, Sandusky Valley Chapter Zanesville, OH 43701 President: James E. Milum, 17306 CH 113, Harpster, OH

All articles, reviews, and comments regarding the Ohio Archaeologist Seneca Arrow Hunters should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, requests for back issues, President: Donald Weller, Jr., 3232 S. State Rt. 53, Tiffin, OH changes of address, and other inquiries should be sent to the Busi­ Six River Valley Chapter ness Manager. President: Walter J. Sperry, 6910 Range Line Road, Mount Vernon, OH Standing Stone Chapter PLEASE NOTIFY THE BUSINESS MANAGER OF ADDRESS President: Paul Wildermuth, 5210 Coonpath Road, Pleasantville, OH CHANGES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONS, Sugarcreek Valley Chapter SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. President: Nancy E. Morris, 901 Evening Star Ave. SE, East Canton, OH

NEW BUSINESS OFFICE PHONE NUMBER 1-800-736-7815 TOLL FREE TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S PAGE Hopewell Inter-Site Relationships and Astronomical The year 1992 started as busy as 1991 ended. Our January Alignments by William F. Romain 4 1992 meeting in Columbus was very well attended, as was ex­ Excavation of Henderson Mound 1, Muskingum pected. In addition to our regular Ohio members, we had guests from New York, Kentucky and Indiana. Out of state guests are al­ County, Ohio by Jeff Carskadden and Larry Edmister 6 ways welcome. The Rock Art of Ohio: A Look Into The Past and an May, 1992 is our officer election and all nominations must be Agenda for the Future by John Labadie 10 made to Don Casto and Bob Converse immediately. It is appropri­ A Double Burinated Notched Base Dovetail from the ate at this time to welcome Jim Hahn as the new Fraudulent Mouth of Big Darby Creek by Jonathan E. Bowen 16 Artifact Committee Chairman starting in March, 1992. The 1992 summer Chapter meetings will be hosted in July by Personal Finds byGlennSpray 17 the Johnny Appleseed Chapter, followed in August by the Beau Henry Shetrone's Vision by Gordon Hart 18 Fleuve Chapter and closing with a joint meeting of the Flint Ridge, Experimental Archaeology - How Were Sapling Pole Six River Valley and Standing Stone Chapters in September. All of the above meetings will be in addition to our third annual meeting Structures Set Into The Ground? by J.R. Haas 22 with the West Virginia Archaeological Society in Marietta, Ohio. The Richey Clovis Cache by Norman L Wright 24 You'll be advised in advance of all of the exact meeting dates, and An Expanded Notch Knife by Bob White 31 times. Summer meetings are always a lot of fun, well organized and relaxing. Please plan on attending as many as you can. Human Effigy Pendant from Coshocton County, Ohio Don't forget our ongoing objective of each one of you signing up by David Hilliard 32 a brand new member this year. How about getting someone to re­ Construction of a Chippewa Wigwam activate an old membership? What about a gift membership to a by Elaine Holzapfel 33 young person? Another idea that you might consider for 1992 is visiting and Adena Gorgets by AI Wakefield 34 paying your respects to an "old time" collector. I've personally Bannerstones by Jerry Ball 35 done this many times over the years and have found these visits very rewarding. Many of our veteran collectors don't have the op­ A 250,000 Year Old Axe by Elaine Holzapfel 36 portunity to get out to our meetings so they always enjoy seeing Cahokia by Robert W. Converse 37 fellow collectors and exchanging ideas. More Astronomical Alignments at Hopewell Sites in Ohio You know, once in a while I'll get a complaint about why some­ by William F. Romain 38 thing is done one way and not another. My suggestion is — if you don't like something get involved and change them. The Howard Baum Site: A Baum Phase Fort Ancient As a Society we're constantly requiring articles to publish in our Village, Ross County, Ohio byShauneM. Skinner 48 magazine. How about writing an article or two for the new year? I The Mississippians and Their Communities hear a lot of collectors say about a piece in their collection, byD.R. Gehlbach 55 "wouldn't that piece make a nice article"? How about sharing The Serpent Mount and Serpentine Meteors some of that knowledge? by Louis Winkler 56 Lastly, no fraudulent materials will be tolerated at any of our meetings. I've spoken and written about this topic many, many Scenes from the Bosman Site Excavation, times before. This is not a threat, but a promise. Muskingum County, Ohio by Jeff Carskadden, Larry Edmister and James Morton 60 Best regards, Brief Summary of Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act by James Reid 64 James G. Hovan President Statement Regarding the Native American Grave Protection and Repatriation Act by James Reid 64 Burn Witch, Burn: A Reply to Baldwin by Karl w. Kibier .... 66 The Art Gerber Affair, The Facts by Tom Browner 68 Editorial by Robert N. Converse 70 National Register Listed Mound in Butler County is Destoyed for Housing Subdivision by Franco Ruffini 71 Mound City Group National Monument May Be Expanded 71

Front Cover The outstanding fluted point shown on the front cover is from Warren County, Ohio. Once in the collection of Dr. Stanley Copeland, it was pictured in the Ohio Archaeologist Volume 10, No. 4, page 134, in 1960. It is made of translucent orange and black flint the source of which is unknown.

3 HOPEWELL INTER-SITE RELATIONSHIPS AND ASTRONOMICAL ALIGNMENTS by William F. Romain 4000 Westbrook Drive, #502 Brooklyn, Ohio 44144

To date, preliminary analyses (Romain These azimuths were determined by the Earthwork, the moon will be seen to rise in 1991, 1992) have suggested that as many same procedures described at greater alignment with the Hopeton Earthwork. as twenty-three Hopewellian earthworks length elsewhere (Romain 1991, 1992). In On the date of the moon's minimum may incorporate intentional alignments to brief, however, azimuths were determined south standstill, as plotted from the astronomical events. Typically, these align­ by reference to Aveni's (1972) tables. Junction Group, the moon will rise in align­ ments are to either solstice and/or lunar Aveni's tables are entered by interpolated ment with the Liberty Earthwork. standstill events. latitude, horizon elevation, date, and celes­ And, as plotted from the Seip Earthwork, In the present article, evidence will be tial event. For this paper, the latitude for on the date of the moon's minimum north presented suggesting that some of these Chillicothe, Ohio, (39° 20') was used, a one standstill, the moon will rise in alignment same sites were also intentionally located degree horizon elevation was assumed, the with the Baum Earthwork and the Works along inter-site lunar standstill azimuths. date used was A.D. 250, and rising and East of Chillicothe. setting events were considered to occur at Finally, it will be noted that a line extend­ Analyses the moment of lower limb tangency with ing through the Junction Group, Shriver, For this study, analyses were limited to the horizon. Mound City, and Dunlap Earthworks de­ the geometric earthworks located in Ross Relationships between sites were scribes an essentially perfect north-south County, Ohio. Traditionally, this has been checked for all four solstice and all eight lu­ sightline. considered the "heartland" of the classic nar standstill azimuths. In short, fourteen major Hopewell sites in Hopewell florescence. Within this relatively After plotting the above noted azimuths, Ross County, Ohio, appear to have been small area are found such earthworks as the map was photographically reduced to located in relationship to each other so that Frankfort, Seip, Baum, Hopewell, Dunlap, the size in Figure 1. lunar standstill azimuths are expressed. Cedar Bank, Hopeton, Mound City, Works East of Chillicothe, Junction Group, High Results Discussion Bank, Liberty, Shriver, and Anderson. What I am presenting here is an abbrevi­ Several concepts seem suggested in the These earthworks are shown in Figure 1. ated report. My intention is to present a data just presented. Figure 1 was made by the following pro­ more detailed analysis in the near future. First, it will be noted that most of the cedure. First, the location for each site was In brief, however, as can be seen by ref­ sightlines shown in Figure 1 extend for plotted on a USGS 7.5 minute series topo­ erence to Figure 1, the location for each of several miles between sites. In fact, the graphic map. This was done by reference the major geometric Hopewell earthworks distance between the Seip Earthwork and to descriptions and maps for various sites in Ross County can be accounted for by its the Works East of Chillicothe, for example, presented by Squier and Davis (1848), location on a lunar standstill azimuth. is more than sixteen miles. Obviously, the Thomas (1894), Anderson (1980), and oth­ For example, as viewed from the Hopewell were remarkably skilled at laying ers; review of current and archival aerial Frankfort Earthwork, on the date of the out very long sightlines, to rather precise photographs; and ground level reconnais­ moon's minimum south standstill, the limits. sance of certain sites by the present author. moon will be seen to rise at a location on Second, it will be noted that except for Using these topographic sheets as a the horizon which is 115.9 degrees east of the north-south line which extends be­ guide, the sites were then re-plotted on to true north. This azimuth is shown plotted in tween the Junction Group and Dunlap a smaller-scale map in order to facilitate Figure 1. Notice that the Hopewell Site is Earthwork, virtually all other sightlines are in reproduction. The map used in this in­ also located on this azimuth of 115.9 de­ the direction of the moonrise. No sightlines stance was a 20" x 30", 1991 Highway grees as plotted from the Frankfort were found to extend to the west, toward Map of Ross County, Ohio, prepared by Earthwork. sunset or moonset positions. Clearly, Ross County Engineer Don E. Carnes, Similarly, on the date of the moon's maxi­ moonrise and/or the general direction of RE., P.S. This map, which is essentially mum north standstill, as plotted from the east held special significance for the compiled from aerial photographs is pub­ Hopewell Site, the moon will rise in align­ Hopewell. lished by The National Survey, Chester, ment with the Dunlap Earthwork. Lastly, there seems an underlying associ­ Vermont. Copies of the map are also avail­ As plotted from the Dunlap Earthwork, ation between certain of the moonrise az­ able at the Ross County Engineer's Office, on the date of the moon's minimum south imuths and the course of the major water­ Chillicothe, Ohio. standstill, the moon will rise in alignment ways in the area. More specifically, note After plotting the sites on the above with the Cedar Bank Earthwork. how the moon's minimum south standstill noted county map, a sheet of mat acetate On the date of the moon's minimum azimuth roughly parallels the azimuth of the was laid over this map and the sites, as north standstill, when plotted from the North Fork of Paint Creek, from the well as prominent waterways, and city lim­ Anderson Earthwork, the moon will rise in Frankfort Earthworks to the Hopewell Site. its for Frankfort and Chillicothe, Ohio, were alignment with the Hopeton Earthwork. Similarly, the north-south line between traced on to the acetate sheet. Orientation Also as plotted from the Anderson the Dunlap Earthwork and Mound City par­ to true north was made by reference to the Earthwork, on the date of the moon's mini­ allels the essentially north-south flow of the north-south indicators on the source map. mum south standstill, the moon will rise in Scioto River; while the moon's maximum The sites shown on the final map are all to alignment with the High Bank Earthwork. south standstill azimuth as viewed from approximate scale. And, except for per­ As plotted from Mound City, on the date Mound City roughly describes the azimuth haps the Works East of Chillicothe, I expect of the moon's maximum south standstill, of that part of the Scioto River from Mound that all sites are accurately plotted to within the moon will rise in alignment with the City to the Works East of Chillicothe. about 500 feet. Works East of Chillicothe. Along this same line of reasoning, it will The next step was to plot on the final On the date of the moon's maximum be noted that the moon's minimum north map, the lunar azimuths shown in Figure 1. north standstill, as plotted from the Shriver standstill azimuth as viewed from the Seip

4 and Baum Earthworks to the Works East, References Squier, Ephraim G., and Edwin H. Davis extends roughly parallel to Paint Creek. Anderson, Jerrel C. 1848 Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Finally, the moon's minimum south 1980 A Recent Discovery - The Anderson Valley. Smithsonian Contributions to standstill azimuths as viewed from the Earthwork. Ohio Archaeologist 30(1 ):31 -35. Knowledge. Vol. 1. Smithsonian Institution, Anderson Earthwork to the High Bank Aveni, Anthony Washington, D.C. Earthwork, and Junction Group to the 1972 Astronomical Tables Intended for Use in Thomas, Cyrus Liberty Earthwork, will be seen to extend Astroarchaeological Studies. American 1894 Report on the Mound Explorations of the parallel to a long section of Paint Creek. Antiquity 37(4):531 -540. Bureau of Ethnology. In Twelfth Annual My thought here is that the Hopewell Romain, William F. Report of the Bureau of American were well-aware of the above correspon­ 1992 More Astronomical Alignments at Hopewell Ethnology for the Years 1890-1891. dences between local geomorphology, site Sites in Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 42(1 ):in Washington, D.C. orientation, and observed lunar phenom­ press. ena. Indeed, the synergistic effect of these 1991 Possible Astronomical Alignments at correspondences may have been seen as Hopewell Sites in Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist further sanctifying, or making sacred, the 41(3):4-16. innermost heartland of the Hopewell.

TM

DUNLAP * ^5>J CEDAR BANK FRANKFORT

f HOPETON «--*)

V^SN. X* HOUND CITY J

5V\ HOPEWELL/ ANDERSON^ST*" XT/ <<^

NORTH FORK PAINT CREEK 1 >v_^.

*£Q}^ CHILLICOTHE *r>sj WORKS EAST

X^V * JUNCTION vV. f ^-*V GROUPED HIGH BANK

^^PAINT CREEK V^ r

\ ^^^^ LIBERTY

BAIM ^^ *\

dottfUttti) ©if &m®

0 13 3 -fc 3 SCALE OF MILES

Copyright I9«2 W.F.Rom.in

Fig. 1 (Romain) Map of part of Ross County, Ohio, showing astronomical alignments between Hopewell sites. Drawing by the author.

5 EXCAVATION OF HENDERSON MOUND 1 MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO by Jeff Carskadden, Zanesville and Larry Edmister, St. Louisville

Introduction some of the artifacts from this mound, in­ extended individual under a "stone For the Muskingum Valley of eastern cluding shovel-shaped pendants, have heap," and two more individuals (one ex­ Ohio, the designation "early Late appeared in the Ohio Archaeologist tended and one bundle) buried in a single Woodland" is that period beginning (Converse 1981). shallow subfloor pit and covered with around A.D. 400 and ending by A.D. 650 bark. An assortment of artifacts, includ­ or A.D. 700. Burial mounds along the The Black Dog and ing mica and Chesser/Lowe projectile Muskingum River dating from this period Henderson Mounds points, were associated with these buri­ represent the last vestiges of Woodland In 1991 the authors had the opportu­ als. A report on this mound awaits the mound building in eastern Ohio. These nity to excavate three more early Late analysis of the human remains, which is early Late Woodland mounds usually oc­ Woodland ridge top mounds along the currently being undertaken. A radiocar­ cur in pairs or groups of three or more and Muskingum River below Zanesville, all lo­ bon date of A.D. 428 (corrected) obtained are situated on ridge tops or high terraces cated near the Philo Mound Group. from Henderson Mound 2, however, indi­ overlooking habitation sites. Present in These included the Black Dog Stone Cist cates that this mound, and probably some of these early Late Woodland Mound, situated on a high ridge top im­ Henderson Mound 1 as well, date to mounds are certain slate and cannel coal mediately upstream and overlooking the about the same time or a little later than pendant forms (particularly shovel-shaped Philo Mound Group, and the Henderson the Philo Mound Group. Although no pendants) and stone cists and stone box Mounds, two mounds located together burials were found in Henderson Mound graves, traits which are not found in the on a ridge top about a mile upstream 1, an interesting cache of artifacts was preceding Hopewell period in the from the Philo Mound Group. All three of recovered, and Henderson Mound 1 will Muskingum Valley. Other characteristics these mounds were on parcels of land be the focus of this present report. which distinguish these late sites from purchased for development by a friend of Hopewell include the ridge top locations, the authors, and the mounds were exca­ Henderson Mound 1 the absence of associated geometric vated prior to the land being subdivided Excavations of Henderson Mound 1 earthwork complexes, the lack of exotic for resale. were started at the very south edge of the Hopewell Interaction Sphere goods (ex­ The Black Dog Stone Cist Mound (or mound and consisted of a series of four cept for mica and a little copper), and the just Black Dog Mound) was an earth cov­ east-west five-foot wide trenches. Our ex­ lack of certain flint artifact traits such as ered stone cist containing two small clay cavations revealed that the mound was Hopewell parallel-sided bladelets and "primary mounds" and a subfloor crema­ constructed primarily of earth (red clay), blade cores. tion pit. Mica sheets were found on one of except in the northwest quadrant where a The well known Philo Mound Group (5 the clay primary mounds, and a charred number of large flat sandstone slabs had mounds), located on a hilltop overlooking log from the pit produced a corrected ra­ been used to cap the mound. the Muskingum River south of Zanesville, diocarbon date of A.D. 542. This mound Excavations also revealed that a U- is believed to be the earliest mortuary site will be discussed in detail in a later article shaped ring of sandstone slabs had been of this early Late Woodland period in the (Carskadden et al n.d.), although we will placed on the mound floor. These stones valley. Newly derived tree ring corrections discuss this radiocarbon date and make were lying flat and apparently served to for radiocarbon dating (Stuiver and Reimer some comparisons at the end of this pre­ delineate a special activity area on the 1986) suggest that the mound building ac­ sent report. mound floor. Similar patterns of stone tivity at the Philo Mound Group centered The Henderson Mounds were two earth were found under three of the mounds in around A.D. 400. This is based on the cor­ mounds situated about 50 feet apart on the Philo Mound Group, and under other rected date of A.D. 408 from Mound B at top of a narrow finger ridge overlooking early Late Woodland mounds in the lower the Philo Mound Group (Morton 1977). the river, more than 200 feet above the Muskingum Valley (Coover 1908) and else­ Although the mound group was originally river bottoms. Henderson Mound 1, the where in the upper Ohio Valley (Applegarth interpreted as being "late Hopewell" be­ smallest of the two mounds, measured and Cowin 1982). Within the area encom­ cause of the presence of mica in three of only 25 feet in diameter and two feet in passed by these stones there were three the mounds, we now know that these height. This size is typical of most of the postholes. However, there was no evi­ mounds and others we will be discussing, early Late Woodland mounds in the valley. dence that any formal wooden structure as well as their associated village sites, re­ The Black Dog Mound just mentioned, for had been built on the location prior to the late more or less to the early Late example, was only 28 feet in diameter and construction of the mound. Other than Woodland Newtown Phase of southwest­ two feet high. Henderson Mound 2, on the these postholes, there were no subfloor ern Ohio and northeastern Kentucky and other hand, was slightly oval in shape, features of any kind found below the to the Watson Phase of the upper Ohio measuring 40 feet by 25 feet in diameter, mound floor. Valley, rather than to southern Ohio but still only about two feet high. The Hopewell. shape of Henderson Mound 2 is some­ Artifact Cache The five mounds at the Philo Mound what reminiscent of Mound C at the Philo A number of flint chips, a flint hammer- Group were excavated in 1974 through Mound Group, although Mound C was stone, and two projectile point tips were 1976, and reports on four of the mounds larger, measuring 75 feet by 37 feet in di­ found in the mound fill, probably indica­ have been published (Mound A, Foraker ameter and about 3 feet high. Mound C is tions of an earlier occupation on the ridge 1975; Mound B, Morton 1977; Mound D, the largest known early Late Woodland top. The only artifacts that could be asso­ Carskadden 1989; and Mound E, Car­ mound in the Muskingum Valley. ciated with the builders of the mound skadden and Morton 1989). Although a Henderson Mound 2 covered four buri­ were found in a cache on the mound floor, formal report on the excavation of Mound als, including an extended individual in a within the area encompassed by the stone C has not been written, photographs of stone box grave under a stone cist, an crescent. Artifacts found in this cache are

6 typical of early Late Woodland sites in the Woodland Mounds in the Muskingum Mound 1, since both the mound and un­ area, and they are illustrated in the figures. Valley of eastern Ohio. Other groups in the derlying soil consisted of red clay. On the The cache included the following: central Muskingum Valley include the other hand, the four individuals found un­ 1) A large resharpened Chesser/Lowe nearby Philo Mound Group (5 mounds), der Henderson Mound 2 had all been projectile point or knife of black Upper and the Thomas Mounds (2 mounds) and buried in the flesh, so that cremation fires Mercer flint, measuring 4-1/2 inches in possibly the Sherwood Mounds (2 would not be expected under Henderson length. mounds) farther down the river near Malta, Mound 1 anyway. We believe that some­ 2) A Chesser/Lowe projectile point frag­ as well as the Wells Mounds (3 mounds) in thing was going on at the site of ment (tip missing), made of Brush the Licking Valley near Newark and the Henderson Mound 1, however, probably Creek flint. The fragment measures 2 Rucker Mounds (2 mounds) along within the ring of stones, that probably re­ inches long, but the completed point Jonathan Creek near the Licking- lated in some way to preparing bodies for would probably have measured in ex­ Muskingum County line. Along the lower final burial at the site of Henderson Mound cess of 3 inches. Muskingum near Lowell and Beverly are 2. In other words, we believe that 3) An oval-shaped flake of Flint Ridge the Mary Dean Vincent Mounds (2 Henderson Mound 1 and Henderson flint, measuring 2-3/8 inches long, with mounds), the Walter Davis Mounds (3 Mound 2 were probably contemporane­ retouching along both edges. mounds), and possibly the Henry Hall ous, and we suspect that a similar situa­ 4) A total of 12 flint chips, including 9 of Mounds (3 mounds). Single mounds in­ tion existed wherever pairs or groups of Flint Ridge flint and 3 of Upper Mercer clude the Black Dog Mound, as well as a early Late Woodland mounds occurred flint. Most of these chips should actu­ number of mounds along the lower along the Muskingum. ally be described as "block shatter"; Muskingum around Lowell - the George that is, they are the angular-shaped Snyder Mound, Big Run Mound, Daniel Radiocarbon Chronology residue from the rough shaping of Wilking Mound, Franz Wilking Mound, and Although a charcoal sample was col­ larger blocks of flint into thinner more the Walter Davis Lower Mound. Like the lected from one of the postholes under workable pieces. Black Dog Mound, most of these single Henderson Mound 1, we elected to sub­ 5) A rectangular siltstone bar, possibly an mounds along the lower Muskingum oc­ mit a larger sample for radiocarbon dating unfinished gorget, measuring 4-1/2 curred near mound groups. Unfortunately from under Henderson Mound 2. The re­ inches long, 1-1/2 inches wide, and 1/4 most of the information on these lower sultant date was A.D. 350 +/- 80 (I- inch thick. Muskingum Valley sites is derived from the 16,860). The Washington University tree late nineteenth-century excavations by 6) A rectangular 2-hole gray banded slate ring correction for this date is A.D. 428 such notables as Warren K. Moorehead sub-rectangular gorget, measuring (Stuiver and Reimer 1986). This is just 20 and Willard Davis, so detailed compar­ 4-3/16 inches long, 1-7/16 inches wide years later than the corrected date of isons of artifacts, burial mode, and mound in the middle, 1 inch wide at one end, A.D.408 from Mound B at the Philo construction are very difficult to make. and 5/8 inch wide at the other end. The Mound Group (uncorrected date = A.D. gorget measured 3/16 inches thick in It is apparent, however, that not all of 300 +/- 60, TX-2373; Morton 1977). the center and tapered to 1/8 inch thick the mounds in these early Late Woodland The presence of the stone box grave on the wider end and 1/16 inch thick mound groups contained burials. It has and stone cist under Henderson Mound 2 on the narrow end. The two holes were been previously suggested that Mound A also suggests that the Henderson Mounds drilled from both sides. and possibly Mound B at the Philo Mound were probably built a little later than the 7) An irregular flat piece of siltstone show­ Group were constructed over special ac­ mounds at the Philo Mound Group, and ing some grinding or notching at one tivity areas of some sort related perhaps perhaps a few years later than the radio­ end. to preparing corpses for their ultimate in­ carbon date indicates. Unlike Henderson Caches of assorted items placed on the terment under Mound C, the largest Mound 2, none of the Philo mounds mound floor occurred under Mound A and mound in the group. Mound C contained contained stone cists, and only one of the Mound C at the Philo Mound Group. three small clay primary mounds that may five Philo mounds had a stone box grave Artifact caches also occurred up in the fill have covered the incinerated remains of (Mound D). This grave had been intruded of Mound C and Mound D, and a cache three or more individuals. There was no into the top of an earlier mound (see was found in a subfloor pit under Mound evidence, such as reddened soil, to sug­ Carskadden 1989). Stratigraphic evidence E. Typical of nearly all of these caches gest that any bone was cremated in place, from Mound D, as well as the corrected were rectangular slate gorgets, Chesser/ however, nor was there evidence of fire radiocarbon date of A.D. 542 from the Lowe projectile points, and in most cases anywhere else on the floor of Mound C. If Black Dog Mound (uncorrected date = Flint Ridge chippage. Shovel-shaped pen­ these were in fact cremations, then it ap­ A.D. 430 +/- 80, 1-16,553), suggests that dants were also found in the Mound C pears that the bodies may have been more and more stone was used around caches, and are also known from early burnt elsewhere. On the floor of Mound A, burials and in mound construction as time Late Woodland mounds along the lower which was situated only about 20 feet went by during the early Late Woodland Muskingum. from the northern edge of Mound C, there period. On the other hand, radiocarbon The inclusion of rough chippage of Flint was evidence of an intense fire within dating is not that precise, and the differ­ Ridge flint in the cache at Henderson some sort of a crude wooden pole struc­ ence in the burial modes between the Mound 1 is particularly interesting, since ture, measuring about 23 by 15 feet in di­ Philo Mounds, Black Dog Mound, and both Chesser/Lowe points from this ameter (Foraker 1975:94). This may have Henderson Mounds may have more to do mound, and three of the four points from been where the Mound C burials were ini­ with status or lineage rather than time. In Henderson Mound 2, were fashioned from tially cremated. any case, the Henderson Mounds make material other than Flint Ridge flint (Upper We suspect that the relationship be­ the seventh and eighth early Late Mercer and Brush Creek). This suggests tween Henderson Mound 1 and Hender­ Woodland mounds to be excavated along perhaps that some particular reverence son Mound 2 was similar to that sug­ the Muskingum River in southern was still placed on Flint Ridge flint even at gested for Mound A and Mound C at the Muskingum County, and information from this late date. Philo Mound Group; bodies were pre­ these mounds adds to our growing body pared at the site of the smaller mounds of information on the early Late Woodland period in eastern Ohio. Relationships and interred under the larger mounds. It The Henderson Mounds are just one of was difficult to discern if there were any a number of pairs or groups of early Late burnt areas on the floor of Henderson

7 References Carskadden, Jeff Coover, Arthur B. Applegarth, J.D. and V.L. Cowin 1989 Excavation of Mound D at the Philo 1908 Mary Dean Vincent Mound. Ohio State 1982 Excavations at Cross Creek Village Mound Group, Muskingum County, Ohio. Archaeological and Historical Quarterly (36WH293) and the Avella Mound Ohio Archaeologist 39(1):4-8. 17:36-43. (36WH415), Washington County, Carskadden, Jeff and James Morton Foraker, Linda Southwestern Pennsylvania. In 1989 Excavation of Mound E at the Philo 1975 Excavation of a Hopewell Mound in the Meadowcroft: Collected Papers on the Mound Group, Muskingum County, Ohio. Muskingum Valley. Ohio Archaeologist Archaeology of Meadowcroft Wesf Virginia Archaeologist 41(1):42-53. 25(1):10-14. Rockshelter and the Cross Creek Carskadden, Jeff, Larry Edmister and Gary Morton, John Drainage, edited by R.C. Carlisle and Felumlee 1977 Excavations of Mound B, a Hopewellian J.M. Adovasio (pp. 241-256). Prepared n.d. Excavation of the Black Dog Mound, Site in the Muskingum Valley. Ohio for the Symposium "The Meadowcroft Muskingum County, Ohio. Unpublished Archaeologist 27(1):22-24. Rockshelter Rolling Thunder Review: manuscript. Stuiver, M. and P.J. Reimer Last Act," Forty-Seventh Annual Meeting Converse, Robert N. 1986 A Computer Program for Radiocarbon of the Society for American Archaeology, 1981 Caches of Hopewell Artifacts. Ohio Age Calibration. Radiocarbon 28:1022- Minneapolis, Minnesota. Archaeologist 31(1):16-17. 1030.

TABLE 1 NORTH EDGE OF MOUND RADIOCARBON DATES FROM EARLY LATE WOODLAND MOUNDS IN MUSKINGUM COUNTY (corrections based on Stuiver and Reimer 1986) Sample Corrected Site Date Number Date Black Dog Mound AD. 430+/-80 1-16,553 A.D. 542 POSTHOLES Henderson Mound 2 AD. 350+/-80 1-16,860 A.D. 428 Philo Mound B A.D. 300 +/- 60 TX-2373 A.D. 408 CACHE

Fig. 1 (Carskadden and Edmister) Floor plan of Henderson Mound 1 showing the ring of stones, postholes, and location of the cache.

'• ; \tj.

Ai ;$$[:•;*•' j;J* m

Fig. 2 (Carskadden and Edmister) Henderson Mound 1 at the beginning Fig. 3 (Carskadden and Edmister) Cache of artifacts on the floor of of excavations. Henderson Mound 2 can be seen in the background. Henderson Mound 1 in situ. Wore the sticky wet clay that comprised the mound fill and subsoil.

8 Fig. 4 (Carskadden and Edmister) Artifacts from the mound floor cache, including the banded slate sub-rectangular gorget and resharpened Chesser/Lowe projectile point or knife.

0 1_, 2 3 4 5 CM KB IN 0 1 2

Fig. 5 (Carskadden and Edmister) Artifacts from the mound floor cache, including the rectangular siltstone bar, broken Chesser/Lowe projectile point, worked piece of siltstone, and retouched Flint Ridge flake.

9 THE ROCK ART OF OHIO: A LOOK INTO THE PAST AND AN AGENDA FOR THE FUTURE by John Labadie 314 Park End Drive Dayton, Ohio 45415

In southwest Texas, in the region to petroglyphs. The literature on such sites places seem to have failed to find their around Amistad Reservoir, is one of the in Ohio is also not as well developed as way into the archaeological literature. In largest, oldest, and most varied collec­ that for many other archaeological phe­ an example of the latter case, I refer inter­ tions of rock art in North America. Many of nomena found in our state. ested readers to page 462 of the April, these Lower Pecos sites are incredibly The latest, and perhaps most complete 1955 issue of National Geographic. In my well preserved. But even though these single volume on rock art in Ohio is well-preserved copy, a full-color photo­ pictographs and petroglyphs have been Swauger's Petroglyphs of Ohio (1984). graph of a petroglyph in a rock wall is de­ called "world class," today they are still lit­ Among other features, this excellent com­ scribed as being in the vicinity of Old tle known to the general public - even in pilation lists 48 recorded sites and pro­ Man's Cave. The photo is captioned: Texas. vides the reader with 103 figures which il­ "Indians carved the walls of near-by Rock Over the years, many of these sites lustrate the wide range of iconography house cavern." For whatever reason, have been vandalized by looters, hunters, recorded at these sites. Additionally, Swauger's site listing includes no mention graffiti perpetrators, and well-meaning Swauger categorizes rock art in Ohio as of any petroglyphs at this location persons who sought to record the sites being of Native American, Euro-American, Looking at what has been seen and through the application of chalk, water, or or Uncertain origins. Furthermore, some perhaps ignored, misfiled or lost is one kerosene used in what are now antiquated sites listed and described are assumed to way to find the rock art of Ohio. Yes, rock art recording methods. There is also be Native American or Euro-American ma­ Ohioans can, and should, be proud of the much damage being done by changes in terial processing artifacts (egs., tar kilns, known rock art heritage. And few will ar­ the region due to other human activities: tar burners, cupstones, polissoirs) and not gue with realistic proposals to preserve ranching, road building, railroads, and the rock art in the sense of purposefully made and conserve those sites which have al­ presence of Amistad Reservoir itself. symbolic elements. ready been brought to the attention of I have been in rockshelters where loot­ In recent years, Ohio rock art of Euro- those who can affect such activities and ers have attempted to cut the feet and American and Uncertain origin has also programs. But no matter how enthusiastic heads from figures on pictograph panels, been duly documented in Ohio an individual or group within the state where bullet holes pock mark many of the Archaeologist, (egs., Cragin 1983; Dudley might be, the energy which can be mar­ figures, and where I was sickened by the 1979; Murphy 1980; Nehus 1987). Other shalled to benefit rock art sites needs to stains left by photographers who doused rock art articles have focused on pur­ be more effectively expended if real pictographic subjects with oil-based liq­ ported Native American sites (egs., progress is to be made state-wide. uids in attempts to improve tonal relation­ Carskadden & Morton 1982; Baker 1978; In this respect, part of my intention here ships and color saturation. Kelley 1986; Long 1979, 1983; Murphy is to create a greater sense of awareness Unfortunately, there are many parallels 1979). of the certain resources currently available with the rock art of Ohio. Much of what Although some of these reports were to rock art enthusiasts. As the Ohio must be reported about rock art sites in made by professional archaeologists, Representative of the American Rock Art Texas, and elsewhere throughout the Swauger suggests, we actually owe most Research Association (ARARA) Education country, can be also said about many rock of our". . . knowledge of petroglyph sites Committee, I have been tasked with the art sites here. and their distribution to amateur archae­ achievement of a number of important On the whole, the preservation of Ohio's ologists ... I am sure they will be bring­ goals regarding the rock art in Ohio. rock art does not approach what is often ing more sites to our attention . . .." 1984 Although there are many strong and seen in more arid climates in the west and p. 251) useful organizations here in Ohio which at southwest. Even so, one can suggest that But one of the most obvious initial diffi­ one time or another concern themselves what is known of Ohio rock art today is culties facing those concerned with any with rock art, there is at this time no state­ only part of what once existed here. form of rock art is the location of the sites wide group focused solely on such works. It is accurate to suggest that knowledge themselves. And in this regard, it has been It is with the intent of establishing a singu­ of the existence of primitive rock art in suggested that the distribution of sites in larly focused network of parties interested what is now Ohio first reached wide­ Ohio is more a reflection of the distribution in increasing their knowledge on many as­ spread public attention in the early 1800s of amateurs interested in investigating po­ pects of rock art recording and preserva­ with the publication of Squire & Davis's tential sites that the actual distribution of tion that I make this plea to the members Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi such sites. Consider Figure 1 for example of the Archaeological Society of Ohio: Valley (1848) — although most of this (adapted from Swauger 1984, p. 10). With Now is the time to connect ourselves with work chronicled excavations and earth­ few exceptions, reported sites are in the the expertise and resources available to works in this region. Since that time, liter­ eastern and northern parts of Ohio. When us through establishing a vital network of ally dozens of articles and books have fo­ I first saw this distribution a song title Ohioans who will work to locate, record, cused on describing, analyzing, and came to mind; to quote singer Peggy Lee, and preserve new sites while establishing interpreting rock art sites spread through­ "Is that all there is?" Certainly, there are and maintaining high ethical standards out the Ohio. other rock art sites which have yet to be with respect to extant sites. But compared to many western and reported even in the areas where most As a visual arts and art history instruc­ southwestern states, there is a relative sites are already recorded. tor, one of my professional goals is to paucity of rock art sites to be found in In fact, some of the sites reported in write and implement curricula in Ohio Ohio. In terms of types of rock art — pic­ early literature have been impossible for schools which focus on the entire range of tographs, petroglyphs, or combinations of later investigators to locate (See Swauger what humans have created. Rock art is a the two — what has thus far been located 1984). In other cases, sites which have significant part of my work in this regard. and recorded in this state has been limited been named and published in unexpected Others will have different ideas and goals.

10 But whatever our goals, if the attraction of Excavations in Val Verde County, Texas, 1958. Bulletin Pearce, J. E. & Jackson, A. T. (1933). A prehistoric rock art bonds our energies, much can be of the Texas Archaeological Society, 33, 1 -330. rock shelter in Val Verde County, Texas. Austin, TX: Gebhard, D. (1960). The Diablo Cave paintings. University of Texas, Anthropology Papers (Number 1). accomplished. Art Journal, 20, 79-82 Shafer, H. J. (1986). Ancient Texans. San Antonio, TX: Yes, it is necessary to acknowledge that Gebhard, D. (1960). Prehistoric paintings of the Texas Monthly Press. rock art is but a small part of the much Diablo Region of Western Texas. Publications in Art Silver, C. (1985). The rock art of Seminole Canyon and Science. Roswell, NM: Roswell Museum and Art State Historical Park: Deterioration and projects for bigger story. But it must also be said that Center (Number 3). conservation. Texas Parks and Wildlife (Contract each of the ideas and technologies frozen Gebhard, D . (1965). Prehistoric rock paintings of Number 340-299). in stone is unique and of inestimable value the Seminole Canyon Area, Val Verde County, Texas Turpin, S. A. (1982). Seminole Canyon: The art and (Report submitted to the National Park Service). archaeology of Val Verde County, Texas. Austin, TX: in understanding what past Ohioans have Southwest Region, Sante Fe, New Mexico. University of Texas (Archaeological Survey Research done and thought. And even though much Graham, J. A. & Davis W. (1958). Appraisal of the Report, number 83). of the rock art of Ohio pales by compari­ archaeological resources of the Diablo Reservoir, Turpin, S. A. (1984a). The Red Linear Style pic­ Val Verde County, Texas, (Report to the National tographs of the Lower Pecos Region, Texas. Plains son to that in other areas, what is here in Park Service). Austin: Archaeological Salvage Program Anthropologist, 29, 181-198. Ohio is significant to the understanding of Field Office. Turpin, S A. (1984b). The Red Linear Style pic­ past cultures. Grieder, T. (1965). Report on a study of pictographs tographs of the Lower Pecos River Region. Plains in Satan Canyon, Val Verde County, Texas (Texas Anthropologist, 33, 279-28. Organizations such as the ASO and Archaeological Salvage Project, Miscellaneous Turpin, S. A. (1984c). Pictographs of the Red ARARA stand ready to assist us. But to Papers, 2). Austin, TX: University of Texas. Monochrome Style in the Lower Pecos Region, Texas. provide more focused impetus for inquiry Grieder, T. (1965). Periods in Pecos Style pic­ Bulletin of the Texas Archaeological Society, 55, 123- tographs. American Antiquities, 31, 710-720. 144 (1986 for 1984). into Ohio rock art, I propose the establish­ Jackson, A. T. (1938). Picture writing of Texas Indians. Turpin, S. A. (1986b). The Meyers Springs and ment of an Ohio Rock Art Research Austin, TX: University of Texas (Publication 3809). Bailand Shelters: Iconograph parallels. La Tierra 13(1), Network. Contact me, then stay tuned for Jopling, C. F. (Ed.). (1971). Art and aesthetics in 5-8. primitive societies. New York: E. P. Dutton. Turpin, S. A. (1986c). Toward a definition of a picto­ further developments. Let's begin to form Kirkland, F. (1937a). A comparison of Texas Indian graphic style: the Bold Line Geometric. Plains an agenda for the future. pictographs with Paleolithic painting in Europe. Anthropologist, 31, 153-162. Central Texas Archaeologist, 3, 9-26 . Turpin, S. A. (1988). Arroyo De Los Indios: A historic Kirkland, F. (1937b). A study of Indian pictures in pictograph in northern Coahuila, Mexico. Plains References Texas. Bulletin of the Texas Archaeological and Anthropologist, 33, 279-285. Baker, S. W. Paleontological Society, 9, 9-119. Turpin, S. A. (1989b). The iconography of contact: Kirkland, F. (1938). A description of Texas pic­ Spanish influence in the rock art of the Middle Rio 1978 A preliminary survey of petroglyph sites in tographs. Bulletin of the Texas Archaeological and Grande. In D. H. Thomas (Ed.) Archaeological and his­ Meigs County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist Anthropological Society 10, 11-40. torical perspectives on the Spanish borderlands west 28(2):22-26. Kirkland F. & Newcomb, W.W., Jr. (1967). The rock art (pp. 277-299). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Carskadden, J. and J. Morton of Texas Indians. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. Ucko, P. J. & Rosenfeld, A. (1967). Paleolithic cave Labadie, J. H. (1989). The Parida Cave conservation art. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1982 Adamsville rock drawings. Ohio project. Bulletin of the Texas Archaeological Society, 59, Archaeologist 32(3):4-7. (published in 1989 for 1988). Cragin, D. R. 1983 Historic rock carving in Grafton Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist. 33(1):40-41. Dudley, J. 1979 Tar rock kiln in Gallia County, Ohio and tar usage. Ohio Archaeologist 29(1 ):4-5 Kelley, S. 1986 The Karalus pictograph Ohio Archaeologist 36(4):13-14. Long, M. W. 1979 An updated look at Leo petroglyph. Ohio Archaeologist. 29(4):7-11. Long, M. W. 1983 Prehistoric Indian polissoirs. Ohio Archaeologist. 33(1 ):18-21. Murphy, J. L. 1979 A probable "Hand-and-Eye" petroglyph, Gallia County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist. 29(3):17-I8. Murphy, J. L. 1980 A Columbiana County, Ohio tar burner rock. Ohio Archaeologist. 30(1):50-51. The National Geographic Magazine Vol. CVII, No.4:462. (April 1955) Nehus, D. (1987). Cupstones. Ohio Archaeologist 37(2):13. Squirer E. G. and E. H. Davis (1848). Ancient monuments of the Mississippi Valley. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Washington, DC. Swauger, J. L. (1984) Petroglyphs of Ohio. Athens: Ohio University Press.

Additional Reading Curtis, E. S. (1915). The North American Indian (Vol.-10). Norwood, MA: Plimpton Press. Dibble D. S. &Prewitt, E. R. (1967). Survey of test excavations at Amistad Reservoir, 1964-65 (Texas Archaeological Salvage Project, Survey Report 3). Austin, TX: University of Texas. Plate Number 1 Epstein, J. F. (1962). Centipede and Damp Caves: Ohio petroglyph sites of Native American and Uncertain origin. (Adapted from Swauger 1984)

11 Fig. 1 (Labadie) Deer petroglyph - Euro- American.

Fig. 2 (Labadie) Coshocton County Turkey Foot Rock Petroglyph Site

Fig. 3 (Labadie) Kettle Hill Petroglyph Slab

12 Fig. 4 (Labadie) Bower farm petroglyph no. 2 site. (Origin uncertain Fig. 5 (Labadie) Bower farm pi no. 1. Euro-American tar- perhaps tool-sharpening location i.e., polissoirs.) burning or lye-leaching rock.

LEO PETROGLYPH

On the flat surface of this reck la on* of tho finest •MoplM of prehistoric Indian petroglyphs or sorved •riling* In Ohio. These figures are carvod on an exposed portion of tho Block Hand Sandstone bedrock •hich underlie* much of east-central Ohio. The meaning of the petroglyphs cannot be determined but il it thought (hat thee are either tribal symbols or depict activities in the history of the Indian group. Among the inscriptions ot least a fish, a bird, an unidentified animal and three human feet caff be recognised. A human head or face is shornn adorned •ith a headdress The rendition of ttw figures suggests that they mere probably carved by the late prehistoric Fort Ancient Indians, •ho lived in southern Ohio approximately 7O0 years ago

Beginning ot the south side of the petroglyph shelter Mt a nature trail •hich leads through a deep gorge cut into the bedrock. This trail also fofloms the upper cliffs •here 0 scenic overlook permits an overall vie* of the gorge. Interpretive signs explain some of the naiuroi hisiory of the area. , THE OHIO HIVrOMICAL SOCIETY. I072

Fig. 6 (Labadie) Leo Petroglyph.

13 Fig. 7 (Labadie) Leo petroglyph.

Fig. 8 (Labadie) Stowers petroglyph site. Euro-American tar-burner or lye-leaching rock.

Fig. 9 (Labadie) Snyder petroglyph site. Euro-American carved rock.

14 Fig. 10 (Labadie) Teegarden petroglyphs site. Euro-American carved rock.

Fig. 11 (Labadie) Leaf petroglyph site. Origin uncertain.

Fig. 12 (Labadie) Wilgus petroglyph site. Euro- American.

15 A DOUBLE BURINATED NOTCHED BASE DOVETAIL FROM THE MOUTH OF BIG DARBY CREEK by Jonathan E. Bowen 419 Sandusky Ave. Fremont, Ohio 43420

In 1929 Edward Glaze presented his (Fig. 1) is made from glossy black Upper REFERENCES CITED Indian artifact collection to the Ohio Mercer chert. Edler (1990), who catego­ Converse, Robert N. Historical Society. These materials, which rizes such points as St. Charles Type V, 1970 Ohio Flint Types. The Archaeological were gathered on his family farm at the notes that they were produced around Society of Ohio, Columbus. confluence of Big Darby Creek with the 7500 B.C. The Glaze specimen is remark­ Edler, Robert Scioto River mainstem in Pickaway able in that both of the blade edges have 1990 Early Archaic Indian Points and Knives. County, Ohio, are cataloged as collection been burinated, leaving a rectangular Schroeder Publishing, Paducah, number A967. The assemblage include cross-section and a chisel-like working Kentucky. three Kirk points, a Notched Base tip. Examination of the working tip shows Dovetail, several McWhinney points, sev­ that it was used in the direction shown by eral Riverton points, several Hopewell the arrows. It must have been hafted, as points and bladelets, as well as several the edge of the base severely pokes into triangular arrow points. the forefinger when it is held as it would The Notched Base Dovetail (Converse have been for use. 1970) that is the focus of this paper

-Cl­

ew 3 Fig. 1 (Bowen) Double Burinated Notched Base Dovetail from the mouth of Big Darby Creek.

16 PERSONAL FINDS by Glenn Spray Mt. Vernon, Ohio

These artifacts were found while culti­ move all broken pieces from the case be­ the November, 1990, Archaeology meet­ vating corn. The chisel was found on June cause of the extreme amount of weight on ing, it won Best Type for Flint Tools. At the 9,1990. It measures 4 3/4 inches long and the glass shelves. I picked up the poll end March 1991, meeting, it won Best Field 1 7/8 inches wide. On June 11 I found of the square celt and I thought it looked Find for Flint Tools for 1990. It is the best what appears to be part of a hardstone very similar to part of the celt I had found piece of flint I have ever found and mea­ pick. It is 3 3/4 inches long and 1 7/8 earlier in the spring. The two pieces sures 1 5/8 inches wide at the base and is inches wide. The same day I found the bit matched perfectly. The square celt mea­ 4 3/4 inches long. end of a square celt. I took it home and sures 5 inches long and 2 3/8 inches wide. laid it with other slate and stone pieces in I found the beveled knife on June (21, a display case. In October I decided to re- 1990, while I was again cultivating corn. At

Fig. 1 (Spray) Chisel from Knox County and hardstone pick.

Fig. 2 (Spray) Fig. 3 (Spray) Beveled knife from Knox County. Top - square celt halves Bottom - joined together.

17 Fig. 1. (Hart) Double crescent bannerstone - found by John Hammer in 1882. Pictured in over 22 books and publications including Moorehead's Stone Age in North America, vol. 1 and Stone Ornaments of the American Indian. It is also shown in Knoblock's Bannerstones of the North American Indian. Former owners: John Hammer, Leslie Hill, J.G. Braeckline, Edward Payne, Dr. Rollin Bunch, Frank Burdett. This banner is 6 1/2x5 inches with no restoration or repair.

Fig. 2. (Hart) Hinsdale's notched ovate bannerstone, Wayne County, Michigan, found in 1882 by Edward Reader, was the third artifact Henry Shetrone wanted to bring to the Ohio State Museum. This artifact is 5 1/2x4 3/4 inches and has no repair or restoration. It is of the Archaic of 5,000 years ago. It is pictured in color in Smithsonian's publication, The Smithsonian Book of North American Indians, page 23.

18 HENRY SHETRONE'S VISION by Gordon Hart 760 N. Main Street Bluffton, Indiana 46714

There is a saying repeated by collectors One of the first questions I asked Mr. great pipes by Thurston, had just been - "If an artifact cannot be bought or ex­ McPherson was, found and he wanted me to be there changed for there is little interest in it by "If you at your time and station in life, to help document and picture them. I advanced collectors." My lack of knowl­ could collect stone artifacts without was helping him with his book, "The edge and confidence in the 1960's thought of monetary value in the future, Mound Builders," compiling the back­ prompted me to emphasize research in what would that category be?" His an­ ground and pictures. (That book be­ past collections and led to my effort to swer was, came The Mound Builders by Henry learn from knowledgable people in ar­ "Axes, since you say stone artifacts." Clyde Shetrone, 1930.) I arrived the chaeology. I began asking questions and Had you not stated 'stone' I would next morning in the rain and by mid­ searching old records instead of adding to have answered 'pottery' as that has day the sun came out. We uncovered my collection. It was during those years been my main interest after moving the hole in the wall of the dig three to that appreciation and understanding of away from Ohio, where I was born. I five feet above the burials and the two fine prehistoric artifacts stimulated my in­ have enjoyed the reconstructing and pipes were pit back from where they terest in obtaining them for study. restoring of many of the broken had been removed. We took a picture, In 1967 I first saw two crescent banner- pieces which has made me feel as which I still have, and that was used in stones that had been in the collection of though I am or was one of these peo­ his book It pictured Henry with his pipe Dr. Roland Bunche of Muncie, Indiana, ple in their way of life. I felt I could un­ and trowel at the small dug-out hole. from 1900 to the 1940's. To me, these derstand them." He was a very happy fellow who said were the finest bannerstones I had ever I asked him, "Why axes?" and he said that 'someone had smiled upon him.' seen and I could only marvel at the superb simply, Later, three more large pipes came quality of the two and wonder at the skill­ "You know their purpose and use." from the same location but we did not ful design of these 5,000 year-old artifacts. Mr. McPherson then asked me the get pictures of these until they were In October, 1973, Jack Roberts of same question and I replied "pipes," since back on High Street in Columbus." Tunica, Mississippi, brought his friend, I had been interested in them since 1934. We continued to talk about great pipes Harry R. McPherson, to a meeting at He then related the following story. and his thoughts about how they related Farmington, Missouri. Mr. McPherson, "I was at the Museum as secretary of to the past cultures. But he drifted back to who then lived in Fayetteville, Arkansas, the Archaeological group at Ohio his experiences at Ohio State with had extensive knowledge of the people State, I believe in about 1926, when I Shetrone and we talked of bannerstones. and events associated with the archaeol­ received a call from Shetrone at He told me he had never been present ogy of the Ohio Valley. I recorded much of Bourneville where he was working at when a bannerstone was excavated but our two meetings and share with our read­ the Seip Group. He told me that the that there were many of them at the Ohio ers these fascinating conversations. two large animal effigies referred to as State Museum.

Fig. 3. (Hart) Knobbed lunate crescent - found by Witt Davis in 1917 in Ross County, Ohio. Dr. Gordon Meuser of Columbus, Ohio, gave it his number 632/5 and had it in his collection for 56 years. This 5,000 year-old, 8 inch Archaic artifact is one of the Shetrone classics and has no restoration or repair.

19 I asked him which of the ceremonial ar­ Institute of Arts, Detroit, Michigan, for a influence with the people of the Field tifacts he found most desireable, and he one-year exhibition of several selected Museum to help regain the Hopewell once again referred to Shetrone. prehistoric art pieces of the Hart collection. pieces. The second was Henry's feel­ "Henry had a driving desire to bring Number two was found by John ing that all outstanding relics should the copper artifacts back from Hammer in 1892, in Wyandot County, be attributed to or at least made by Chicago (field museum) which were in Ohio, and was first published in Warren K. the prehistoric people of Ohio. the World's Fair of 1893. These were Moorehead's book, The Stone Age in We made the trip to the university Hopewell dug by Moorehead in Ross North America, 1910. He featured it on and Hinsdale provided us with a great County about 1890. The piece he page 397 and referred to it with the state­ deal of documentation and his per­ most wanted for the Ohio State ment, "This Double Crescent is one of the sonal knowledge mainly of the Fort Museum from Chicago was the cop­ finest I have ever seen." Moorehead again Wayne Mound (Michigan), ending at per headpiece with the copper deer portrayed it in 1917 in Stone Ornaments his home that evening. It was here antlers. He and I made two trips to of the American Indian, when it was that I saw the notched double cres­ the Field Museum to see if we could owned by Leslie Hill of Fort Wayne, cent. Henry knew then that it should make a trade of material, but nothing Indiana. In 1939 Byron Knoblock pub­ go to his museum. We left Hinsdale came of it. He wanted to bring to­ lished Bannerstones of the North with the thought that the funds would gether what he (Shetrone) called the American Indian. His description was, be raised and the crescent would be three greatest of the banded slate ob­ "Wyandot County, Ohio - Material ours at Columbus. jects for a case display at the en­ blue-banded slate. This is probably About two months passed and in a trance of the High Street Museum. the largest and finest specimen so far letter Hinsdale told Henry that the One was the crescent with the knobs discovered. Formerly in the E.W. crescent had been traded to Dr. on each end which Dr. Meuser ob­ Payne collection. Size 5 1/2 x 6 Bunch of Muncie, Indiana, for a por­ tained from Camp Sherman about inches - Dr. Rollin Bunch collection, phyry birdstone and three hundred 1914. Muncie, Indiana." dollars. Henry was as upset as I had The date as per Meuser's records was I have found it pictured in over twenty ever seen him and the statement I re­ 1917. books and publications. It, too, was in the member well was, "I'll bet they never The third was the notched double one-year exhibition at the Detroit Institute get their money." crescent banner from Wayne County, of Arts, 1989-90. We went to Muncie and Bunch had the crescent in his office desk in a Michigan, of W. B. Hinsdale's at Shetrone's number three of what he leather bag but no way would he part Michigan University. This banner was termed the three greatest of the banded with it. Later in the 1940's Bunch pictured on the back page of an Ohio slate objects that he wanted to bring to ended with two of the three pieces - Archaeology Journal in the early the High Street Museum was termed by the one from Michigan and the 1950's." him as a notched double crescent banner. Wyandot County, Ohio, piece which Number one - I had known of the Harry McPherson was of good recollec­ he got from Frank Burdette of knobbed lunate for several years, having tion when he stated, "This banner was Springfield, Ohio. seen it pictured and written about in seven pictured on the back page of an Ohio books. Dr. Meuser had recorded it as Archaeologist Journal in the early 1950's. From all this you can understand Number 632 with this information. The exact date is volume 26-1951. It was why Shetrone was unable to have the 1917 - #632 - "Very rare and fine at this point that I recorded a part of the three pieces for the Ohio State crescent of dark green banded slate. collector history that is one of the most in- Museum entrance, as time for him ran Has large button-shaped ends on testing and intriguing tales I have found in out without even acquiring one. So which are secondary knobs. Perfect all my research. you see why I am partial of the three in condition and eight inches wide. The following is a quotation from Harry pieces when you asked me." Found while grading at Camp McPherson: In 1980 it became part of the Hart col­ Sherman during the World War. Ross "Henry Shetrone, as the director at lection when it was obtained by my son, Co." Ohio State, had spent most all of his Steven Hart. At a meeting with James After fifty-six years in the Dr. Meuser good weather time at the Seip Mound Griffin who examined this bannerstone Collection, the bannerstone passed from through 1926. It was, I believe, in and stated, "I believe this is pictured in the his estate to Max Shipley of Columbus, 1927 that Mr. Johnson (Arthur C. material of Hinsdale at the University." Dr. Ohio, in 1973. Johnson, Sr., President of the Ohio Griffin is Dean of Archaeology of the Max told me he had wanted this artifact State Archaeological and Historical University of Michigan. His thought led to ever since Dr. Meuser indicated that it Society) and the directors asked him the picture of the ovate while in Hinsdale's would become his in the future. Max had to devote more time to the museum collection with the notation on the back," obtained additional history of the lunate and less at Seip. It was reaffirmed 1922 - double crescent - Found in Wayne from Dr. Meuser in 1970 and had recored that I was assigned to work with him Co., Michigan - 1882 by Edward Reader it for future use. and assist in compiling data for writ­ near Waltz. I obtained it from Ed Stephens "Found 1917 by Witt Davis of ten material. of Michigan State." Roxabell, Ohio, while leveling land Henry wanted more information and This artifact was the feature banner­ that was going to be sold to the gov­ to compare thoughts of the mound stone at Smithsonian in the National ernment to be used as a parade builders in Michigan as to those traits Gallery of Art, Washington D.C. and was ground for Camp Sherman. Mr. Davis common with the Ohio people of the pictured full-page in color on page 21 of brought the artifact to Gordon Meuser same time period. He contacted his the exhibition book, Ancient Art of the at his home in Columbus a few days friend at the University of Michigan, American Woodland Indians. It was also after he found it. Dr. Meuser did not Dr. Hinsdale (Dr. W.B. Hinsdale), who featured at the Museum of Fine Arts, recall what was involved in the ex­ had written a book several years Houston, Texas, from December, 1985, to change." before entitled Primitive Man in March, 1986, and it was on loan for one In 1988, the knobbed lunate was passed Michigan. (1925) year to the Detroit Institute of Arts. Since it from the Shipley estate and became His (Shetrone) aim was to serve pur­ has a documented provenience, it be­ Number T-215 in the Hart collection. In poses to get other than mound infor­ came very popular and made its third trip 1989-90 it was on loan to the Detroit mation, that of asking his (Hinsdale) with the documents to the Smithsonian to

20 be pictured in color, page 23, in their tion. The three were on exhibit together for When we view the three, privately or on newest book, The Smithsonian Book of a short time at the Detroit Institute of Arts. exhibition, there is a feeling of affinity with North American Indians. It was also pic­ As to the aforementioned saying, "If an ar­ McPherson and Shetrone and a feeling tured in the Washington Times. tifact cannot be bought or exchanged for that they have smiled on our efforts. That part of Henry Shetrone's dream, of there is very little interest in it by collec­ the three artifacts being brought together, tors," I feel our interest over a thirty-year has now been realized in the Hart collec period has disproved that cliche.

Fig. 4. (Hart) Henry Clyde Shetrone recovering two of the great pipes from the Seip Mound near Bourneville, Ross County, Ohio. This is one of several pictures taken at the mound circa 1926, then given to the author in the late 1970s by Harry McPherson.

Fig. 5. (Hart) James Griffin, archaeologist of the University of Michigan and the author at the National Gallery of Art at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. in 1986. In the wall case are four Archaic artifacts from the Hart collection. The center notched double crescent is the ovate Shetrone wanted for his third display for the Ohio State Museum. Photograph: Courtesy of the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

21 EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY - HOW WERE SAPLING POLE STRUCTURES SET INTO THE GROUND? by J.R. Haas 4708 Old State Road Norwalk, Ohio 44857 Sandusky Bay Chapter of The Archaeological Society of Ohio Huron County Preservation Officer for The University of Toledo Laboratory Director for the Firelands Archaeological Research Center, Inc.

Preface constructing the circular house. Using a ing the excavation of the Weilnau Site Experimental archaeology is a viable pole I cut to match the average 3 meter (33-ER-280), we uncovered a narrow and research tool available for all those wish­ radius of the house, we set the wall shallow trench extending from the side ing to gain some understanding of the structure poles off the end of the radius walls toward the center of the structure. I possible methods and procedures uti­ pole while holding the radius pole tightly dug a similar trench toward the fire pit lized by the early American Indian. A against the central stake. This proved a and covering it with bark I had created a greater understanding and insight was very effective and simple way to maintain cold air duct directly to the fire pit. This attained by myself and several helpers a near circular configuration. Forty-four little trick nearly eliminated the cold air during the full-scale reconstruction of an poles, measuring 7 cm +/- 2 cm in diam­ through the door causing a secondary Early Woodland house structure using eter were cut 5 meters in length. Using a benefit of an increase in house tempera­ measurements from a Leimbach phase modern axe I put a sharp point on each ture. I believe they may have dug this Early Woodland house post mold pattern pole. To set each pole into the earth I trench and covered it with bark or other uncovered at the Seaman's Fort Site. used a sharp stake 1 meter in length, and materials to duct the cold outside air into (DeMuth 1990, 1991; Stothers and with the aid of a 12 pound granite ham­ the fire thus not chilling the house. I du­ DeMuth n.d.; Stothers and Able n.d.). mer stone, drove the stake into the plicated this trench with excellent results. In September, 1989, in a conversation ground. Waggling it in a small circular I and eight Boy Scouts spent the night in with Dr. Dave Stothers of The University motion, as we drove it in, made for easy the house. There was plenty of room and of Toledo, I suggested the method I removal. It worked remarkably well. it could have easily housed a family. would use to set house and palisade We discovered the reason most post During the excavation of the Weilnau Site poles into the ground, a method I con­ molds may have had other than blunt last year we uncovered several Early, ceived years ago as a Boy Scout. I used ends. If the pole to be set was not sharp Middle and Late Woodland house post to set two forked stakes on either side of or slightly rounded, the bottom edges of mold patterns and a single line palisade my camp cooking fire. Owing to the im­ the pole would scrape and rub the side completely enclosing the site. We possibility of driving short small-diameter walls of the hole, partially filling it while counted and measured 663 post molds forked stakes into the ground, I first used refusing to bottom out. Sharp or slightly and encountered seven well-battered a slightly larger straight stake which I round poles were thrust into the hole and very large hammer stones (greater than sharpened and hammered into the went all the way to the bottom. Using this 10 pounds) directly in the palisade line. ground and withdrew, leaving a hole into same hammer stone we pounded the These hammers would have been excel­ which I inserted my forked stakes. earth at the bottom of each pole making lent for driving the pole setting stakes as Tamping the ground around the forked a very firmly set pole. previously described. Their location and distribution is certainly suggestive that stakes left them solidly implanted. He We set the 44 poles with ease and they functioned in that manner - further suggested the method was a good an­ constructed a full-scale house. During confirmation of the suggested method of swer to the question of how house and construction we learned not to inadver­ sapling pole emplacement into the sub­ palisade poles were set into place. At tently cut (nick) the pole while removing soil. that time I made plans to use this proce­ the limbs. Any cut caused the pole to dure as I duplicated one of the Early break or bend in an uncontrolled manner Woodland house structure excavated at when the house poles were bent over to Closing the Seaman's Fort Site (33-ER-85), lo­ close the structure top. Several poles had This project was the result of co-opera­ cated in the Huron River Valley of North to be replaced for the above reasons. tion between the University of Toledo's central Ohio. Covering the house with corrugated Archaeological Research Program and board donated by a local manufacturer The Sandusky Bay Chapter of the Methodology (to simulate a bark or reed mat cover) Archaeological Society of Ohio. New To make the experiment as accurate as completed the house. This type of pole technology combined with experimental possible I would copy the post mold frame proved so strong that we were able technology will bring about new and pre­ depths and diameters. The mean diame­ to climb on it to attach the outer cover. viously undocumented types of informa­ ter of the house posts was 6.53 cm with When the house was completed, and tion, which will be able to add whole new a standard deviation of 1.54 cm. Mean wanting to test the smoke hole efficiency, dimensions of knowledge to our under­ depth of the posts from the top of the I built a small fire. Smoke rose through standing of Northern Ohio's past. sterile subsoil horizon which underlayed the hole at the top and due to the cooling the cultural horizon was 19.6 cm and a effect of the side walls, the smoke fol­ References standard deviation of 9.64 cm. Every ef­ lowed the walls down internally filling the DeMuth, George B. fort would be made to copy the house in house with smoke. Cold drafts came un­ 1990 The Seaman's Fort Site (33-ER-85): An detail. During the month of November I der the walls and through the door so we Early Woodland Site in Erie County, Ohio. recruited a local Boy Scout troop to as­ used earth to close the wall bottom and Journal of Science, 90(2):27. sist me in constructing the house. We se­ constructed a door. The structure was 1991 The Seaman's Fort Site (33-ER-85): A lected a site on my farm where a large very warm but filled with smoke. Cold air Sixth Century B.C. Early Woodland and selection of saplings were available for still infiltrated through the cracks in the Base Camp in the Huron River Valley of raw materials. We began the experiment door creating a cold draft. During exca­ North Central Ohio. Ohio Journal of by setting a central stake to guide me in vation at Seaman's Fort, and again dur­ Science, 91 (2):53.

22 Stothers, David M. and Timothy J. Able Stothers, David M. and George B. DeMuth n.d. Archaeological Reflections of the Late n.d. The Seaman's Fort Site: An Early Archaic and Early Woodland Time Woodland Leimbach Phase Camp in the Periods in the Western Lake Erie Region. Huron River Valley of North Central Ohio. Manuscript on file, University of Toledo. Manuscript in preparation.

Fig. 2 (Haas) Completed house.

23 THE RICHEY CLOVIS CACHE by Norman L. Wright 1966 Meadowbrook Way Coshocton, Ohio 43812

The Richey Clovis Cache was acciden­ Glacier Peak, a volcanic eruption to the corridor that permitted human entry into tally encountered in 1987 during place­ northwest dated at 11,250 B.R The ash the New World. Repeatedly around 16,000 ment of an irrigation line. The site and ma­ which bonded to the underside of the years ago a lobe of glaciation blocked terial were identified as Clovis, confirmed scraper in the east survey trench relates drainage in what is now northern Idaho, by preliminary surveys. In 1990 Dr. and the main cache and the scraper to the forming a lake in western Montana called Mrs. Richey, orchard owners, permitted same timeframe. Lake Missoula. Recurrently this huge lake, Dr. Mike Gramly of Buffalo to bring his ar­ Few obsidian flakes were found in the containing 500 cubic miles of water, lifted chaeological team, including Ohioan Bill area of the main cache, and none were the blocking glaciers and ripped across Pickard and volunteer Earth Watch teams, found in survey pits. The source of obsid­ the lands to the west creating the central including Ohioan Norman Wright, to ian can be located chemically with accu­ Washington Scab Lands cutting through probe the site. After negotiations with the racy, and the final report will probably fo­ the basalt plateau and flooding the Colville Confederated Tribes and cus on this as well as thermoluminescence Columbia River Valley. Washington state officials, digging was dating. The major obsidian flows are in Flooding may have occurred as often as permitted in four cubic meters of earth what is now Oregon; the presence of the 89 times. At times of high flood, the level known to contain artifacts, and in an L- flakes would hint usage of that stone. The was over 1000 feet above the present river shaped trench 1x1x7 meters to the north absence of any such tools in the cache in­ level. At the Richey site the water level and 1 x1 x5 meters to the east, about two dicates that the Paleo Indians had ex­ was over 300 feet. This plain north of a meters away from the known cache. The hausted any obsidian they might have had. bend in the Columbia River is truly the survey trenches enabled the taking of Explorations of the area by geologic and world's largest sand bar. Outstanding fea­ core samples at various depths, to look flintknapper teams located flint/agate of tures are the huge ripple marks, measur­ for pollen and snails for study of ancient the same type as Richey Cache material. ing 300 feet from crest to crest. The moat climates. Studies by Dr. Mehringer in 1988 A local rock shop exhibited a large agate on the north side of the bar was an ideal had revealed little, if any, pollen. Indirect nodule of the cloudy, icy variety weighing lake for watering game when the Clovis evidence suggests that sagebrush cover 180 pounds and measuring over 18 people came centuries later. The Clovis was present between the Clovis camp inches long which the shop owner had age Paleo people probably did not linger and the moat lake to the north. chipped from a basalt cliff years before. in the Washington state area - few typical Clusters of Clovis age artifacts have Modern flintknappers and rockhounds Clovis artifacts have been found. Tools of rarely been found and few that could be have now depleted the outcrops of agate, Clovis technology made of obsidian are dug under as ideally controlled circum­ but Paleo man would have had an abun­ more common in the Oregon area. stances as at the Richey site. The other dant choice of agate nodules exposed by A large rainbow sheen obsidian Clovis recent find at the Anzick site in Montana erosion and weathering. point, found years ago has just recently has only recently been brought together The question of a human burial is based come to light. The site is not yet located, from three owners for study. The Anzick on slender evidence: a questionable scrap but the farm that the family history indi­ site contained abundant ochre dusting of skull bone and the possible mounding cates was its source, is within a mile or so and obvious human bone. The Richey site of sandy soil using the scrapers found in of the Richey site. has no ochre dusting and no definite hu­ the east trench. The principal reason to The Richey site is unique in that no other man bone. Two fluted points had ochre doubt a burial is the absence of human site has as many bone tools. Four were re­ staining suggesting ceremonial marking, bone remains when the bone tools are so ported removed in 1988, Dr. Gramly re­ perhaps associated with hunting cere­ well preserved. The lack of ochre is also a moved eight, which are presently drying monies prior to the cache burial. One strong negative. gradually in moist sand. One other is in the nickel-sized flat piece of bone might be a The west coast is a shifting, active vol­ block of sand approximately 25x25x75 flake of human skull. Three of the points canic zone, and the state of Washington is centimeters which Gramly has taken to found in the cache are over nine inches one of the hot spots in tectonic geology. Buffalo for controlled exhumation in the long; the largest is 9 1/4 in. Modern flint Around 13 to 16 million years ago the laboratory. He plans to keep half of this knappers have observed that the flakes earth near the present border between block intact for later studies. were driven off the blades in a left-to-right eastern Oregon and Washington opened The count of unique beveled bone tools direction, indicating that these points fissures repeatedly with basalt flows that from the Richey site (including the one left might have been made by a left-handed built up what is now the gigantic shield of buried) is 14. Literature survey shows that person. the Columbia Plateau. The driving force in only six other bone tools are known from Volcanic ash was bonded to the under­ opening the earth during these Miocene Paleo sites. Moist, acid conditions have side of some of the tools, helping to date times was east-to-west tectonic continen­ precluded finding any in Clovis sites in the the material. After the original placement tal shift. Wenatchee is on the western eastern Americas. of the cache, predators may have dis­ edge of the Columbia Plateau; the The bone tools were presumably fore- turbed a burial, leaving only a shred of Columbia River borders on the perimeter shafts enabling a hunter to socket numer­ skull bone. A bone tool found in 1988 did of this gigantic plateau. Time passed and ous lance heads into one spear shaft, min­ exhibit canine gnaw markings. the climate changed from tropical in late imizing the load he carried. Probably there had never been an inhu­ Miocene to dry during the Pliocene, ap­ Early in the dig a side scraper was mation here, as there was no ochre pre­ proximately two to four million years ago. found at 93 centimeters in screening from sent. One possibility is that the cache was Richard B. Waitt, geologist of the U.S. the southern part of the eastern geologic contained in a leather bag, and that Geological Service at the Mt. St. Helens survey trench, perhaps three to four me­ wolves, attracted by the leather, scattered observatory, explained further dramatic ters away from the main cache, which was the tools on the ashy surface. The ash has geology. Glaciation waxed and waned to at 70 centimeters depth. This specimen been chemically identified as being from the north, at times opening the ice-free was suspected to have been "salted"

24 since it was missed in troweling, and the local amateur archaeologist, identified from the wall of a prohibited square. The possibility of locals intruding a specimen them as Clovis, leading to a preliminary climate in central Washington is a near- was feared. However, when I found a simi­ one-day dig by Dr. Robert Mierendorf, ar­ desert, with only five inches of rainfall per lar 4" side scraper two meters north in the chaeologist of the National Park Service, year. So for 11,000 years the bone tools survey trench two weeks later, this vali­ who found more material and left it for the were dry and protected. But in 1965, or­ dated the early find, and shortly after that definitive dig. In 1988 Dr. Peter Mehringer chards were planted and irrigation of 36 another member of the Earth Watch team of Washington State University, accompa­ inches of water per year has caused sig­ found a third specimen, a prismatic blade, nied by various Paleo specialists such as nificant deterioration in bone, and further a meter to the north. That raised the Vance Haynes, George Frison, and Mike delay in removal from the moist ground thought that this was a second feature in a Gramly, did an eight-day dig and removed will result in complete loss. site that needed further exploration. This 19 tools, including four bone tools and The Richey dig opened on October 22, prismatic blade is the tool with the vol­ some obsidian flakes, as authorized by or­ 1990, after Dr. Gramly took off his Kevlar canic crust on its underside found two chard owners Dr. and Mrs. Mack Richey, bullet-proof vest at the conclusion of ne­ meters away from the main cache, uniting who then protected the site with heavy gotiations with the Tribes. After five weeks all the artifacts to the time of the Glacier concrete slabs since it was only thirty feet of digging, the site was closed. Copper Peak ash fall in 11,250 B.R from the county road. cutouts duplicating the forms of the re­ The side scrapers, found in the east sur­ Dr. Mike Gramly was then chosen as moved artifacts were put in place. Tribal vey trenches, were at 93 centimeters; the the archaeologist in charge of the 1990 ceremonies in the closing of the site were main cache was at 70 centimeters. One excavation. carried out, and calumet smoke was conjecture raised by Betty Knop, New The new Washington state archaeology blown in the cardinal directions. York archaeology team member, is that law and the fears of the Colville Will the site be studied to completion? the scrapers were used to dig a borrow pit Confederated Tribes led to limitations in This is unknown. Dr. Richey has said that to cover the cache/burial material in its the extent of the site that could be dug. To only Dr. Gramly will be allowed to dig, and oval pit. No obsidian tools were found, enable the dig to go forward at all, Dr. Dr. Gramly states that he will not dig until suggesting that the obsidian flakes were Gramly agreed to dig four cubic meters the Washington law changes. So we will from tools that had been used up, but that known to contain artifacts and an L- watch and wonder at the tangle of private the flakes were still in the leather bag that shaped survey trench 12 meters along the ownership, Native American concerns, contained the cache and was dragged out eastern and northern sides of the site. and Washington law. If the chance pre­ with the burial. Three to four cubic meters of the site un­ sents, Bill Pickard and Norm Wright will The field surveys of the agate deposits der terms of the agreement had to be left want to help complete the dig. in the coulees and draws of the basalt undisturbed, even though radar anomalies Columbia Plateau highlands 40-60 miles suggested the presence of artifacts. REFERENCES from the site, convinced us that the Richey Digging under Dr. Gramly's supervision Alt, David D. & D.W. Hundman site material was locally derived. This indi­ was carried out with trowels, brushes, and Roadside Geology of Washington, cates that the Paleo Indians lived on the bamboo wands. Plastic gloves were worn Mountain Press Publishing Co., ancient sandbar long enough to have de­ at the ceremonial removal of the pieces to Missoula, Montana. pleted their supply of distantly derived prevent contamination of ancient organic Gramly, Richard Michael stone and long enough to have found the residue. Studies of artifacts from the 1988 1988 Discoveries at the Lamb Site, Genesee local sources of prime silicified material. dig had indicated organic bovine blood County, New York, 1986-87, Ohio Dr. Gramly is known for prompt and residue on several of the fluted knives. Archaeologist 38(1) definitive reports of sites, so we will look Similarly blood residues have been found Mehringer, Peter J., Jr. forward to his early report of this one. He under flakes of the 1990 Clovis finds. 1988 Weapons of Ancient Americans, National feels that the Richey site is a unique Sixteen cubic meters of sandy soil were Geographic 174(4) placement of the whole Clovis tool kit in sifted to assure finding all the flakes. Mehringer, Peter J., Jr. one place, possibly a cache, unprovably Dr. Gramly was curator of anthropology 1990 Volcanic Ash Dating of the Clovis Cache perhaps a shallow burial that was dis­ at the Buffalo Museum of Science and is at West Wenatchee, Washington, National turbed by predators. He believes that a liv­ oriented toward education in the field as Geographic Research 6(4)595-403 ing site can be found to the north, proba­ well as skilled in the techniques of working Phillips, Robert bly under the road, and that a kill site, in the ground. He brought an experienced 1991 East Wenatchee Clovis Dig, Chips 3(1) probably of bison or mammoth, can be archaeology crew from Buffalo and the P.O. Box 702, Branson, MO 65616. found in the lowlying moat to the north, central states, and enlisted Earth Watch, a Vogel, Mike where possibly a shallow lake lay in private organization that supports a world­ 1991 Science or sacrilege, Buffalo Magazine moister climatic days. wide network for scientific projects and of the Buffalo News Jan. 20,1991 Here is a brief reprise of the Wenatchee furnishes volunteer and financial help. Waldorf, D.C. Clovis site sequence. In 1987 orchard Earth Watch sent two crews of nine volun­ 1991 Finding the Pony, Chips 3(1) workmen encountered a nest of large, teers for two two-week tours to do archae­ Waldorf, Val thin-bladed tools in their irrigation trench. ological work under Dr. Gramly's direction. 1991 About the Site, Chips 3(1) They took 14 of the tools to orchard man­ Gramly deplores the loss of at least one ager Rich Roberts. Dr. Richard Congdon, bone tool that had to be left, protruding

25 Fig. 1 (Wright) Ohio archaeology student Bill Pickard trims the southern end of the east geologic survey trench. Finds were unexpected in the area. Ohioan Norman Wright was lucky to unearth the Paleo scraper, seen here in situ on the low pedestal between the photograher and Bill's left heel.

Fig. 2 (Wright) These 9" Clovis giants were dug in 1988. In 1990 one measuring 9 1/4" was unearthed.

26 Fig. 4 (Wright) The Clovis side scraper in the east trench.

Fig. 3 (Wright) Earth Watch volunteers ("earthworms") trowel deeper for further artifacts as Norman L Wright of Coshocton points to the Paleo scraper in situ. Shortly after this photo a Clovis prismatic blade was found behind him.

Fig. 5 (Wright) Ohioan Bill Pickard lets the light shine through an 11,000 year old Clovis point hidden in the cache until fall of 1990, and here shown to a group of interested school children. Dig director Mike Gramly works at the lower right.

27 Fig. 6 (Wright) Dr. Mike Gramly, dig leader, explains to a group of school children the prehistoric facts of the Richey site.

Fig. 7 (Wright) Afternoon sunlight streams through the orchard as work at the Richey Clovis Site is in progress. Two volunteers trowel and sift sand in the east trench in front and to the right a group confers in the north survey trench. Centrally a group watches as the productive rich area of the cache is probed.

Fig. 8 (Wright) Dig director Mike Gramly, wearing protective gloves, proudly lets the light glow through the largest Clovis point yet found. Fig. 9 (Wright) Norman Wright of Coshocton holds the Paleo scraper encountered unexpec- tantly in the east trench. Directly behind him are the four cubic meters where scores of Clovis artifacts were found. He wears plastic gloves to protect the old tool.

Fig. 10 (Wright) Orchard owner Dr. Mack Richey (left) watches attentively as 11,000 year old Clovis artifacts are removed from his land. With him is Chris Lamb, owner of the Paleo Lamb Site in New York.

Fig. 11 (Wright) Norman Wright of Coshocton photographs three Clovis preforms by the presumed burial oval outlined by the slender stakes. Copper cutouts mark the size and approximate place where the main cache was found. Protruding from the block of sand a bone tool can be seen. Fig. 12 (Wright) Bill Pickard and Norman Wright enjoy the sunset shining through a 9" Clovis point found at the Richey orchard in Washington.

Fig. 13 (Wright) Earth Watch volunteers Dee Aiani of Chicago and Jordan Perrine of Seattle dig for prehistory in a meter cube.

30 AN EXPANDED NOTCH KNIFE by Bob White Thornville, Ohio

The expanded notch knife shown in fig­ side covers approximately 65% of the allow for the unique notching. This notch­ ures one and two was surface found in blade. Although this type falls into the ing also gives this type its identity; most Seneca County, Ohio, and is in the au­ Archaic bevel class, this knife is thinner in collectors refer to this type as an E-notch. thor's collection. The knife measures 2 5/8 cross-section as a result of this percus­ E-notching seems to be a modified form inches long and 1 5/8 inches wide at the sion process. The percussion process be­ of the dog-leg bevel which is made after a base. It is made of cream Flint Ridge chal­ ing completed, the beveling was then ap­ straight cut into the notch is made and cedony with streaks of dark brown and plied to the right side of the blade, and continued toward the tip. The notch is honey. finally pressure retouch was applied. then made toward the base, creating the The blade, heavy in cross-section, al­ The base on this example is well-de­ E-notch appearance. lowed the flint knapper to take large per­ signed, as are all well-made bevels. It has cussion flakes. The scars of which are been extensively ground to allow for a present. One such scar on the reverse good haft and has been basally thinned to

Fig. 1 (White) Expanded notch knife found in Seneca County, obverse and reverse.

31 HUMAN EFFIGY PENDANT FROM COSHOCTON COUNTY, OHIO by David Hilliard 55 Renwick Drive Poland, Ohio 44514

I found this human effigy pendant on It likely dates from the Fort Ancient pe­ Approximate dimensions April 21, 1991, in Warsaw, Ohio, located riod, 1200-1600 A.D. Length 1 1/2" 15 miles north of Coshocton. It is made The pendant is engraved on the back Width 1 3/16" of black steatite, which was probably and has light tally marks on the edge. Thickness 5/16" quarried in North Carolina. It won the Best of Show Award at the Weight .07 oz. 1991 Annual Meeting.

Fig. 1 (Hilliard) Obverse and reverse of steatite pendant.

Fig. 2 (Hilliard) 3/4 view of steatite pendant.

32 CONSTRUCTION OF A CHIPPEWA WIGWAM by Elaine Holzapfel 104 E. Lincoln Greenville, Ohio

Richard Ackley now lives in Greenville, An inner liner made of blankets which structed wakaigans, each of which was Ohio, in Darke County but was born in a had been sewn together was placed occupied by several families. These wig­ wigwam and lived his first 18 years on an around the inside perimeter of the wig­ wams were usually covered only with Indian reservation in northern Wisconsin. wam, leaving an airspace of about 6 tarpaper and cooking was done outside, He is a Chippewa or Ojibwa, names inches between the blanket and the outer even in the coldest Wisconsin winters. which he uses interchangeably, but he covering of the wigwam. This airspace, Mr. Ackley reports that many Indians died says the actual name of the tribe is A he says, created an upward draft so that during those years. nish a na pi. smoke from the fire was carried efficiently Ackley built a wakaigan in front of He relates the following information out a hole in the roof. Garst Museum in Greenville around 1980. about the construction and use of a wa In the fall, mats 3 to 4 feet high were Ohio is too far south for tamarack to kafgan, the Ojibwa word for wigwam. woven from rushes and fastened at an grow, but he used elm saplings instead of The Chippewa constructed the frame angle around the outside edge of the tamarack with success, and baling twine of a wigwam from tamarack saplings. wakaigan. As water or melting snow ran instead of basswood. This frame stood (Tamarack, also called hackmatack, is a down the outside of the house, it was sturdily for several years, until he was deciduous pine. It is one of the northern­ carried away from the dwelling at the asked to disassemble it to make room for most trees and grows mainly in the upper juncture with the rush mats. construction to enlarge the museum. timberline.) From 1919 to 1922 Indians who In spring these saplings, called me tee worked for the logging industry con­ gooses by the Ojibwa, were selected for use because they would bend without breaking and because they were long. A sapling only 2 inches in diameter at the base could be as tall as 30 feet. A pointed iron rod was pounded into the ground to prepare a space for the sapling, which had been sharpened. The sapling was set into the prepared hole 6 to 8 inches deep. Another sapling was set similarly 12 to 15 feet across from the first one, and one man stood at each sapling and bowed them toward each other until they overlapped several feet, forming a dome-shaped roof. These were then lashed together with fibers from the inner bark of the basswood tree. These fibers dried hard, securing the frame of the structure. This procedure was continued accord­ ing to the size of building desired; Ackley remembers attending religious meetings in such a structure which measured at least 40 feet long and 12 to 15 feet wide. Birch bark was used to cover the frame when birch was available, but he recalls that canvas and tarpaper were frequently Fig. 1 (Holzapfel) Frame of wigwam built by Chippewa Indian, Richard Ackley. used.

33 ADENA GORGETS by Al Wakefield 4151 Logangate Youngstown, Ohio 44505

Shown in the photograh are gorgets panded center types. Bi-concave gorgets fourth rows are Adena quadriconcave from my collection. In the top row are ex- are in the second row. The third and gorgets. I •••••Ml

I I • *-*-, '°A

l^^H

Fig. 1 (Wakefield) Adena gorgets of various types. All are from Ohio.

34 BANNERSTONES by Jerry Ball 3796 Mt. Zion Road Lucas, Ohio 44843

Fig. 1 (Ball) Top left - Panel banner found in Ohio, (ex Wehrie, Copeland) Top right - Fluted ball banner found in Paulding County, Ohio. Left center - miniature wing banner 1 3/4 inches. Found in Ohio. Bottom left - Panel banner - Seneca County, Ohio. Pictured in OHIO SLATE TYPES. Bottom right - Tube banner found in Putnam County, Ohio. October 12, 1903.

o>;

Fig. 2 (Ball) Pictured are two slate pick banner stones from my collection. The smaller one is four inches long and made of highly banded slate. The only provenience known is Ohio. The larger pick is also of banded slate and was found in Richland County, Ohio. At seven inches in length it is unusually long to be found undamaged.

if uMf.MM.2' 3l ,41 T •

3f L • tSftfTCOTT BUmJAjtfk*

35 A 250,000 YEAR-OLD AXE by Elaine Holzapfel 104 E. Lincoln Greenville, Ohio

For over one million years the most so­ larger than the brain of modern man. He References phisticated tool used by our ancestors extended his toolkit to include borers, Brownowski, J. was a fist-sized cobble with several chips scrapers, blades, chisels and planes. 1973 The Ascent of Man, Little, Brown and Co., knocked off one edge. A hairy man-like Cro-Magnon man, the first really modern Boston/Toronto creature only 4 feet tall made these chop­ man, appeared 40,000 years ago. He is in­ Howell, F. Clark pers, but the average person probably distinguishable from people living today, 1965 Early Man, Time Inc., New York wouldn't even recognize them as tools. and his contribution to technology was the Leakey, Richard and Roger Lewin Leakey named these Oldowan tools, be­ introduction of ground stone tools. 1977 Origins, E.R Dutton, New York cause they were first found by him at The Acheulian hand-axe in Fig. 1 was Senet, Andre Olduvai in Africa. found in Tilbury, England, and was brought 1955 Man in Search of His Ancestors, McGraw- Around 500,000 years ago the first true to this country in 1940s by Arthur George Hill, N.Y., Toronto man, Homo erectus, appeared. He didn't Smith. It is made of high-quality, honey- look like us. The bones of his skull were colored translucent flint and has been thick; he had a low sloping forehead, mas­ dated at around 250,000 years old. sive brow ridges, and no chin. He didn't have thick body hair, so it's possible that, depending on where he lived, his skin had begun to take on pigment. His powers of communication were limited, and the front part of his brain, the area that gives us our thinking ability, was relatively undeveloped. He used fire, but it is doubtful that he knew how to make fire. He did, however, have a great invention - the bifacially chipped hand-axe. (Fig. 1) These are called Acheulian (pronounced a- shoo-le-un) hand-axes, named by amateur archaeologist Dr. Rigollet in a report he published in 1834 on artifacts found at St. Acheul in France. These hand-axes have since been found at other locations in Europe, as well as China, Africa and India. In his book Origins, Richard Leakey states, "An Acheulian hand-ax is a beauti­ ful piece of work." But why did Homo erectus develop this well-made tool when the old-fashioned chopper could cut just as well, and for what purpose were they so frequently tear-drop shaped and pointed? Leakey says he doesn't know. Some specimens have been found that measure over 2 feet long, and it has been guessed that these could have been used in some type of trap for large animals. The earliest hand-axes were chipped only by hammerstones, but later ones ex­ hibit retouching of the edges, which was done with wood, antler or bone. These early men had no way of quarry­ ing rock, so the axes were made from chunks of flint found in rivers and streams. (Large chunks of flint are still easy to find in Europe.) The Acheulian culture, which later pro­ duced cores, persisted with few changes for over 300,000 years. Homo erectus him­ self didn't survive that long; 200,000 years after his great invention he disappeared and a slightly more modern man took his place. The advent of yet another new variety of man 100,000 years ago brought the Acheulian to an end. This was Neanderthal, whose brain might have been

36 CAHOKIA by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio

On the Illinois side of the Mississippi It measures 1037 feet from north to south was a plaza or court surrounded by the River within sight of St. Louis and its fa­ and 790 feet from east to west. It con­ huts of lesser dignitaries and around this mous arch, is the largest mound complex sists of several terraces and ramps which complex a stockade of logs kept out the in the United States. Called Cahokia, this take it to a height of 100 feet - its base commoners. It has been postulated that enormous site has more than 100 covers an astounding 15 acres. Cahokia was the largest prehistoric settl- mounds and contains nearly 3,700 acres. The focal point of this sprawling ment in North America. A visit to Many of the mounds at Cahokia are gi­ Mississippian village, Monks Mound had Cahokia, easily accessible since old U.S. gantic and as large as almost any mound several structures on top of it in its hey­ Route 40 runs within a few feet of Monks in Ohio. But Cahokia is dominated by the day some 800 years ago. These buildings Mound, will convince the visitor that this largest earthen mound in North America, housed the hierarchy of the village and site is certainly one of the largest and Monks Mound. from its summit, the chief could survey most impressive he will ever see. Without seeing it in person, it is difficult his realm which covered nearly six square to appreciate the size of Monks Mound. miles. Directly in front of Monks Mound

Fig. 1 (Converse) Monks Mound at Cahokia. Figure on top of mound will help with size comparison. Old route U. S. 40 is in the foreground.

37 MORE ASTRONOMICAL ALIGNMENTS AT HOPEWELL SITES IN OHIO by William F. Romain 4000 Westbrook Drive, #502 Brooklyn, Ohio 44144

In an earlier article (Romain 1991a), 1 sug­ in many instances, field work or ground sur­ where noted, the date for each site was pre­ gested that various Hopewell sites in Ohio veys to determine the dimensions and con­ sumed to be A.D. 250. Rising and setting may incorporate intentional astronomical figuration of the earthworks will never be ac­ events were considered to occur at the in­ alignments. In particular, it was suggested complished. So too, remote satellite imaging, stant of the sun or moon's lower limb tan- that at least eight major Hopewell earthworks high altitude infrared photography, and earth gency with the horizon. incorporate alignments to either solstice resistivity studies offer little hope for data re­ As shown earlier (Romain 1991a:Tables 1 and/or lunar standstill events. These sites in­ covery when sites are paved over. and 2), the rising and setting points for the clude Hopeton, Liberty, Baum, Mound City, Given this bleak situation, we can either sun and moon change at relatively small in­ Piketon, Circleville, Hopewell, and Turner. lament our losses, grandiosely proclaim that crements in response to changes in latitude In the present article, evidence for astro­ 'more work needs to be done' and forego, or and date. A change in one full degree of lati­ nomical alignments at an additional fifteen reject archaeoastronomical studies using tude, for example, results in a change in ris­ Hopewell sites will be presented. These sites anything less than ideal, on-the-ground sur­ ing or setting azimuth of less than one-half of include Opossum Mound, Anderson, Cedar vey data. Alternatively, we can maximize one degree. (For comparative purposes, con­ Bank, Dunlap, Seip, Marietta, Junction what little data we have in the way of archival sider that the north-south separation be­ Group, Portsmouth, Shriver, Milford, Bull, maps and photographs, supplemented tween Cincinnati, Ohio, and Columbus, Ohio, Frankfort, Newark, High Bank, and Works where possible with necessarily incomplete is slightly less than one degree of latitude.) East of Chillicothe. ground surveys - even though the resultant Similarly, over the course of one thousand reconstructions may not be as certain as we years, the sun or moon's rising and setting Background would like. positions on the horizon change by less than The Hopewell culture is generally consid­ Obviously, my choice has been to attempt two tenths of one degree in azimuth as a ered to have flourished from about 200 B.C. what analyses I can, with whatever sketchy function of time. to A.D. 500. While Hopewell influence ex­ data remains, accepting that in reality the Reference to the sun or moon's lower limb tended throughout the eastern United States, data base may never substantially improve. tangency with the horizon as the instant of its most visible florescence occurred in As a result, the analyses presented herein rising or setting is simply a subjective judge­ southern Ohio. Indeed, it is in southern Ohio are admittedly tentative and subject to fur­ ment. that the couple of dozen or so known geo­ ther review. By far, the greatest change in azimuth re­ metrically-shaped earthworks occur. These In connection with this, it will be recalled sults from variations in horizon elevation. As earthworks are the focus of this paper. that in my earlier article (Romain 1991a) I shown earlier (Romain 1991a:Table 3), at 39 When looking at the geographic location of noted the possible existence of astronomical degrees North latitude, a change of one de­ the geometric Hopewell earthworks it be­ alignments at Marietta, Frankfort, Works East gree in horizon elevation results in a change comes apparent that almost all of the sites of Chillicothe, and Seip. These tentative of about one degree in the sun or moon's ris­ are located near the confluence of major alignments were based on Squier and Davis' ing or setting position on the horizon. rivers, or near important natural resources, or maps - using the north-south lines indicated Potential alignment errors due to incorrect at locations that strategically overlook large by Squier and Davis. At the time, I pointed assumptions of horizon elevation in this study areas. High Bank, Liberty, Junction Group, out that these alignments were to be consid­ therefore are probably no more than plus or and the Works East of Chillicothe, for exam­ ered tentative because I had not yet corrobo­ minus one or two degrees - assuming that no ple, are all located near the confluence of the rated the accuracy of Squier and Davis' ori­ horizon elevations are in excess of three de­ Scioto River and Paint Creek; while the entations. As it turns out, after further review, grees. (My experience in surveying various Marietta Works are located at the confluence all four of these sites do manifest astronomi­ sites in southern Ohio is that most horizon el­ of the Muskingum and Ohio Rivers; and the cal alignments - but they are not the ones I evations average about one degree.) Portsmouth Works are located at the conflu­ had originally suggested. After re-orienting In the present study, Squier and Davis' ence of the Scioto and Ohio Rivers. Squier and Davis' maps according to the pro­ (1848) maps have been heavily relied upon - The location of Hopewell sites at river con­ cedures to be discussed, previously unrecog­ simply because in most cases, there are still fluences and strategic overlooks obviously fa­ nized alignments became evident. These new no better maps available. Of course, where I cilitated communication, transportation, and analyses are offered below and supersede have had access to better data or maps I defense. Because of this, however, it was also my earlier tentative suggestions. Hopewell ar- have used them. In general, however, the ap­ it the advantage of the early pioneers and set­ chaeoastronomy is new. As a result, occa­ proach taken here has been to orient Squier tlers to build their cities and towns in the sional instances of re-evaluation are to be ex­ and Davis' maps to true north using features same locations. As a result, cities such as pected as more definitive analyses are made. shown on current topographic maps. In some Newark, Chillicothe, Marietta, Portsmouth, cases, streams or rivers have been used for Frankfort, and Cincinnati are built right on top Accuracy this purpose while in other instances, various of ancient Hopewell earthworks. As might be As with my previous study, and with apolo­ roadways, ravines, or railroad tracks have expected, this circumstance has resulted in gies for repeating myself, for this study, been use. After finding a feature shown on many earthworks being bulldozed, paved Aveni's (1972) tables were used to determine both Squier and Davis' map and a topo­ over, and otherwise totally obliterated. In other the azimuth of selected solar and lunar graphic map, the true azimuth of the feature instances, agricultural practices have resulted events. These events include and all sites is determined from the topographic map. in dozens of sites being continuously plowed were checked for alignments to the four sol­ Using this known azimuth as a reference, a for almost two hundred years - so that today, stice and eight lunar standstill positions. No new north-south line is then drawn on to very little, if anything remains. checks were made for stellar or planetary Squier and Davis' map. Archaeoastronomical analyses are then made by reference to this The destruction of the Hopewell earth­ alignments. new north-south line. For the most part, works is a national tragedy. Of the dozens of Aveni's tables are entered by interpolated Squier and Davis' configurations of the earth­ Hopewell earthworks that once proclaimed latitude, horizon elevation, date, and celestial works themselves are considered accurate. our native American heritage, virtually all have event. To enter these tables, the latitude for Where possible, of course, the orientation suffered irreparable harm, or have been rele­ each site was established to the nearest ten and configuration of targeted sites has been gated to total oblivion. minutes of latitude by reference to USGS to­ pographic maps. Horizon elevations were all corroborated by field survey and/or reference In practical terms, the wholesale destruc­ to aerial photographs. Further details regard- tion of the Hopewell earthworks means that assumed to be one degree. And except

38 ing the orientation for each map are pre­ Using a 0 degree horizon elevation, A.D. Review of the above noted aerial photo­ sented in each summary analysis. 250 date, and latitude of 40° North to enter graph shows that Squier and Davis correctly Before proceeding with the actual analy­ Aveni's tables, it is found that on the date of plotted the earthwork in terms of configura­ ses, it might prove useful to again review the the moon's minimum south standstill, the tion. From the aerial photo it was determined explanation provided by Hively and Horn rel­ moon will set at an azimuth of 244.9 degrees. that the north embankment extends along an evant to lunar standstills: As these figures indicate and as shown by azimuth of 78 degrees. Using this known az­ The rising point of the Moon as marked Figure 1, the azimuth of the major axis the imuth as a reference, a new north-south line along the horizon oscillates between a earthwork appears to be aligned to the was superimposed on Squier and Davis' northerly and southerly extreme during moon's minimum south setting position. map. This new north-south line differed from each sidereal month (27 1/3 days). Due In connection with the possible symbolism Squier and Davis' north-south line by about to a slow precession of the Moon's orbit, associated with this effigy, it is interesting to two degrees. Anyway, by reference to this these extreme northerly and southerly note that as would be appropriate to an effigy new north-south line the following astronomi­ rising points oscillate between two fixed which is aligned to the moon, the opossum is cal alignment becomes evident. azimuths with a period of 18.61 years. A a nocturnal creature. Indeed, the opossum is On the date of the moon's maximum north similar variation occurs in the setting an arboreal marsupial which is unusual. standstill, when viewed from Point A, the point of the Moon....A careful observer Moreover, the opossum has the peculiar moon will appear to set over Point B. In con­ of the 18.6 year cycle would therefore habit of pretending to be dead when mo­ nection with Squier and Davis' drawing, it is notice eight significant directions along lested by an enemy. interesting to note that Thomas' (1894:475) the horizon (four moonrise and four opinion was that no wall or embankment moonset points) where the Moon peri­ The Anderson Earthwork ever extended along the west side of this odically reaches a maximum or mini­ The Anderson Earthwork (see Figure 3) earthwork. mum extreme (Hively and Horn was discovered in 1975 by Jerrel C. 1982:S11-S12). Anderson. Anderson (1980) inadvertently The Dunlap Earthwork Again, as mentioned earlier, definitions of spotted the earthwork while examining a set The Dunlap Earthwork (see Figure 5) is lo­ other commonly used terms such as azimuth, of aerial photographs of Ross County taken cated in Ross County, Ohio, on the south horizon elevation, and solstice can be found in 1938. bank of the Scioto River, a little more than in any of the now standard works on ar- The Anderson Earthwork is located in Ross two miles north of Mound City. The site is sit­ chaeoastronomy (e.g., Aveni 1980; Krupp County, Ohio, about one-half mile north of uated at about 39° 24'40" North latitude. 1983; Williamson 1984). the North Fork of Paint Creek, near the village In my earlier article (Romain 1991:Fig.13), I of Anderson, Ohio. The site is situated at suggested that the north and south embank­ Analyses about 39° 21 '39" North latitude. ments of this earthwork were aligned to the The map shown in Figure 3 was made by moon's minimum north standstill setting az­ The Opossum Mound Jerrel Anderson based on his analysis of the imuth. This conclusion was based on the as­ The Opossum or Alligator Mound (see 1938 Department of Agriculture aerial photo­ sumption that Squier and Davis' configuration Figure 1) is located in Licking County, Ohio, graph (BCS-3-50) alluded to above, in con­ and orientation of the earthwork were correct. on the north side of Raccoon Creek. The site junction with his own ground level study, and Jerrel C. Anderson, however, has pointed out is situated at about 40° 04'15" North latitude, additional aerial photography employing both to me that Squier and Davis' figure is inaccu­ immediately east of Granville, Ohio. color and infrared photography. rate in terms of configuration. Anderson's Notably, the Opossum Mound is one of In terms of orientation, my review of a 1981 conclusion is supported by examination of a only three or four effigy mounds known in USGS 7.5 minute series topographic map 1938 Department of Agriculture aerial photo­ Ohio. Early observers thought the effigy re­ (Chillicothe West Quadrangle) shows the graph of the site. In this photograph, to be sembled an alligator. Because of the small B.& O. Railroad to extend along an azimuth published at a later date by Anderson, the round head, abdominal protuberance, and of 77 degrees. This corresponds to the az­ earthwork shows up fairly well - except for a curved tail, however, many later archaeolo­ imuth for the railroad shown by Anderson in portion of the northeast embankment. gists have come to the opinion that the effigy his map. Conversely, the earthwork is not visible on the more closely resembles an opossum. Further, the configuration of the earthwork 1988 Ross County Engineer's Office aerial In any event, as can be seen from the pho­ as shown by Anderson matches that shown photograph (Union 11) that I examined. At tograph presented in Figure 2, the effigy by the 1938 aerial photograph. Hence it can any rate, I have made a tracing of the earth­ commands an impressive view of the sur­ be concluded that Anderson's plan of the work from the 1938 photograph. This sketch rounding Raccoon Creek Valley. As noted by earthwork is correct in both orientation and is presented in Figure 5. The orientation for Smucker (1885:351), it probably would be configuration. the figure was determined by reference to possible to see the Newark Earthworks which Having said this, the following astronomical Infirmary Lane - which is clearly evident in the are two miles to the east, if the intervening alignments seem evident in the earthwork. 1938 photograph and which on a 1981 USGS trees were cut down. On the date of the summer solstice, as 7.5 minute series topographic map Although no radiocarbon dates have been viewed from the gateway at Point A, the sun (Andersonville Quadrangle) can be seen to obtained for the effigy, the Opossum Mound will appear to set over the gateway at Point extend at an azimuth of 82 degrees. Although is generally believed to have been built by the E. Also as viewed from the gateway at Point not as artistic as Squier and Davis' plan of the Hopewell. This conclusion is warranted due A, the winter solstice sun will set over Point site, several astronomical alignments seem to "its shape, construction, proximity to the C. As viewed from Point B on the date of the evident in the new figure. Newark mound group, and the mica flakes summer solstice, the sun will appear to set More specifically, on the date of the found by Dr. Donald Valdes, Dennison over Point D. moon's minimum north standstill, when University, just behind the right front paw" viewed from Point A, the moon will appear to (Stallings 1981:13). Amazingly, this remnant The Cedar Bank Earthwork set in alignment with embankment A-B. of the Hopewell culture is still remarkably in­ The Cedar Bank Earthwork (see Figure 4) is Likewise, embankment D-C also appears to tact - even though it is now situated in the located in Ross County, Ohio, on the east be generally oriented to this same event. midst of a housing development. bank of the Scioto River, about four miles Both of these possible alignments were Anyway, the relatively intact condition of north of Chillicothe, Ohio. The site is situated pointed out in my earlier article. the earthwork allows for direct, on-the- at about 39° 23'45" North latitude. Additionally though, another alignment ground surveying. On January 19, 1992, I Much of the earthwork has been de­ seems evident in the earthwork. On the date made such a survey and found the major axis stroyed, but parts of the embankments (no­ of the moon's minimum south standstill, of the earthwork to extend along an azimuth tably the north and east embankments) can when viewed from Point D, the moon will ap­ of about 244 degrees. This azimuth differs by still be seen in a 1988 aerial photograph pear to set over Point B. three degrees from the azimuth given by (Greene 1) on file at the Ross County Squier and Davis (1848:99). Engineer's Office. The Seip Earthwork

39 The Seip Earthwork (see Figure 6) is lo­ the moon will appear to rise through the gate­ enclosure immediately southeast of the Small cated in Ross County, Ohio, on the north way at Point O. Square. This sightline extends in alignment bank of Paint Creek, about four and one-half Lastly, on the date of the moon's maximum with the sun's winter solstice sunrise, at an miles southwest of Bourneville, Ohio. The site north standstill, when viewed from Point K azimuth of 122 degrees. is situated at about 39° 14' North latitude. within the Very Small Circle, the moon will be Less than twenty percent of the original seen to set in alignment with Point R which is The Junction Group Earthworks earthwork is preserved as a state park, while the center of the Small Circle. The Junction Group Earthworks (see the remainder of the site has been mostly de­ Figure 9) are located in Ross County, Ohio, stroyed by cultivation. Review of aerial pho­ The Marietta Earthworks on the north bank of Paint Creek, almost ad­ tographs (Paxton 7 and 8) on file at the Ross The Marietta Earthworks (see Figures 7 jacent to the present Chillicothe city limits. County Engineer's Office show only vague and 8) are located on the east bank of the The site is situated at about 39° 18'45" North traces where the Large Circle and Square Muskingum River, at the confluence of the latitude. used to be. The Small Circle shows up as a Muskingum and Ohio Rivers. What remains Traces of the earthworks are visible on a dark discoloration, but cannot be sufficiently of the earthworks are found within the city 1988 aerial photograph (Scioto 8) on file at traced for archaeoastronomical work. On a limits of Marietta, Ohio, at about 39° 25' the Ross County Engineer's Office, however, 1938 Department of Agriculture aerial photo­ North latitude. these traces are not very distinct. The earth­ graph the earthwork shows up a little better - Notably, the plan of the Marietta works show up somewhat better on a 1938 but again, not clearly enough to rely upon for Earthworks presented by Squier and Davis Department of Agriculture aerial photograph; archaeoastronomical work. and shown in Figure 8 was actually made by but unfortunately, the Square is just a bit too Fortunately, it is possible to correctly orient General Samuel R. Curtis - and not by diffuse to trace for archaeoastronomical Squier and Davis' map by reference to the Charles Whittlesey as is indicated on the map work. Importantly though, the 1938 photo survey data provided by Thomas (1894:488- (see Murphy 1977). At the time of the survey, shows the complex clearly enough to indi­ 489). The accuracy of Thomas' (or actually Curtis was a civil engineer for the State of cate that Squier and Davis plotted the loca­ Middleton's) survey data has been discussed Ohio. I suspect, however, that somewhere in tion of the Square and two western-most cir­ earlier (Romain 1991a:4); and for all practical the process, Squier and Davis added their cles correctly in relation to Plyley Lane. purposes can be considered accurate to own north-south arrow. For this analysis, Squier and Davis' map within one-half of one degree (also see Anyway, for this analysis the Squier and was oriented by reference to the "Road to Robertson 1983). Davis, or Curtis map was oriented by refer­ Chillicothe" which they show in the northeast Anyway, Thomas (1894:488) gives the az­ ence to the "Graded Way". This "Graded corner of their map. This road appears to be imuth of the north wall of the Square em­ Way" is shown on the Curtis map as running Plyley Lane and is so marked on a 1981 bankment as 79° 13', and the east wall of this through the middle of the Large Square en­ USGS 7.5 minute series topographic map Square as 170° 25'. Using these azimuths to closure, from the southwest to the northeast. (Chillicothe West Quadrangle). On the topo­ correctly orient Squier and Davis' map results Today, this avenue is known as Sacra-Via. graphic sheet, the section of Plyley Lane that in the new north-south line shown superim­ On a 1975 USGS 7.5 minute series topo­ matches Squier and Davis' figure extends posed on Squier and Davis' map. By refer­ graphic map (Marietta Quadrangle), this av­ along an azimuth of 75 degrees. This is ence to this new north-south line, the follow­ enue can be seen to extend along an az­ within one-half of one degree of the azimuth ing astronomical alignments become evident. imuth of 52 degrees. Notably, this differs of the section of road plotted on Squier and As viewed from Point A on the Square, on from the north-south line shown on the Davis' map. the date of the moon's maximum north Squier and Davis or Curtis map by about five Assuming then that along with Plyley Lane, standstill, the moon will be seen to rise degrees. As a result, my earlier tentative Squier and Davis also correctly plotted the through the gateway at Point F. Similarly, as analysis of Marietta (Romain 1991a:7) must orientation and configuration of the Square viewed from Point B on this same date, the be amended as follows. enclosure, two possible astronomical align­ moon will be seen to rise through the gate­ Superimposed on Squier and Davis' map ments can be seen. way at Point E. is a new north-south line, established by ref­ As viewed from Point A, on the date of the A second set of alignments is also evident erence to the known azimuth of Sacra-Via. moon's maximum north standstill, the moon in the Square enclosure. Namely, on the date Using this new north-south line, the following will set over the middle of the west embank­ of the moon's maximum north standstill, as alignments become evident. Starting with the ment marked at Point C. And, as viewed from viewed from Point H, the moon will appear to Large Square, on the date of the summer sol­ Point B, the summer solstice sun will be seen set through the gateway at Point B. Likewise, stice the sun will appear to rise in alignment to rise over Point D. on this same date, as viewed from Point G, with embankment A-D. On the other hand, the moon will appear to set over the gateway embankment B-C appears to be aligned to The Portsmouth Earthworks at Point C; and, as viewed from Point F, the the moon's maximum north rising position. The Portsmouth Earthworks are comprised moon will appear to set through the gateway Likewise, Sacra-Via Avenue also appears to of several unique structures located in and at Point D. extend along the moon's maximum north ris­ around the city of Portsmouth, Ohio, near the I have not seriously looked for astronomi­ ing position. confluence of the Scioto and Ohio Rivers. cally derived relationships between the Large Turning to the Small Square, it will be seen Most of the earthworks have been destroyed Circle and Square because in regard to that on the date of the moon's maximum by urban development. Of interest here, how­ Squier and Davis' map, Thomas (1894:489) south standstill, when viewed from Point E, ever, is the Square enclosure located along noted that Squier and Davis showed the the moon will appear to set in alignment with the south bank of the Ohio River in Kentucky. Square "somewhat too far to the east in rela­ embankment E-A. So too, on the date of the This site, shown in Figure 10 is located at tion to the circle." moon's maximum south standstill, when about 38° 42'15" North latitude. Considering the Large Circle on its own, viewed from Point D, the moon will appear to For this analysis, Squier and Davis' map of however, several possible alignments seem set in alignment with embankment D-B. the site was oriented by reference to the evident. As can be seen, on the date of the A second set of alignments within the ravine and small stream shown in Squier and moon's maximum north standstill, when Small Square also seems evident. More Davis' map as running immediately adjacent viewed from the gateway at Point I, the moon specifically, on the date of the moon's mini­ and parallel to the southwest wall of the will appear to rise through the gateway at mum north standstill, the moon will appear to Square. On a 1974 USGS 7.5 minute series Point J. On this same date, when viewed set through the gateways at Points C and B, topographic map (Friendship Quadrangle), from the Very Small Circle at Point K, the when viewed from Points E and F, respec­ this stream can be seen to originate in John moon will appear to rise over the center of tively. Will's Hollow and extend along an azimuth of the Large Mound at Point L and in alignment Not shown in Figure 8 is another possible 310 degrees (see Figure 11). This matches with the gateway at Point M. Likewise, on the alignment extending from Point B on the the azimuth for the stream and ravine as de­ date of the moon's maximum north standstill, Large Square, through Point B on the Small picted on Squier and Davis' map. Since both when viewed from the gateway at Point N, Square and through the center of the circular azimuths match, it is also assumed that

40 Squier and Davis correctly plotted the config­ and McDonald's Restaurant now stand where grees for that part of the creek indicated on uration of the Square. the Square enclosure once was. Possibly, Squier and Davis' map. Actually, the map Given this, several possible astronomical some remnant of the earthwork may still be presented by Squier and Davis was made by alignments can be seen. When viewed from found in the Greenlawn Cemetery - but again, S. Kyle and L.K. Dille. Point C, for example, on the date of the I was unable to find any such traces. In any event, it is noted that Kyle and Dille moon's maximum south standstill, the moon Regarding the figure of the earthwork pre­ correctly plotted the course of the eastward will be seen to rise in alignment with embank­ sented by Squier and Davis, I will leave for a bearing portion of Massies Creek - along an ment C-A. Similarly, on the same date, when later discussion the question of whether the azimuth of 106 degrees. Assuming that Kyle viewed from Point D, the moon will appear to wing-like appendage shown extending from and Dille also plotted the configuration of the rise over Point H; and again, on that same the earthwork is real or imaginary. My own earthwork correctly, then the following possi­ date, the moon will appear to rise in align­ survey of the area clearly shows, however, ble astronomical alignments seem indicated. ment with embankment E-G. that the earthwork could have fit, in terms of On the date of the summer solstice, as On the other hand, on the date of the physical dimensions, between State Route viewed from the gateway at Point A, the sun moon's minimum south standstill, when 50 and the cliff edge as is shown by Squier will appear to rise over Point C. viewed from Point F, the moon will appear to and Davis. In any event, examination of a On the date of the moon's maximum south set through the gateway at Point C. Also on 1982 USGS 7.5 minute series topographic standstill, when viewed from Point C, the this date, when viewed from Point G, the map (Madeira Quadrangle) shows State moon will appear to set over Point E. moon will appear to set through the gateway Route 50, also known as Lila Avenue, to ex­ Lastly, on the date of the moon's maximum at Point B. tend at an azimuth of about 290 degrees. It is north standstill, when viewed from the gate­ Lila Avenue which is shown by Squier and way at Point D, the moon will appear to set The Shriver Earthwork Davis as extending through the Square. over Point B. The Shriver Earthwork (see Figure 12) is lo­ Given this known azimuth, a new north- cated in Ross County, Ohio, on the west side south line was superimposed on Squier and The Frankfort Earthwork of the Scioto River, about one and one-half Davis' map. Using this new north-south line The Frankfort Earthwork (see Figure 15) is miles north of Chillicothe, Ohio. In fact, the and assuming that Squier and Davis' configu­ located in Ross County, Ohio, just north of site is located just a few hundred feet south ration of the earthwork is otherwise correct, the North Fork of Paint Creek, at about 39° of Mound City, at about 39° 22'15" North lati­ the following possible astronomical align­ 24' North latitude. tude. ments seem evident. As far back as 1902, Fowke commented Very little remains of this earthwork. A On the date of the moon's minimum north that very little of the earthwork yet remains. small section of the southern perimeter can standstill, when viewed from Point B, the And indeed, neither my ground level recon­ still be seen on a 1988 aerial photograph moon will appear to rise through the gateway naissance, or examination of a 1988 aerial (Scioto 15) on file at the Ross County at Point H. Also on the date of the moon's photograph revealed any measurable em­ Engineer's Office. Notably, the earthwork minimum north standstill, when viewed from bankments. The north part of the Large Circle shows up a little better on a 1938 aerial pho­ Point C, the moon will appear to rise through is somewhat distinguishable as a dark stain tograph taken by the Department of the gateway at Point G; and when viewed on a 1988 aerial photograph (Concord 9) on Agriculture - although even in this photo it is from Point D, the moon will appear to rise file in the Ross County Engineer's Office, very difficult to see the gateways shown in through the gateway at Point F. however, again the figure is too indistinct for Squier and Davis' drawing. Also evident in the earthwork is a second archaeoastronomical work. In any event, both aerial photographs set of alignments. More specifically, on the What is certain is that Squier and Davis' show that Squier and Davis' figure closely date of the moon's minimum north position, figure of Frankfort is incorrectly oriented. matches the on-the-ground configuration of when viewed from Point A, the moon will ap­ More specifically, Squier and Davis show the the earthwork, and that they correctly plotted pear to set in close alignment with embank­ streets of Frankfort as being laid out in a grid the intersection of State Route 104 through ment A-C. So too, on this same date, when which essentially runs north-south and east- the earthwork. From a 1981 USGS 7.5 viewed from Point H, the moon will appear to west. By reference to a modern map of minute series topographic map (Chillicothe set over the gateway at Point D. Finally, also Frankfort, the east-west streets on Squier West Quadrangle) it was determined that on the date of the moon's minimum north and Davis' map can be identified as Walnut State Route 104 extends along an azimuth of standstill, when viewed from Point G, the Street, Springfield Street, and High Street. 346 degrees. Using this known azimuth, a moon will appear to set in alignment with em­ Various maps, however, including a 1981 new north-south line was superimposed on bankment G-E. My thought here is that given USGS 7.5 minute series topographic map Squier and Davis' map. Given this new north- a higher horizon elevation, which seems indi­ (Frankfort Quadrangle) show these three par­ south line as a reference, the following possi­ cated given the natural embankment located allel streets as extending along an azimuth of ble astronomical alignments are suggested. to the west of the Square, the moon would about 306 degrees. Coincidentally enough, When viewed from the gateway at Point A, set at a slightly more southerly azimuth than the azimuth of the moon's maximum north on the date of the moon's minimum north shown in Figure 13. In other words, given a standstill setting position is 306.8 degrees. standstill, the moon will appear to rise in ap­ two or three degree horizon elevation which What I suspect happened is that Squier proximate alignment with the gateway at seems likely, it is probable that an even better and Davis incorrectly superimposed a plan of Point E. When viewed from Point B, on the fit exists between the moon's setting azimuth Frankfort on their map of the earthworks. date of the moon's maximum north standstill, and the earthwork. Certainly, examination of the topographic the moon will be seen to rise over the gate­ map mentioned above which shows the ori­ way at Point B. The Bull Earthwork entation of Frankfort in relation to Paint Creek Sightline F-D may simply have been in­ The Bull Earthwork (see Figure 14) is lo­ further supports this opinion. In the final anal­ tended to reflect true astronomical north. cated in Greene County, Ohio, on the south ysis I believe Springfield and High Streets to bank of Massies Creek. The site is situated at have been built parallel to the earthwork's The Milford Earthwork about 39° 44'05" North latitude, about two Square embankments. The Milford Earthwork (see Figure 13) is lo­ miles west of Cedarville, Ohio. Given this conclusion, a new and more cated about one-half mile east of downtown My recent ground level reconnaissance of likely correct north-south line can be super­ Milford, Ohio, in Clermont County, Ohio. The the area failed to reveal clear and certain evi­ imposed on Squier and Davis' map - by ref­ site is situated at about 39° 10'40" North lati­ dence of the original embankments. erence to the assumed 306 degree azimuth tude, on a plateau overlooking the East Fork Unfortunately, the area has been plowed for of the Square's embankments. This new of the Little Miami River. My reconnaissance many generations. north-south line is shown superimposed on of the area did not reveal any trace of the Examination of a 1987 USGS 7.5 minute Squier and Davis' figure. Using this new earthwork. In part this is because most of the series topographic map (Cedarville north-south the following astronomical align­ area which encompasses the earthwork has Quadrangle), however, shows Massies Creek ments seem possible. been paved over. In fact, a shopping center to extend along an azimuth of about 106 de­ On the date of the moon's maximum north

41 standstill, when viewed from Point A on the appear to rise in alignment with the wall ex­ (Romain 1991a), the preceding analyses sug­ Square, the moon will appear to set in align­ tending from the Circle at Point C. gest that as many as twenty-three geometri­ ment with embankment A-C. On this same cally-shaped Hopewell earthworks may have date, when viewed from Point G, the moon The Newark Earthworks been intentionally aligned to significant as­ will appear to set in alignment with embank­ The Newark Earthworks are located in tronomical events. Table 1 presents a sum­ ment G-E; and on this date, when viewed Licking County, Ohio, in and around the city mary of these sites. And, as can be seen, from Point H, the moon will appear to set of Newark, Ohio. The site is situated at about there is a predominance of alignments to the over Point D. Note too how the line H-D-l 40° 03' North latitude, near the confluence of moon. As I noted earlier (Romain 1991a:8), neatly bisects the Large Circle and in fact de­ Raccoon Creek and the Licking River. this does not seem to be a matter of statisti­ fines the major axis of the earthwork. Archaeoastronomical alignments at the cal sampling error - but rather, appears to re­ Yet another set of alignments is also ap­ Newark Earthworks have been well-docu­ flect the importance of the moon to the parent in the Square. On the date of the mented by Hively and Horn's (1982) pioneer­ Hopewell people. moon's minimum south standstill, when ing work. My only comment is that a possible Interestingly enough, it was prophetically viewed from Point F, the moon will appear to alignment not shown or mentioned by Hively suggested as early as 1848, by Squier and set over Point C. So too, on this same date, and Horn may be evident in the relationship Davis that the Mound Builders "worshipped when viewed from Point G, the moon will ap­ between the Fairground Circle and Square. the moon" (Squier and Davis 1848:155). pear to set over the gateway at Point B. Unfortunately, the Square embankment is Squier and Davis based this opinion on their Lastly, a very interesting set of possible almost totally obliterated. Hively and Horn, discovery at Mound City of a feature reminis­ alignments occurs in sightlines J-K and J-L. however, were able to reconstruct the cent of the moon's crescent shape. What As can be seen, these sightlines which reflect Square's likely location and orientation by they found was a twenty foot long bed of sil­ the moon's minimum north and maximum means of Middleton's survey data (Thomas very mica disks laid out in the shape of "one south standstill rise positions seem to define 1894) and Reeves' (1936) aerial photographs. half of a large and regular crescent" (Squier the size of the Large Circle. Hively and Horn's representation of the rela­ and Davis 1848:154; see Figure 19). Given this new analysis of Squier and tionship of the Observatory Circle and A few years later, Stephen D. Peet (1896) Davis' re-oriented map, my earlier thoughts Octagon to the Fairground Circle and Square went so far as to suggest that the Mound (Romain 1991a:7) regarding Frankfort stand is shown in Figure 17. Notably, Hively and Builders participated in a "Lunar Cult." Peet corrected. Horn (1982:S9) point out that the parallel dis­ based his conclusion not only on Squier and placements between the Observatory Circle Davis' discovery of the Mound City mica The High Bank Earthwork and Fairground Circle and Octagon and crescent, but also on the observation that rel­ The High Bank Earthwork (see Figure 16) is Square occur along maximum and minimum atively small, crescent-shaped earthworks, located in Ross County, Ohio, on the east south standstill rising points of the moon. reminiscent of the moon's shape are found at bank of the Scioto River. The site is located My own observation is that if Hively and various sites throughout the Mound Builder about two miles south of Chillicothe, Ohio, at Horn's figure is correct, then a previously un­ area. Peet (1896:120) further noted that a about 39° 17'30" North latitude. reported alignment may be evident in the re­ "crescent-shaped pavement was also seen Although the site has been intensively lationship between the Fairground Circle and surrounding the great mound at Circleville"; plowed, the Large Circle and Octagon are still the Square. More specifically, as viewed and he noted the occurrence of a class of visible in a 1988 aerial photograph (Liberty 6) from the center of the Fairground Circle at slate bannerstones (now assigned to the on file at the Ross County Engineer's Office. Point A, on the date of the moon's maximum Archaic) made in the shape of crescents and Astronomical alignments relevant to the north standstill, the moon will rise in align­ double crescents - again, reminiscent of the Large Circle and Octagon have been reported ment with the south vertex of the Square. moon's shape. at length by Hively and Horn (1984). However, This potential alignment may explain the More recently, Stansbury Hagar (1933) Hively and Horn did not report any alignments unique angular relationship between the proposed that the crescent-shaped mounds for the small circular works extending south Fairground Circle and Square. at the Portsmouth Earthworks were meant to and southeast from the main earthwork. symbolize the moon. And finally, Hively and Unfortunately, these small structures are virtu­ Works East of Chillicothe Horn (1982:18) have suggested that perhaps ally obliterated. They are not traceable on the The Works East of Chillicothe (see Figure the alignments and crescent-shaped 1988 Ross County Engineer's Office aerial 18) are located in Ross County, Ohio, imme­ mounds at the Newark Earthworks suggest a photo that I examined. diately east of Chillicothe, Ohio. The site is "celestial and perhaps lunar consciousness Nevertheless, if we use Thomas' (1889) situated on the west bank of the Scioto River, among the Hopewell." data for the site which has been verified as at about 39° 19'25" North latitude. Certainly, my own research not only on as­ accurate (to within plus or minus one degree) Unfortunately, I am unable to find any trace tronomical alignments but also on the possi­ by Hively and Horn (1984) to correctly orient of this earthwork in recent aerial pho­ ble calendar system used by the Adena Squier and Davis' map, some interesting tographs. Moreover, there are no geographic Indians (Romain 1991b) lends support for the possible alignments become evident. features shown on Squier and Davis' map idea of a lunar consciousness among both Parenthetically, by using this procedure it was which can be definitely correlated with refer­ the Adena and Hopewell. But, that is not to found that Squier and Davis' north-south line ence points on USGS topographic maps. As say that I necessarily believe the geometric varies by only about one and one-half degree a result, at this point, I have no way of verify­ Hopewell earthworks to have been built as from true north as represented by Thomas. ing the accuracy of Squier and Davis' map. simple calendar devices. Anyway, superimposed on Squier and If we assume, however, that the Squier and The Hopewell were experts in every Davis' map is the new north-south line as Davis map is correct, then the following pos­ sense of the word, at subsisting and even plotted from Thomas' given azimuths for sev­ sible astronomical alignments seem evident. flourishing by means of hunting and gather­ eral of the Octagon's embankments. Using As viewed from Point A, which is the cen­ ing with somewhat limited reliance on culti- this new north-south line as a reference, sev­ ter of the Large Circle, it will be seen that the gens. Indeed, the Hopewell were descen­ eral possible alignments seem indicated. summer solstice sunset occurs in alignment dants of a long tradition of hunting and Most notably, as viewed from the center of with Point B, which is the center of the Small gathering peoples having their ultimate ori­ the Circle at Point A, the winter solstice sun Circle. gins in the Paleolithic. Such people would will appear to rise over the gateway in the In connection with the Square embank­ have little need of calendars three times the Circle defined by Point D. Similarly, when ment, it will be seen that on the date of the size of a football field to tell them the time viewed from Point D, the summer solstice moon's maximum north standstill position, of year, or when to hunt a particular animal, sun will appear to rise in alignment with the when viewed from Point C, the moon will ap­ or gather a particular plant. Certainly, the Circle defined by Point B. Finally, as again pear to rise over Point D. migratory patterns of birds, seasonal rutting viewed from Point A at the center of the and hibernation of animals, ripening of fruits Large Circle, on the date of the moon's maxi­ Discussion and berries, and many, many other sea­ sonal indicators would have told the mum north standstill position, the moon will Taking into account my earlier findings

42 Hopewell what time of year it was. my visit to Mound City. Astronomy.) 1982 Geometry and Astronomy in Prehistoric Ohio. No doubt the Mound Builders reckoned Wayne Kline and Julie DeLong, of the Ross Archaeoastronomy 4:SI-S20. (Supplement to time by the passage of "moons" - as did County Engineer's Office are due many Vol.13, Journal for the History of Astronomy.) most later Indian groups, But again, that is thanks for their hours of work in making Krupp, Edwin C. not to say that the Hopewell built their geo­ copies of aerial photos for me. 1983 Echoes of the Ancient Skies: The Astronomy of Lost Civilizations. New American Library, New metric earthworks exclusively for such a And, I am grateful to Dr. Robert Riordan, of York. mundane purpose. Nor does it make sense Wright State University for the information he Murphy, James L. that the local shaman or chief Hopewell as­ provided regarding the Bull Earthwork. 1977 Authorship of Squier and Davis' Map of the tronomer would walk down to the nearest Thanks are also extended to Keith Clemens Marietta Earthworks: A Belated Correction. Ohio Archaeologist 27(3):20-21. earthwork and stand at a particular gateway for permission to tromp over his land in Peet, Stephen D. merely to set his ritual clock. A simple lunar search of the Bull Earthwork. 1896 The Lunar Cult and the Calendar System. count made in the relative comfort of the Finally, special thanks are extended to American Antiquarian XVIII:116-125. shaman's hut would have accurately indi­ Jerrel C. Anderson, President of the West Reeves, Dache M. 1936 A Newly Discovered Extension of the Newark cated the time for any annual ritual. Virginia Archaeological Society for permission Works. Ohio Archaeological and Historical In my opinion, it seems more likely that in to use his map of the Anderson Earthwork - QuarferfyXLV:189-193. addition to the above secondary or even inci­ and for providing me with copies of several Robertson, Thomas H. dental uses, the earthworks functioned on a 1938 Department of Agriculture aerial photos. 1983 The Reliability of Historical Maps of the Earthworks in the Ohio Valley. Archaeoastronomy much more profound level. Indeed, the earth­ Jerrel C. Anderson is also to be credited 6(1):75-79. works may have served to further integrate with the discovery that Squier and Davis' fig­ Romain, William F. the Hopewell people with the cosmos. ure of Dunlap differs from the actual configu­ 1991a Possible Astronomical Alignments at Hopewell Sites in Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 41 (3):4-16. Keeping in mind the magical concept 'as ration of the earthwork as revealed by aerial 1991 b Calendric Information Evident in the Adena above, so below' it may be that the Hopewell photography. Tablets. Ohio Archaeologist 41(4):41-48. believed that by integrating the azimuths of Smucker, Isaac the sun and moon into their earthen cre­ References 1885 Alligator Mound: An Effigy or Symbolic Mound in Anderson, Jerrel C. Licking County, Ohio. American Antiquarian ations, a spiritual or magical link would be es­ 7:349-355. tablished between the Hopewell people and 1980 A Recent Discovery - The Anderson Earthwork. Ohio Archaeologist 30(1 ):31 -35. Squier, Ephraim G., and Edwin H. Davis the heavens. Not only would such a link to Aveni, Anthony F. 1848 Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. the heavens establish the Hopewell people 1980 Skywatchers of Ancient Mexico. University of Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Vol.1. Texas Press, Austin. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. as "special" amongst their neighbors, it Stallings, Richard would also lend further identity and establish 1972 Astronomical Tables Intended for Use in Astroarchaeological Studies. American Antiquity 1981 The Alligator Effigy Mound. Ohio Archaeologist a place for The People among the heavens - 37(4):531-540. 31(1):13-15. for as long as the earthworks endure. Fowke, Gerard Thomas, Cyrus 1902 Archaeological History of Ohio: The Mound 1894 Report on the Mound Explorations of the Bureau Builders and Late Indians. Ohio State of Ethnology. In Twelfth Annual Report of the Acknowledgements Archaeological and Historical Society, Columbus. Bureau of American Ethnology for the Years I would like to thank William Gibson, Hagar, Stansbury 1890-1891. Washington, D.C. 1933 The Portsmouth Works. Popular Astronomy 1889 The Circular, Square and Octagonal Earthworks of Superintendent of the Mound City Group Ohio. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. National Monument for sharing his maps and XL 1:2-21. Hively, Ray, and Robert Horn 10, pp.7-33. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, aerial photographs of Ross County, Ohio, 1984 Hopewellian Geometry and Astronomy at High D.C. with me. Also appreciated was Ranger Bank. Archaeoastronomy 7:S85-S100. Williamson, Ray A. (Supplement to Vol.15, Journal for the History of 1984 Living the Sky: The Cosmos of the American Claude Britt's enthusiastic assistance during Indian. Houghton Mifflin, Boston. Sola r Onl y Luna r Luna r Onl y Sola r an d Site Alignmen t Alignmen t Alignment s Hopeton* - - - Liberty - - - Baum x Mound City X Piketon X Circleville X Hopewell X Turner X Opossum X Anderson x Cedar Bank X Dunlap X Seip X Marietta X Junction Group X Portsmouth X Shriver X Milford X Bull X Frankfort X Newark X High Bank X

Works East X ; Total 2 11 8 • s' ' ' Fig. 1 (Romain) Plan of the Opossum Mound showing possible lunar alignment. Modified after * Note that Hopeton and Liberty are not included in this Squier and Davis 1848:P1.XXXVI:No.2. summary because I am not firmly convinced that the solar alignments tentatively shown for these two sites Table 1 (Romain) Astronomical Alignments at Hopewell Sites in Ohio. (Romain 1991a:Figs. 2 & 5) are intentional.

43 Fig. 2 (Romain) View of Raccoon Creek Valley as seen from the Opossum Mound.

F/g. 3 (Romain) Plan of the Anderson Earthwork showing possible solar alignments. Modified after Anderson • III CHRT. Hit 1980:Fig. 4.

Fig. 4 (Romain) Plan of the Cedar Bank Earthwork showing possible lunar alignment. Modified after Squier and Davis 1848-.P1.XVIII.

MOON MIN NORTH SET 292".7 ^fc^ „3> MOON MAX MOON MIN / ^ NORTH RISE NORTH SET / -^ 53°.2

^^B^^^^ MOON MIN ^^^ i SOUTH SET 244°. 1 A

ttmoltp Ewfflmrt

SCALE Fig. 5 (Romain) Plan of the Dunlap Earthwork 1000 it.toIncH. showing possible lunar alignments. Drawing by the author from a 1938 Department of Agriculture aerial photograph, provided courtesy of Jerrel C. Fig. 6 (Romain) Plan of the Seip Earthwork showing possible lunar alignments. Modified Anderson. after Squier and Davis 1848:P1.XXI:No. 2.

44 Fig. 7 (Romain) View of the Marietta Earthworks as they appeared in the early 1800s. After Squier and Davis 1848:Frontispiece.

Fig. 8 (Romain) Plan of the Marietta Earthworks showing possible solar BOSS CO. OHIO . and lunar alignments. Modified after Squier and Davis 1848.P1.XXVI.

• 'flji---«V — ™. MOON MAX •^'•-....T^- NORTH SET

'-»•-*•-«•«"•» « « #11 tCALt 250 feet loth* Inch.

F/g. 9 (Romain) Plan of the Junction Group Earthworks showing possible solar and lunar alignments. Modified after Squier and Davis 1848: P1.XXII:No. 1.

Fig. 10 (Romain) Plan of part of the Portsmouth Earthworks showing possible lunar alignments. Modified after Squier and Davis 1848:P1.XXVIII:No. A.

Fig. 11 (Romain) Section of USGS topographic map (Friendship Quadrangle) showing stream and ravine used to orient Squier and Davis' map of part of the Portsmouth Earthworks.

45 JV/. AHGHffiHlT WdDlSUK.. N<«r Milfwi-d

EH Davis SUK f/47 MOON MIN NORTH RISE

MOON MIN NORTH RISl *•' S7*.«

SCALE. BOO A to ft* Inch

Fig. 13 (Romain) Plan of the Milford Earthwork showing possible lunar alignments. Modified after Squier and Davis 1848:P1.XXXIV:No. 1.

BOSS COUNTY OHIO.

Iin-e Milrit N'nrlli uf Cliilliciillir ]

gO IfllMI' an* X it ffavi*.

Fig. 72 (Romain) Plan of the Shriver Earthwork showing possible lunar alignments. Modified after Squier and Davis 1848:P1.XIX.

MOON MIN A/f*. NORTH RISE JYH. 6T.3 GflLtNF. C? OHIO MOON MAX — %Kylr kl.K. CUU C.tS NORTH SET 306-.8

ICALt SCALE 50011. to the Inch 1000 ft. to Inch. Wfm . x fi sru^, ,t * H n«*l. rf4t. Fig. 14 (Romain) Plan of the Bull Earthwork showing possible solar and Fig. 15 (Romain) Plan of the Frankfort Earthwork showing possible lunar lunar alignments. Modified after Squier and Davis 1848:P1.XXXIV:No. 3. alignments. Modified after Squier and Davis 1848:P1.XXI:No. 4.

46 mmw m&HBL WUIRIKS, N

i

MOON MAX NORTH RISE 52°.8

Mawairts (E

Fig. 17 (Romain) Schematic plan of part of the Newark Earthworks showing a possible lunar alignment not previously reported. Redrawn and modified after Hively and Horn 1982:Fig. 5.

Fig. 16 (Romain) Plan of the High Bank Earthwork showing possible solar and lunar alignments. Modified after Squier and Davis 1848-.P1.XVI.

Fig. 18 (Romain) Plan of the Works East of Chillicothe showing possible solar and lunar alignments. Modified after Squier and Davis 1848:P1.XXI:No. 3.

/^oir fiotte/n.

SCALE

LOOP ft. to Ln.ch K. 6 Stu.ur A. H II llm,„ m#

Fig. 19 (Romain) Squier and Davis' figure of the mica "crescent" discovered at Mound City. After Squier and Davis 1848:Fig. 42.

47 THE HOWARD BAUM SITE A BAUM PHASE FORT ANCIENT VILLAGE ROSS COUNTY, OHIO by Shaune M. Skinner Archaeological Services Consultants, Inc. 4620 Indianola Ave. Columbus, Ohio 43214

INTRODUCTION 10 were located along the southern extent sent in the Blain assemblage. As in the In 1980, the Department of Contract of the excavation area (Figure 2). The Blain assemblage the limestone tempered Archaeology at the Ohio Historical Society refuse pits in this locale share a similar sherds from the Howard Baum site are al­ conducted the excavation of portions of configuration. Each pit is at least as deep most indistinguishable from the grit-tem­ the Howard Baum Site, a small Baum as it is wide and all features are bell pered sherds. Limestone tempered sherds Phase Fort Ancient site situated within the shaped. The second group of refuse pits were present in all features matrices as floodplain on the south side of Paint Creek was located well north of Feature 6. Two well as the surface assemblage. This sug­ in Paxton Township, Ross County, Ohio refuse pits (Feature 14 and 11), both irreg­ gests a coeval or contemporaneous exis­ (Figure 1). Although the excavations were ular shaped refuse pits, and two post- tence of both temper types at the Howard limited to a relatively small area, measur­ molds were uncovered in this group. Baum site. A small percentage of the ing only 6.06 m by 30 m (Figure 2), numer­ Another cluster of features is located in sherds showed a mixture of grit and lime­ ous artifacts ranging from grit tempered the northern periphery of the excavation stone tempering (Table 2). This temper pottery sherds to floral and faunal remains area. This cluster includes Feature 1 and type is not noted in the Baum Village as­ were recovered. The original analysis of 2, two refuse pits (Features 12 and 15) and semblage. the lithic and pottery assemblage was Postmold 3. Exterior surface colors varied from a conducted by myself and Rae Norris During the excavation of the Baum light tan to a dark brown-black. The inte­ Spraque, while the faunal material was Village and Gartner Village sites, Mills rior surface of almost all sherds was identified by Jim Murphy and the floral re­ (1906:61) noted that the refuse pits which blackened. mains were examined by Dee Anne were " ... present in great numbers and The surface treatment was predomi­ Wymer (Skinner et al. 1981). This paper is distributed over the village site surround­ nately heavily smoothed over cordmark- intended to provide a brief summary of ing the habitats of the various families". ing, and is consistent in both grit and these excavations. Mills provided a sketch map of one of the limestone tempered sherds. Ceramic Fifteen cultural features were examined houses with the associated refuse pits pieces with a combination of grit and during the 1980 excavations including and burials (Figure 7). This "tepee" is the limestone tempering are slightly under- refuse pits, rock concentration, hearths, largest of the 49 house structures uncov­ represented in the heavily smoothed over and postmolds (Figure 2 and 3). Nine of ered at the Baum Village site and mea­ cordmarked category. these refuse pits were bell shaped in cross sures 6.4 m in length and 3.6 m wide. The cordage twist patterns on 63 cord­ section, while the remaining two were ir­ Mills noted that the average "tepee" is marked sherds were identified. Sherds regularly shaped. The bell shaped pits about one-half this size and circular in were selected from all feature matrices were narrow at the top and flared out in form. The spatial distribution and cluster­ and all cordmarked rim sherds were also the middle or near the base of the pit. Bell ing of the features uncovered at the examined. Fifty-six sherds (89%) are S- shaped pits included Feature 3, 4, 5, 6, Howard Baum site may represent the twist while the remaining seven sherds 7,12, and 15 (Figures 4, 5, and 6). In gen­ refuse pits associated with three individ­ (11 %) exhibit a Z-twist pattern. This ratio eral these features contained a variety of ual house sites. This may explain the is almost identical to the percentage from prehistoric refuse including floral and fau­ clustering of the features and the differ­ the Paint Creek Lake Site No. 7 (Marwitt nal remains, firecracked rock, flint, shell, ence in the feature configuration. et al. 1984:104). While no additional com­ and pottery. The dimensions and content parative data is available for The Baum of each bell shaped pit are outlined in CERAMIC ASSEMBLAGE Village site, Maslowski (1984:57) has Table 1. The cross-section profiles of A total of 1,290 body sherds and 205 documented a predominance of S-twist several of the pits are shown in Figure 4 rim sherds were collected from the cordage on ceramics from most contem­ and 5. Other feature type included a rock Howard Baum site. All of the ceramics re­ poraneous sites within the Scioto River concentration (Feature 2), a hearth trieved fit neatly into the Baum drainage. (Feature 1), and three postmolds (1, 2, and Cordmarked pottery ceramic tradition. Grit A total of 1290 body sherds was pre­ 3). In addition, a midden was found within was the dominant temper in the assem­ sent in the assemblage from the Howard the northern edge of the site. blage. Of the identifiable sherds, 80% re­ Baum site. Although the majority of these In general, the refuse pits from the vealed a mixture of crushed rocks, includ­ sherds were grit tempered, limestone and Howard Baum site contained a homoge­ ing quartz, feldspar, and black micaceous grit/limestone sherds were also present neous collection of material. The lithics, particles which were subsumed under the (Table 2). ceramics, floral and faunal debris and grit temper type. This preponderance of In addition to cordmarking, 18 body molluscan remains from each feature were grit tempering is consistent with the per­ sherds and seven rim sherds contained markedly similar. Due to the absence of centages represented at Blain Village decorative motifs. Seventeen of these observable changes in the material cul­ (Prufer and Shane 1970:42), Baum Village sherds exhibited a curvilinear guilloche ture, it was suggested by the authors that (Griffin 1943:45) and the Paint Creek Lake pattern (Figure 8) and one additional sherd the refuse pits were contemporaneous. Site No. 7 (Marwitt et al. 1984). All three contained a rectilinear guilloche pattern The size of the features and the lack of have been labeled Early Fort Ancient (Figure 8). Both double and triple line pat­ sterile substrata intrafeature suggest a Baum component sites. A smaller per­ terns are exhibited. These decorations year-round, continuous occupation. The centage of the ceramic assemblage con­ were applied to smoothed over cordmark­ features were spatially clustered into three tains limestone tempering (Table 2). ing on 16 sherds, two decorated sherds distinct groups. Features 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and Limestone tempered sherds are also pre­ showed no evidence of smoothing and

48 seven decorated sherds had plain back­ ground surface, it was contaminated. The turkey, and nuts were present in substan­ grounds. radiometric date returned from Feature 4 tial amounts in the sample. In addition, the There were six distinct rim classes pre­ (Figure 6) is within the generally accepted presence of maize kernels documents sent in the assemblage including unthick- range of the Baum phase, A.D. 1240 (DIC- agricultural subsistence. Based on the ex­ ened rims with rounded lips, unthickened 1928; 710+ 50 AD. 1240). cavations to date, it was concluded that rims with flattened lips (Figure 9), rims with the Howard Baum site represents an oc­ flat bands of clay attached vertically to the CONCLUSIONS cupation of a single cultural group which exterior face of the lip, rims with strips of The Howard Baum Site is an early Fort is culturally and temporally affiliated with clay added horizontally to the lips, rims Ancient Baum Phase occupation situated the Baum Phase of the Fort Ancient with a strip molded to the lip, and rims on the first terrace landform of Paint Creek Tradition. with lips thickened by the addition of a in Ross County, Ohio. The area investi­ strip of clay added to the top of the lip gated by the Department of Archaeology BIBLIOGRAPHY (Table 3). at the Ohio Historical Society in 1980 Griffin, James B. yielded 15 prehistoric features and a mid­ 1943 The Fort Ancient Aspect: Its Cultural and FLINT INDUSTRY den. The refuse pits from this locale ex­ Chronological Position in Mississippi Triangular tools predominate in the pro­ hibit marked similarity to features reported Valley Archaeology. Anthropological jectile point/knife and drill assemblage. In at Baum Village (Mills 1906), Gartner Papers No. 28, University of Michigan, general, the size and shape varied only Village (Mills 1904), and Blain Village Museum of Anthropology, Ann Arbor. slightly and with the exception of two im­ (Prufer and Shane 1970). It is believed that Marwitt, J., B. Davis, S. Batug, V. Albaneso, plements, all triangular projectile points the pits at Baum, Gartner and Blain T. Yocum and R. Stallings were manufactured of glacial chert (Figure Villages were originally food storage pits 1984 A Test of Paint Creek Lake Site No. 7 (33 10). Other diagnostics included three which, when depleted, were utilized as Hi 123). In Tesf Excavations at the Island small side notched tools and two expand­ refuse pits. This same sequence is sug­ Creek Village Site (33 Ad 25). U.S. Army ing stem points (Figure 11). Only three gested at the Howard Baum site. The Corps of Engineers, Huntington District. ground stone implements were retrieved placement of these refuse pits is reminis­ Maslowski, Robert F. including two hammerstones and one cent of the patterning apparent at the 1984 The Significance of Cordage Attributes in stone hoe (Figure 12). Baum and Gartner sites. During excava­ the Analysis of Woodland Pottery. tion of these Baum phase sites, Mills Pennsylvania Archaeologist 54 (1-2): 51- FAUNAL AND FLORAL REMAINS (1906) notes that the refuse pits usually 60. The faunal assemblage from the site in­ surrounded the habitats of various group­ Mills, William C. cluded deer, elk, turkey, and beaver. White ings. Specifically, refuse pits were gener­ 1904 Explorations of the Gartner Mound and tailed deer was the most abundant fol­ ally found on one side of a house structure Village Site. Ohio Archaeological and lowed by elk, raccoon, cottontail, gray and burials on the other. By abstracting Historical Publications 13: 129-189. squirrel, beaver, skunk and dog (Skinner et this information, it can be suggested that 1906 Baum Prehistoric Village. Ohio the refuse pits uncovered during the exca­ al. 1981). The carbonized botanical mate­ Archaeological and Historical Publications vation of the Howard Baum site are on the rial included wood charcoal, nutshell, 15:45-132. periphery of and associated with several maize, and seeds. Wood charcoal is the Prufer, Olaf H. and Orrin Shane III house sites. The clustering of these fea­ most abundant and ubiquitous item with 1970 Blain Village and the Fort Ancient tures probably represent three individual wood types including elm, honey locust, Tradition in Ohio. Kent State University house structures. maple, and hickory in that order of abun­ Press, Kent, Ohio. dances (Skinner et al. 1981). The cultural assemblage collected from Skinner, Shaune M, Rae Norris, Dee Anne the feature matrix is relatively homoge­ Wymer, C. Wesley Cowan and James L. RADIOCARBON DATES neous. This, combined with the size of the Murphy Two radiocarbon samples were submit­ features and the absence of sterile strata 1981 Results of the Data Recovery Program for ted for radiometric dating. One sample within the feature matrices, indicate a Portions of the Howard Baum Site (33 Ro collected from Feature 1 returned a date year-round occupation. 270). Ross County, Ohio. The Ohio of 160 + 50 (A.D. 1790). This date is The floral and faunal remains reveal the Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio. clearly too late. It is possible that since the procurement of a variety of locally avail­ sample was collected from near the able food resources. Specifically, deer, elk,

R SS OUN Y

/ North ForkV ^~} / Pitnt Craak \ C

i C Dry Run \ /GARTNER (

neral location of Che \ Chllllcolha 1 I Fig. 1 (Skinner) Location of the Howard Baum Site Howard Baum Site. P«lnt Cr»»kpv ^w^ f~~~l • ) f , \ and other Late Prehistoric sites in the area. f"^ ^**Jr BLAIN^f f / VILLAGE'S / A \ V BourrvavllU J X \ f*BAUM X ^/VILLAGE SciotoV ^^ f RlvarS.

' ~^jC A HOWARD BAUM SITE ^ ENOS HOLMES MOUND B>inbrldg«

HIGHLAND COUN KE • ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE A Town

3mlla> ,

49 FORCE MAIN EASEMENT

• midden flotation samples o postmolds Phase II units grader balk

0 5 I ' • ' ' -I mete's

Fig. 2 (Skinner) Plan view map of the feature locations at the Howard Baum Site.

': '*i>'

Fig. 3 (Skinner) Feature excavation at the Howard Baum site. Fig. 4 (Skinner) West profile of Feature 3 in cross-section.

50 Feature 15 33 RO 270 Howard Baum Sila 20 cm

Level 1 Sandy loam, tow density of gravel 10 Rt.J/1)

Level 2 Sandy loam, higher density of gravel 10 YR 2 5/1

':3 Level 3 Mottled sandy loam (SYR 4/6)

Level 4 Mottled sandy loam, rocks, charcoal (5YR 4/2)

Level 5 Sand with shell and charcoal (10 YR 5/6)

Fig. 5 (Skinner) Schematic depicting the south wall of Feature 15 in cross-section.

Fig. 6 (Skinner) Excavation of Feature 4 at the Howard Baum site.

i r i r "i r V:...i...i-....D:i Li X t~& i-i LO! i c> i* ki« * 4= i •+--- -i—] b v j i Fig. 7 (Skinner) Plan map of "tepee site" from Mills 1906:56. I. T7i i J " "b?| Li* i -J-JL1 [fit* «4 Hj-L —^_. '>•— —iHMhf_3_. i •>*• ! s ks*>*P ii

cS5?i ,?3=L W—M— •# S5~ i =3S J ^1

51 Fig. 8 (Skinner) Decorated sherds from the Howard Baum site. Fig. 9 (Skinner) Rim sherd from the Howard Baum site.

Fig. 10 (Skinner) Triangular projectile points from the Howard Baum site.

52 Fig. 11 (Skinner) Other diagnostics from the Howard Baum site. Fig. 12 (Skinner) Stone hoe from the Howard Baum site.

• «— *3 —ff" a o a •H « 1 a 1 1 1 01 id 3 u •H j L 1 01 .it: j Dimensions E i o M V -M 11, 1, a R (1. IT Feature No. North-South East-Nest n*nth • | 1 0 O W •H O • a i 1 43 II s o I l'. c. II 9 1 3 175cm 85cm 75cm U (0 2.8 ("incomplete) X X X X X X X X

4 166cm 172cm M4cm X X X X X X X X X X X

5 92cm 61cm 60cm (ijlcoiM|tlc;-.fi) X X X X X

6 130cm 135cm X X X X X X X X

7 87cm 90cm 65cm X X X X X X X X X X Table 1 (Skinner) Dimensions and contents of 12 160cm 180cm 64cm features at the Howard Baum site. X X X X X X X

15 78cm 170cm 76cm X X X X X X X X X X X

11 11 Sen 110cm 94 en X X X X

14 70cm 80cm 36cm X X X

I 159cm 107cm 49.5cm X X X X X

in 2 5c-rn ICYm 13 cm X X

midden 15m .5m unknown X X X X X X (tt'n Lntlvcl

X IndicEtcG presence of naterial

53 Temper Grit Limestone Grit/Limestone Clay Mica Indeterminate

Site Context Fea./midden surface Fea./midden surface Fea./midden surface Fea. Fea. Fea./midden surface

Surface Treatment

Cordmarked N=20 N=6 N=8 N=2 N=15 N=l

Heavily smoothed cordmarked N=238 N»41 N=28 N=8 N=ll N=3 1

Slightly smoothed cordmarked N=S5 N=3 N-15 N=l N=8 N=2 1

Plain N=82 N=30 N=10 N=4 N=2 N=l

Total 395 80 61 15 36 7 1 1 590 104

X=Thickness 7.13mm 7.05mm 7.11mm 7.23mm 6.95mm 7.25mm 8.0mm 11. 5mm 1290

Table 2 (Skinner) An inventory of the pottery assemblage from the Howard Baum site.

Feature 12 Feature 15 Surface Feature 7 Feature 3 Feature 4 Feature 6

Temper X X X X X \ X X X X X X X X X X X X X Grit X X Limestone X X X

Surface Finish X X X X r, r|eayily-smoothed X X X X X X Slightly-smoothed X X Plain X X X X X X \ X X 5 5 Rim Class 7 1 R ,1 '< IB 1!\ 2 1A IB 5 3. IB 4 —LB- -2— •4A-

Decoration Y X' X X Guilloche Rectilinear Guilloche

Ttl,ickpess Body 7 1! 13.C 8.0 7,5 £J3„ Rim 6,: 7.0 7,5 7,0 B.75 13.5 10.0 10.0 7.8 7.5 12.5 6.0 5.5 9.0 5.0 5.0 7.0 5.0 6.5 6.C 5.5 5.0 5.0 8.5 6.3 6.0 5.0 7.5 9.0 4.5 15.^ Lip 8.1 4T! ').! 7,5 5.9 6.5 6.0 9.5 5.0 Neck 6,5 6.0 ll.C 7.2 7.5 5.5 4.0 6.2 6.0 7.0 7.5 j 1 Table 3 (Skinner) An inventory of the rim sherds from the Howard Baum site.

54 THE MISSISSIPPIANS AND THEIR COMMUNITIES by D.R. Gehlbach 3435 Sciotangy Columbus, Ohio

During the late prehistoric period in the tinction. Food shortages, forcing an imbal­ particular have held the writer's special in­ lower Ohio valley, sizable communities ance and resulting disintegration of the ex­ terest. Many were created to represent hu­ were established on the flats and on the change system, warfare, disease caused man and animal impersonations, some in bluffs near many of the major river sys­ by European intrusion and many other rea­ combination. The human sculptures usu­ tems. Corn, beans and squash were culti­ sons can be postulated. ally depicted a lifelike pose in period attire vated on the flood enriched soil of the river Remnants of some of the ceremonial sometimes attending to a daily function bottoms. Deer and wild turkey were centers have survived as state or national such as crafting a new pottery bowl. hunted in the woods near the streams. park sites. Well known are The Angel Several examples portray a "chunky" Nuts, wild plants and berries were col­ Mounds in Southern Indiana, Cahokia in player complete with discoidal and throw­ lected from the woodland thickets and Western Illinois, Etowah in Georgia and ing sticks. used as food staples by the sedentary res­ Moundville in Alabama. Pictured is one such example - a highly idents of the area. These people are re­ The Mississippians left behind not only refined effigy pipe of a Mississippian vil­ ferred to as Mississippian. They existed in the remains of their important towns but lager holding a pottery bowl. The stem is at a series of contiguous communities and also part of their lives, a wide range of arti­ the rear and the bowl is the pot he or she were governed in a "chiefdom" system facts and items of personal use and cere­ is holding in her lap. Notice the swirl - a featuring ceremonial centers. The centers mony. Everyday items such as pottery, distinctive Mississippian trait. The stone is themselves were enclosures featuring celts, hammerstones, gamepieces called a claystone which easily absorbed a highly large centrally located earthen mounds discoidals and a wide variety of decorative polished finish. Found in Montgomery giving the hierarchy an imposing view of items such as engraved shell gorgets are County, Kentucky, the pipe ranks as one of the network of surrounding residential found in their villages. Ceremonial objects the better examples of Mississippian hamlets. The Mississippian mounds were are found including large spuds and mar­ artistry in the lower Ohio River Valley. built in the shape of a flat topped pyramid velous effigy smoking pipes. Crafted from with steps leading up one side. This main various native raw materials, the pipes in structure usually supported the residence of the chief or head priest and his kin. The mound itself overlooked a plaza below where ceremonies were held. According to early European accounts of visits to several of these centers, it is likely the power of authority of the chief- doms lasted for several hundred years. People from the surrounding areas gath­ ered at the base of the platform in the cer­ emonial plaza to observe and participate in the enactment of rituals that bound them together. Outside this ceremonial center their daily routines featured farming in their cultivated fields and serving the greater economic needs of the chiefdom. We believe the ulti­ mate tool the chief used as a binding force was a large goods redistribution system. Villages in different territories could deliver their goods to the chief. He in turn could parcel them back on the basis of their criti­ cal needs. Conceivably, the goods that were in scarcest supply could be ex­ changed for other materials in the chief­ dom. This resulted in a mutual alliance system which was self perpetuating over multiple generations and was a form of power resulting in a maximum amount of influence and centralized control. Ultimately, for reasons that are not clear, this period of opulence which lasted from about 1200 AD to the early 1600s began a steady decline. The Mississippian ceremo­ nial centers were gradually abandoned and the local populations finally became rural farmers free from the political/ceremonial compliance system which had dominated their lives for generations. We can only speculate on causes for Mississippian ex­ Fig. 1 (Gehlbach) Human effigy pipe from Montgomery County, Kentucky.

55 THE SERPENT MOUND AND SERPENTINE METEORS by Louis Winkler 510 Davey Laboratory Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802

Dexter (1989) has provided a historical of the solar image, the results are moot. It former utility of the proposed alignments is review of the Serpent Mound and indi­ is of little value to impose small refine­ that they have been chosen arbitrarily. If cated there would be further interpreta­ ments in basic alignments which have alignments are not definitive with redun­ tions of the effigy. It has become evident considerable uncertainty. The separations dant markers, especially outlying markers, from analyses of the Serpent just in this between the foresights and backsights or supported by primitive writing or periodical that a developed hypothesis has defining the basic alignments are so small mythology, all possible alignments should emerged regarding an astronomical inter­ that each observer will determine substan­ be considered simultaneously and statisti­ pretation. My effort here will be to review tially different alignments, each time a cally. But since there are uncountable and extend the astronomical discussions, sighting is made. numbers of foresights and backsights at especially the solar eclipse hypothesis by Nevertheless, the alignments proposed the Mound, in terms of the parts of the Cowan (1975) and Romain (1988b). by the Hardmans and Fletcher-Cameron Serpent, it is not possible to approach the Nomenclature adopted for the Serpent can be of value just as they are, since they problem statistically. Consequently we parts will be those specific by the are ceremonial in quality, meaning they have evolved to the same type of stale­ Hardmans (1987a) shown in Figure 1. may correspond only within 2° or 3° of an mate, between believers and skeptics of ideal alignment conceived with modern alignments, as exists at Stonehenge, Early Astronomical Interpretations concepts. However, in order for ceremonial England. One of the earliest developed astro­ quality alignments to be convincing as to One curious circumstance concerning nomical interpretations of the Serpent was their utility, the date in the year corre­ the study of alignments at the Serpent due to Nuttall (1901) when he suggested sponding to the alignment should relate to Mound is that the most conspicuous cere­ the Serpent was a representation of the a time known to be important to the cul­ monial alignment, the one in which the Little Dipper in Ursa Minor, shown in ture, and even have a nearby precision Serpent is headed, has been ignored. The Figure 2. This made the tail coil (C in alignment which can be used to anticipate alignment along the neck (LM), head-oval, Hardmans' notation) correspond with the date to be acknowledged at the cere­ and frog (T) points to a double midsea- Alpha Ursa Minor (Polaris) and the head- monial site. There is evidence of such sonal position of the setting sun, which oval (MNO-PQRS) structure correspond to alignments in other societies, involving me­ corresponds to midspring in early May, the bowl of the dipper. galiths in the early Bronze Age British Isles and midsummer in early August. Although On the surface, Nuttall's suggestion has and various structures in the Classic Maya this was one of the most important align­ merit since Cowan (1975) points out the society. In the case of the North American ments in the British Isles at the time of the curvature of the handle of the Little Dipper Indians, combination precision-ceremonial Adena, there is no link to the Adena or any and the Serpent body are in the same alignments have only been established for other supporting evidence for the former sense. Further, the north celestial pole ap­ the modern Hopi, by Zeilik (1985). Here utility of a midseasonal alignment. pears to be the center of the stellar envi­ precision alignments are still made with the ronment and might have been thought of natural profile of the horizon such that fore­ Solar Eclipses as a place for the deceased to go in a sights and backsights are separated by The idea which seems to have the great­ hereafter life. At least there are burial miles. Specific dates are determined that est probability of being the basis for the mounds nearby to support this idea. are phased with the seasons which are correct interpretation of the Serpent However, if the Adena constructed the then used to convey the number of days Mound is the solar eclipse hypothesis pro­ Mound during the first millennium B.C. before a particular holiday is acknowl­ posed by Cowan and developed by there would have been no bright star in the edged at a ceremonial site. The general Romain (1988a,b,c), where the oval is a vicinity of the north celestial pole because public had to be notified by an astronomer symbolic representation of the sun being of precession of earth's spin axis. of upcoming holidays so that they could devoured by a serpent. Romain has traced Hawkins' (1968) declinations for Alpha prepare for the festivities. this type of belief to at least four North Ursa Minor show it would be 17°.2 distant While even these precision alignments American Indian tribes, and suggests that from the pole at the beginning of the mil­ might be inaccurate compared to what a total eclipse is a dramatic enough event lennium and 11°.8 distant at the end. This modern astronomers would designate, the which could, in part, motivate the Adena to would make the Little Dipper an insignifi­ point is that the early astronomers could construct the Great Mound. Moreover, cant asterism with one bright star, circling repeat the sighting each time. It mattered Romain even accounts for the Serpent far away from the pole. not if they chose a time of year that differed horns (13) with a photograph of a rat­ tlesnake with its mouth opened wide. The next stage of development in the by even a few days compared to modern There is only a slight short coming in the astronomical interpretation of the Serpent standards, as long as everyone agreed to last suggestion in that there is no rattle on was relatively complex, involving ar­ the same date for acknowledgement. the tail of the Serpent and the photograph chaeoastronomy types of alignments. The Unfortunately, there is no evidence of of the horns is a top view, whereas the Hardmans (1987b) and Fletcher-Cameron precision alignments in the neighborhood Serpent horns are a side view . (1988) proposed a variety of solar align­ of the Serpent Mound. The Sunwatch ments near the horizon, using parts of the Village of the Fort Ancient Culture, which But it would seem that more is required Serpent. This was followed by lively dis­ flourished after the Adena, had a tall in the experience of the Adena than just the cussions of precision and accuracy by gnomon which could yield high quality cer­ witness of a total eclipse to embark upon Romain (1987) and the Hardmans emonial alignments phased with seasons, the Great Serpent project. After all, there (1988a,b). Although the basic alignments but even these sightings do not qualify as must have been many stories of partial and were refined with concepts of secular vari­ precision because the gnomon shadow is total eclipses of the sun and moon, making ation in the obliquity, variations in the ele­ so short compared to precision base lines. one possibly observed by them less than vation of the local horizon, and refraction The major problem with establishing the special. The question then arises, was

56 there any spectacular event closely related the annual Leonid meteor shower, and as reported a meteor that originated with a to the idea that a serpent devours the sun far as I can establish (Winkler (1991) it was flash and proceeded to "coil up like a at eclipse, that could have triggered the the greatest meteor display in recorded snake" until "it drew itself into a bunch". Serpent project? The rest of this article is history. Features of the event in the Bunching like this is not uncommon in ser­ an attempt to answer this question. Niagara Falls area are shown in Figure 3 pentine meteor reports and can account with the serpentine meteors represented for the unnatural coiling of the tail of the Serpentine Meteors by zig-zag lines with stellated forms at their Serpent. I believe the immediate stimulus for the lower end representing explosion. Many Just to provide some feeling for the pos­ Adena was a spectacular, serpentine me­ different accounts of just the serpentine sible variation in reports of appearances, teor. This type of meteor is a natural phe­ forms are found in contemporary newspa­ due to evolution of the object or differ­ nomenon which manifests itself as a pers, and just one account is given below ences in perception, one more example is luminous object that is seen moving in the from Hildreth (1834) for New England. cited. Depictions of reports collected by night sky. Although these serpentine mete­ "Meteors were falling like a shower of Glaisher (1878) of an object passing over ors are so rare as to not be seen by many snow for nearly six hours, from midnight to Ireland and then England, on October 19, people in a lifetime, it was nevertheless re­ past 6 a.m. The most striking and interest­ 1877 is shown in Figure 7. ported quite frequently in scientific periodi­ ing part of the display was the duration One of the features that I looked for in cals before the 20th century under the and singular shapes assumed by the lumi­ the records of serpentine meteors was jets heading of "remarkable meteors". These nous atmosphere after the explosion of the of luminous gas extending from a luminous objects consisted of a fireball which either meteors, some appeared like a half circle, train, in the hopes that they could be re­ had a corkscrew or linear trajectory. In the others like waves, or the undulating folds lated to the horns of the Serpent. While case of the corkscrew trajectory, the ser­ of a serpent occupying the space tra­ there were many meteors with luminous pentine characteristic could be perceived versed by the meteor." jets, none of them belonged to the serpen­ from the motion alone or any luminous tine class. Another feature I looked for was train left in the path of flight. In the case of Individual Serpentine Meteors a bright nucleus within the fireball which the linear trajectory, a luminous trail had to Perhaps the first detailed scientific ac­ could be related the Serpent altar (W). This occur which then would be distorted in count of serpentine phenomena was given does not seem to characteristic of meteors time to be perceived as a serpent. The by Cromwell (1743) which concerned an since the gas of the fireball is excited and speed of the meteors with corkscrew tra­ object seen over London on December shrouds the interior. jectories was considerably less than that of 16, 1742. His sketch in Figure 4 not only the ordinary linear meteors associated with indicates the trajectory but also provides Dragon Associations annual showers or isolated fireballs. details of the fireball which was visible for Fire-breathing dragons have a specially Serpentine meteors can also be quite about one-half minute. Although the tra­ strong association with the Serpent. Hewitt startling since many start or end with an jectory is described as sinuous it could (1891) indicates the Iroquois believed a explosion or flash. have been corkscrew in form and just be fire-dragon devoured the sun at eclipse, Because serpentine meteors are so un­ perceived as sinuous. His perception of and they estimated the length of the usual in behavior and appearance, they the fireball was that it was a cage of burn­ dragon to be about "two bow shots". This were often sketched in scientific reports. ing coals. association with fire and the estimated The greatest number of scientific reports of While the Serpent Mound includes a frog length is not incompatible with reports of serpentine meteors is found in the Report (T), it is not clear whether Cromwell de­ serpentine meteors found in the scientific of the British Association for the picted the frog feature in his sketch. literature and the actual configuration of Advancement of Science from 1848 to However some serpentine meteor descrip­ the Serpent. Krupp (1991) has collected 1881 under the heading "Catalog of tions do include frog features which appar­ solar eclipse myths over the world and Observations of Luminous Meteors". This ently are bow disturbances in the atmo­ finds that the Chinese and Armenians also corresponded to a period in the history of sphere due to high speed flight by the tiny have beliefs like the Iroquois regarding astronomy when teams of observers meteoroid exciting the atmosphere. This eclipses. would watch the sky all night long and all type of disturbance is readily seen on the Perhaps the most intriguing association year round, so that they could establish ra­ sides of the bow of a ship moving swiftly of the Serpent with solar eclipses are those diants and rates of annual meteor show­ over water. The meteor of September 30, concerning the Pre Classic and Early ers. In the process, they cataloged detailed 1850 seen over Cambridge includes in its Classic Maya who overlapped the Adena aspects of many meteors. By the 20th description a "wave front" preceding the in time and flourished in the Yucatan century, these meteor accounts tended to meteor. This particular meteor was the Peninsula of Mexico down to the western appear only in local newspapers or in the type that started with a flash and then part of Guatemala and Honduras. The files of special interest groups like amateur evolved into various serpentine distortions most important god of the Maya, astronomers or UFO organizations. The as shown in Figure 5. This object had a Kulkulcan, and sometimes Quetzalcoatl, accounts of serpentine meteors presented maximum length which subtended 10° and had a variety of guises, which included below were selected to exhibit as many of was seen for 9 minutes. some that were astronomical or serpen­ the features of the serpent as possible. In addition to the serpentine forms of tine. Among the most widely accepted be­ While serpentine meteors almost always November 13, 1833 I was able to find two liefs regarding Kulkulcan are that he mani­ occur as isolated individual events, the other spectacular serpentine forms that fested himself as the planet Venus or a phenomena of November 14, 1833 over were observed over Ohio, just during the rattlesnake. Also, Closs (1989) has shown the eastern U.S. seems to be unique, in­ 19th century. The object reported by that Kulkulcan is an agent during solar volving numerous serpentine forms. These Glaisher (1877) for September 5,1872 was eclipses, while Hatch (1975) has argued meteors left luminous trains which were seen from Nebraska to New Jersey as in­ that the Madrid codex contains a series of terminated with explosive events and then dicated in Figure 6. This meteor was de­ serpents which represent the constellation produced serpentine forms. These forms scribed as having a "majestic and grand of Draco, which is a dragon, as seen were found among a stupendous array of flight, with a spiral or wavy motion". It was through the year at a given time of night. ordinary shorter lived linear meteors which "very large" in brightness and could be appeared simultaneously in such great seen for 15 seconds from a given site be­ Conclusions numbers the event was widely described low the trajectory. And on December 13, Serpentine meteors can account for as a "snowfall". The meteors were part of 1895 over Randolph, Ohio, Sperra (1895) many of the features of the Serpent with

57 the following correspondences: Fletcher, R. and T. Cameron Krupp, E. C. Meteor Serpent 1888 "Serpent Mound/A New Look at an Old 1991 "Beyond the Blue Horizon", Harper and atmospheric bow frog snake-in-the-grass", Ohio Archaeologist, Collins, 163 fireball (round or oval) oval 38(1), 55-61. Nuttall, Z. foreshortened tail of fireball head Glaisher, J. 1901 "The fundamental principles of Old and luminous train (spiral or distorted) body 1877 "Observations of Luminous Meteors", New World Civilizations", Archaeological bunching luminous train tail coil Report of the British Association for the and Ethnological Papers of the Peabody The horns of the Serpent may have been Advancement of Science 102 and 150. , Museum, Harvard University, 2, added to complete the concept of a snake "Observations of Luminous Meteors", Cambridge. devouring the sun, and the alter (W) may Report of the British Powell, B. have been added to the fireball of the me­ 1878 Association for the Advancement of 1855 "Observations of Luminous Meteor", teor for purposes of conducting cere­ Science", 268. Report of the British Association for the monies. The Adena may have seen a Hardman, C. and M. H. Hardman, Advancement of Science. 95. spectacular serpentine meteor which 1987a "A Map of the Great Serpent Effigy Romain, W. F. caused them to relate it to their belief that Mound", Ohio Archaeologist 37(1), 35-39., 1987 "Serpent Mound Revisited", On/o a snake swallows the sun at eclipse. "The Great Serpent and the Sun", Ohio Archaeologist, 37(4),4-10. Archaeologist, 37(3), 1988a "Geometry of the Serpent Mound", Ohio References 1987b 34-40. ,"On Romain's 1987 Serpent Archaeologist, 38(1), 50-54. Closs, M. P. Mound Paper", Ohio Archaeologist, 1988b "The Serpent Mound Solar Eclipse 1989 "Cognitive aspects of ancient Maya 1988a 38(3) 50-53., "More on Great Serpent Hypothesis: Ethnohistoric eclipse theory", World Archeoastronomy, Maps", Ohio Archaeologist, 39(4), Considerations", Ohio Archaeologist, Cambridge University Press, A. F. Aveni 1998b 37-41. 38(3), 32-37 editor, 389. Hatch, M. P. 1988c "Ancient Eclipse Paths at the Serpent Cowan, T. M. 1975 "An Astronomical Calendar in a Portion of Mound", Ohio Archaeologist, 38(4), 24-28. 1975 "Effigy Mounds and Stellar the Madrid Codex", Archaeoastronomy in Sperra, W. E. Representations", archaeoastronomy in Pre-Columbian America, University of 1895 "A Remarkable Meteor", Popular Pre-Columbian America, University of Texas Press, 283. Astronomy, 3, 270. Texas Press, A. F. Aveni editor, 217. Hawkins, G. S., Winkler, L. Cromwell, M. 1968"Astro-Archaeology", Vistas in Astronomy, 1991 "Features of the 1833 Leonids", Astro­ 1743 "A Remarkable Meteor", Philosophical A., Beer editor, 10,66. nomy, (accepted for publication). Transactions of the Royal Society of Herwitt, J. N. B. Zeilik, M. London, XLIII, 524-525. 1891 "Kahastinens or the Fire-Dragon", 1985 "The Ethnoastronomy of the Historic Dexter, R. W. American Anthropology, o.s. 4(4), 384. Pueblos 1: Calendrical Sun Watching", 1989 "F. W. Putnam at the Serpent Mound in Hildreth, S. P. Archaeoastronomy (Supplement to the Adams County, Ohio: A Historical 1834 "Meteor of November 13,1833", Journal for the History of Astronomy), Review", Ohio Archaeologist. 39(4, 24-26) American Journal of Science, 26, 86. September, 1-24.

C^r^At Serpent G^ Ursa Jitnor ""3ft.

\ \

r

«LE«T,MA Jhlaris ROTATION£*> N^

Fig. 1 (Winkler) Nomenclature map of Serpent parts. Hardmans (1897a) SCO *f° SCO FT to ' I (SO METBR* S 100 Fig. 2 (Winkler) Comparison of Serpent with Little Dipper. Cowan (1975)

58 •*mnf$ITO»M« <• Jt^lata-goO 1KJ3 bit U. JU.rmbtt ffltftll.

Fig. 3 (Winklerj Engraving of the 1833 Leonids at Fig. 4 (Winkler) Sketch of the Serpentine meteor of December 16, Niagara Falls per lllustrierte Calender fur 1854, 1853, 1742 seen over London, England. Cromwell (1743). King und Baird, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)

Fig. 1. . J**>0 I v/ / ! Mirtflsntn Hfe, 0 s; W('jf£i/( sin Iri^-'4? | Michigan liry^ " ^-=-L

:^— Kansas'— j Missouri 1 ' " 'Scale of HMll w SO 100 i (00 300 '400 500 .

Fig. 6 (Winkler) Sketch of the trajectory (2) of the Serpentine Meteor of September 30, 1850 seen over the Eastern U.S. (1877).

**.'X

Fig. 7 (Winkler) Sketches of the Serpentine Fig. 5 (Winkler) Sketches of the Serpentine Meteor of October 19, 1877 seen over Ireland Meteor of September 30, 1850, seen over and England. Glaisher (1878). Cambridge, England. Powell (1855).

59 SCENES FROM THE BOSMAN SITE EXCAVATION, MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO by Jeff Carskadden, Zanesville Larry Edmister, St. Louisville and James Morton, Columbus

Throughout the spring and summer of them, resulting in an embankment which A preliminary examination of the ce­ 1991 the writers, along with a number of averaged nine inches in height. Sections ramics recovered at the Bosman Site indi­ other individuals, carried out excavations of this stockade/stockade ditch system cates that two basic types are present, at the Bosman Site. This site, located totaling 200 feet were excavated. The cur­ representing about 95% of the sherds/ along the Muskingum River south of vature of the stockade suggests that the vessels recovered. These two types are Zanesville in Muskingum County, turned village may have been somewhat oval, represented in about equal proportions out to be a stockaded late 16th-century measuring about 215 feet by 275 feet in and include Wellsburg Simple Stamped proto-historic Indian village. diameter, with the longest diameter paral­ and Madisonville Cordmarked. All of this The Bosman Site, situated immediately lel to the river bank. pottery is shell tempered. Minority types along the river bank, had been buried un­ The four houses were roughly circular include Wellsburg Cordmarked, Tuttle Hill der more than five feet of flood-lain silt pole structures ("wigwams"), measuring Notched, Indian Hills Stamped, and and sand deposits. In previous years 16.5 feet, 18 feet, 18 by 20 feet, and 18 Neale's Landing Grooved Paddle. The ini­ when the area was plowed, there was feet in diameter, with the poles spaced tial impression is that the various pottery nothing found on the surface to indicate about two feet apart. The backs of these types are distributed evenly among the that a buried site was present. The site houses were about 15 feet from the stock­ four households, although as the analysis was discovered in April 1991 when a bull­ ade, and the houses were spaced from 30 of the ceramics progresses, differences in dozer operator, who was removing top soil to 50 feet apart along the stockade. Such the distribution around the site may be from the field, accidentally cut a buried a spacing would have allowed from eight detected. power line which ran to a nearby gas well. to ten houses around the plaza. Indian Hills Stamped vessels, repre­ Additional bulldozing to find the cut line A total of 81 pit features were exca­ sented in about ten features at Bosman, exposed a six inch thick midden deposit. vated. With the exception of several shal­ are characteristic of the Indian Hills Phase Shell, bone, and pottery sherds were soon low cooking/heating features which oc­ in northern Ohio, which has been firmly observed washing out from this exposed curred inside the houses, all other pit dated to around A.D.1550-1650. The pres­ midden, and a crew was organized to ex­ features occurred outside these struc­ ence of copper or brass beads and tinkler cavate at the site. tures. The largest pits, measuring over 4 at the Bosman Site also suggest a post- A ten-by-ten foot grid was established feet in diameter and extending 3 to 4 feet A.D.1550 occupation. The lack of glass in the field in and around the bulldozer below the bottom of the midden deposit, trade beads at Bosman, however, sug­ disturbance, and by September a total of occurred behind the houses right along gests that the site was abandoned by 95 of these squares had been excavated the inner side of the stockade. These A.D.1600. This was about the time that down to the buried midden. A bulldozer were probably abandoned storage pits glass beads started coming into the Ohio was used to remove some additional that were later filled with garbage. Valley. The scarcity of "hybrid" pottery overburden, but at least half of these Smaller abandoned "earth ovens" nearer types at Bosman (vessels combining squares had to be excavated down by the houses were also used for refuse dis­ Wellsburg and Madisonville traits), such as hand because they were near the buried posal. Refuse was also simply dumped those seen at Neale's Landing, the power line. The excavations were in what on the ground behind the houses near Orchard Site, and other late proto-historic turned out to be the very back of the vil­ the stockade, as well as thrown over the upper Ohio Valley sites, also suggests a lage, that is, that part of the village farthest stockade and into the stockade ditch. In pre-A.D.1600 occupation at Bosman. away from the river bank. About a fourth fact, the pattern of refuse disposal at Three radiocarbon dates are presently of the suspected total area of the site was Bosman was such that most of this dis­ available from the Bosman Site. The un­ excavated; the remaining portion lies un­ carded material can be linked directly to corrected dates are A.D.1610 +/- 80 (I- der residential lots. particular households. 16589), A.D.1590 +/- 80 (1-16593), and Enough of the village was excavated to Artifacts recovered during the excava­ A.D.1550 +/- 80 (16604). Although the indicate that a ring of houses surrounded tion include about one thousand finished Washington University tree ring corrected a central plaza. All or portions of four of triangular projectile points, about an equal average for these three dates is A.D.1482 these houses were exposed. Encircling number of unfinished points in various +/- 46, for the reasons just mentioned the the village was a stockade. This stockade stages of manufacture, and an assortment actual occupation of the Bosman Site was consisted of upright posts spaced about 9 of other flint tools and flint debitage. probably closer to the uncorrected dates. to 10 inches apart. Running along the out­ Around five broken or unfinished pipes The complete analysis of the ceramics side of this stockade, and anywhere from were found, as were several engraved recovered at Bosman, as well as the lithic two to five feet from it, was a ditch. This cannel coal pendants and other orna­ industry, and floral and faunal material, is ditch ranged from four inches to more ments. The bone tool assemblage con­ in progress and detailed reports on these than a foot in depth, and from two feet to sists mostly of broken beamers. Historic and other aspects of the site will be forth­ six and a half feet wide. Dirt from this trade items include less than a dozen cop­ coming later this year. ditch had been piled up against the outer per or brass tubular beads and a copper side of the stockade posts to help support or brass tinkler.

60 Fig. 1 (Carskadden, Edmister, and Morton) Scraping along the side of the initial bulldozer cut revealed the buried midden. Larry Edmister marks the top and bottom of the midden with trowels. Two postholes are marked with metal pins.

Fig. 2 (Carskadden, Edmister, and Morton) General view of the bulldozed area showing one of the first squares excavated. Pins in the square mark the back wall of one of the four houses. The dark midden layer can be seen in the profile.

Fig. 3 (Carskadden, Edmister, and Morton) Excavations at the back end of the village along the stockade ditch. Jim Morton draws a profile while Larry Edmister and Richard Mason excavate the midden on either side of the ditch. Fig. 5 (Carskadden, Edmister, and Morton) This large storage/refuse pit has been "halved" so that drawings and measurements of the layering can be made.

Fig. 4 (Carskadden, Edmister, and Morton) The same area as in Fig. 3 after being cleaned up for photography. The stockade postholes are marked with small dowel rods. Jim Morton holds the graduated rod just to the left of where the stockade ditch goes into the profile. A small refuse pit, one of several sunk into the bottom of the stockade ditch, can also be seen.

\ • $

Fig. 6 (Carskadden, Edmister, and Morton) Larry Edmister finishes excavating the pit shown in Fig. 5, while Jim Morton works the sifter. Note the alternating flood-laid sand (light) and silt (dark) deposits in the profiles. The overburden reached a maximum depth of five feet two inches above the Bosman midden deposit.

62 Fig. 7 (Carskadden, Edmister, and Morton) Larry Edmister stands Fig. 8 (Carskadden, Edmister, and Morton) Paul Pacheco and a in another large refuse-filled storage pit along the inside of the crew from the Licking County Archaeology and Landmarks stockade, which is marked by small dowel rods. Society spent a day at the Bosman Site. They can be seen here troweling through the midden. The Muskingum River is right behind the trailers in the background.

^te^'---«1^^^;'i5'!

Fig. 9 (Carskadden, Edmister, and Morton) View looking along the excavated stockade ditch. The stockade postholes are marked with dowel rods. The pile of dirt to the left of center in the photo just inside the stockade marks the spot of the refuse pit shown in Fig. 7, after it had been backfilled. Other small pits remain open. Bryan Devoll holds the graduated rod.

63 BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE NATIVE AMERICAN GRAVES PROTECTION AND REPATRIATION ACT by James Reid, President Antique Tribal Art Dealers Association, Inc. 924 Paseo de Peralta #1 Santa Fe, NM 87501

The Native American Graves Protection inalienable. (The details of these definitions tural patrimony, the museums are required and Repatriation Act, Pub.L. 101-601 (here­ are crucial to an understanding of the Act's to prepare summaries of their collections, inafter "the Act"), creates certain extraordi­ impacts, and should be studied in full.) which are to be made available to tribes, nary requirements and protections applica­ Section 3 of the Act deals with excavation and to repatriate those objects to the cultur­ ble to certain categories of Native American of any of the covered categories of objects ally affiliated tribes if the tribes can show cultural items, as defined in the Act. In gen­ on federal or tribal lands, and provides that that they previously owned the objects, and eral, the categories of items affected are: where such objects are excavated, they be­ that the museum does not have "right of human remains of Native Americans; "asso­ come the property of the Indian tribe that is possession" of the objects as defined in the ciated funerary objects", meaning objects most closely culturally affiliated therewith, Act. placed with human remains at or near the according to a scale of considerations. Section 8 creates a Review Committee time of burial as part of the burial ceremony, Section 4 of the Act prohibits any com­ which performs a number of functions un­ which are held in a collection with the hu­ merce in human remains of Native der the Act, generally overseeing the pro­ man remains with which they were associ­ Americans, or in any cultural items obtained cess of inventorying and giving notice to ated; "unassociated funerary objects", in violation of the Act. (This latter provision tribes of museum collections, and resolving meaning such objects that are no longer presumably refers to objects excavated in disputes as to whether particular objects are held with the human remains with which violation of the terms of the Section 3.) to be repatriated, and to whom. they were associated; "sacred objects", Sections 5, 6 and 7 of the Act deal with The Act provides for the assessment of meaning specific ceremonial objects the obligations of museums to determine penalties against museums that fail to com­ needed for the practice of traditional Native whether their collections contain cultural ply with its provisions, although the proce­ American religions by their present-day ad­ items as defined in the Act. Museums are dures for assessing and collecting such herents; and "cultural patrimony", meaning required to inventory all human remains and penalties are somewhat involved. The Act objects with central historical, traditional or associated funerary objects in their collec­ also provides that it is not to be construed cultural importance to a Native American tions, give notice to the culturally affiliated as a precedent with respect to other individ­ group or culture, and that, both at the time tribes, and upon their request, repatriate uals, organizations or foreign governments, the objects were separated from the group those remains or funerary objects "expedi­ and that it arises out of the unique relation­ and presently, are considered to be owned tiously". As to the unassociated funerary ship between the United States Govern­ by a group, not by any individual, and thus objects, sacred objects and objects of cul- ment and the Indian tribes.

STATEMENT REGARDING THE NATIVE AMERICAN GRAVE PROTECTION AND REPATRIATION ACT by James Reid, President Antique Tribal Art Dealers Association, Inc. 924 Paseo de Peralta #1 Santa Fe, NM 87501

The Native American Grave Protection cess, we feel that some of our objections gories of materials covered and the priority And Repatriation Act of 1990 was signed still apply. given to claims by tribal entities over those into law by the President in November 1990. While the bill did not directly affect deal­ of public institutions. While ongoing reli­ Briefly, the law restricts archaeological field ers and collectors, being limited to federally gious practices may be affected by the loss work on Federal lands, and provides for in­ funded institutions, we felt strongly that it of objects that are considered essential to ventory and return to Indian tribes of an ar­ was in our interest to express our concerns. those practices, the importance that the re­ ray of materials now held by museums that The value and importance of the objects in turn of objects collected in earlier times may receive Federal funds, including human re­ our collections devolves largely from the have upon those practices is less clear. mains, funerary objects, objects of 'cultural context created by documented museum Many items that may have been of ceremo­ patrimony' and 'sacred' objects. collections. While the legal theory of private nial importance were transferred under spe­ The Native American Grave Protection property still creates a formidable barrier, cific circumstances that may be unclear to and Repatriation Act is on the strength of its the precedence created by this legislation, us at this time; in some cases because of title seemingly unobjectionable. The genesis should it stand in court, especially regarding the cessation of those practices due to di- of this law is in the bitter history of Native burden of proof and right of possession, minishment of tribal entities through disease Americans and the many injustices that a may ultimately create a cloud upon the pri­ or cultural conflict, or because of religious broad consensus of Americans would de­ vate sector. Most importantly, however, our conversion, or through exploitative disad­ sire to see redressed. While we as students federally funded museum collections consti­ vantage and human weakness, or by theft, of Indian history have empathy for the posi­ tute a public trust, the defense of which is or as gifts. Often these items have passed tion of the bill's proponents, we took excep­ properly the duty of us all. through several hands and information of tion in several respects to specific elements Much of our apprehension concerning the their origin is known more from their physi­ of the bill and lobbied to modify its final new law is from its disregard of considera­ cal characteristics than from records of ac­ form. While our efforts met with some sue- tions of elements of time regarding the cate- quisition. In any case these objects have

64 passed through the lens of history and now than the current tactics of presuming all role of museums goes too far. reside in institutions charged with their things of a certain nature in private or public Instead of a balance between Native and preservation. collections to have been stolen, irrespective scientific concerns that would protect an­ Federally subsidized museums, until now, of the lack of police reports, specific identifi­ cestral burial sites of closely affiliated de­ have enjoyed a clear mandate to acquire, cations, reference to specific incidents, or scendants from exploitative excess, provi­ study, and preserve items of cultural signifi­ even unequivocal definition of original own­ sions of the law regarding excavations on cance. Except for the efforts of early collec­ ership. Federal lands virtually guarantee an end to tors and the preservation of those collec­ As regards human remains and funerary legitimate archaeological activity in these ar­ tions, there would be no record of many of objects the views of the proponents of the eas. An underlying assumption of this bill the unique and diversified tribes of the bill and many of those who opposed it may seems to be that all Native Americans are American Indian. By adopting the attitude of be simplified to the following: Should burials sufficiently related and their cultures suffi­ its proponents concerning these matters the and associated funerary objects be consid­ ciently continuous to the extent that all an­ act makes into law an anti-institutional and ered inviolable for all time and have full pro­ cient grave sites should be given protection an anti-scientific attitude that may seriously tection of law, or do the claims of science, far greater than that normally granted by threaten collections, both physical and cul­ art history, and land use regarding these modern countries to their peoples' distant tural, historic and prehistoric, funerary and materials gain credence with the passage of antecedents. For at least two hundred years non-funerary, that in their entirety provide a time and the dilution of cultural and familial excavations have been conducted to vital source of reference to students of nu­ connections to living persons? The new law broaden our knowledge of our collective merous disciplines and contribute beyond makes no distinction between the recent past. That this is not a proper pursuit is a oral tradition and subjective extrapolation to past in which lineal kinship to living persons comparatively novel idea that challenges the the public's understanding, as well that of can often be clearly established and the dis­ foundations of archaeology and anthropol­ Native Americans, of our collective past. tant past in which such association is rarely ogy and deserves wider debate than it has Tribal entities have a legitimate concern the case and where relationships to extant thus far received. In many cases the only for the preservation of their cultural integrity tribal entities may only be established by re­ significant knowledge we have of ancient and the right to protection of ongoing reli­ search involving excavation. Further, these cultures is from the type of excavations that gious practices and to protection of reli­ collections have been assembled over a the new law effectively prohibits on Federal gious shrines and burials on Indian lands. It considerable period of time at great effort lands. We feel strongly that the Congress is much less clear that the State should and expense and have an integrity and im­ should have proceeded with greater caution amend the rights of private or public owner­ portance that should not be taken lightly. here in weighing broad religious claims ship of items that have been in non-tribal We live in a humanistic society where broad against the ongoing interests of scientific hands for many years, that may have been issues involving education, science and the and historical research. given as gifts or sold or traded apparently in arts have often been seen to take prece­ The provision for the return of important good faith and where no cloud to their title dence over the perquisites of established non-funerary objects may exacerbate con­ is suggested. religions. The courts have taken great care flicting tribal and public interests. While That any group has a right to the quiet to ensure personal religious freedom but much effort was made to eliminate ambigu­ enjoyment of its religious practices is well have stopped well short of promoting broad ity concerning definitions of 'sacred object' established by law. That a group has a right religious claims. That the sensitivities of in­ and 'cultural patrimony', and proponents of to exclusive control of its own cultural his­ dividuals regarding historically identifiable the bill insisted that only a small number of tory and the objects associated with that ancestors deserve protection of law would such items would be affected, we still fear history that supersedes the rights of the be challenged by few; the much more that confusion will arise over specific en­ general public and interested individuals has sweeping attempt of the current law at pro­ forcement, especially regarding right of pos­ been, at least until now, less well estab­ tection based on very broad definitions of session and burden of proof. Without the lished. That government would subordinate 'cultural affiliation' regardless of considera­ establishment of proper tribal repositories the legitimate interest of the general public tions of time is less reasonable. we fear that many of these objects are likely to those of various tribal interests is to abdi­ While an overwhelming moral argument to be destroyed (some intentionally for reli­ cate its proper responsibility. may be made for the repatriation of remains gious reasons), and that some are likely to That Native American groups should as­ improperly disinterred in historical times and find their way eventually to the market sume the role of conservators of important having a clear and continuous relationship place. historical items that are now in museum col­ to specific living peoples, and while muse­ Central to our objections to the new law lections raises a number of questions con­ ums on their own initiative and under guide­ is the general assumption that tribal entities, cerning the future security of those materi­ lines promulgated by the American having in many cases no more than tangen­ als, the quality of conservancy to be Association of Museums had already begun tial cultural affiliation to the materials in provided, and the accessibility of materials to initiate such repatriations, the deacces- question, have a greater claim to objects of by interested nontribal members. That sion of all physical specimens and associ­ the past than do Federally funded institu­ Native Americans are limited in their reli­ ated funerary objects seems improper. tions. We wish to reaffirm our support for gious practice by the existence in collec­ We agree with the law's assumption of the legitimate intent of this legislation to ad­ tions of objects formerly used in sacred ownership and control of remains and cul­ dress the sensitivities of Native Americans context is not established. That public col­ tural items discovered on tribal lands. We as regards human remains, protect the cul­ lections would be less significant without support the assumption of ownership and tural integrity of tribal entities in regards to them is indisputable. control of remains and cultural items discov­ ongoing religious practices, prohibit misap­ If Native American groups wish to main­ ered on Federal lands where close cultural propriation of ceremonial objects central to tain better control over cultural materials in affiliation or lineal decent can be established that ongoing practice and provide for the their possession that they consider impor­ and where a claim for repatriation is made. repatriation of items that can be established tant they will be well advised to closely de­ Except where lineal descent or close cul­ to have been wrongly taken. It is unfor­ fine community property and to maintain in­ tural affiliation can be established, however, tunate, however, that these legitimate objec­ ventory lists, maintain secure storage areas ownership of remains and cultural items tives have become confused with mis­ and make police reports when items are found on Federal lands should have been guided efforts to restore the past at the found missing. Such practices would go far presumed to reside with the Federal expense of the present and to repudiate the to discourage illegal traffic that is only en­ Government. The presumption here of own­ long and predominantly beneficial efforts of couraged by casual attention to safe keep­ ership and control by the nearest cultural af­ the many institutions and individuals in the ing, and would provide a much stronger ba­ filiate, or of a group whose ancestors may field of natural history and its related disci­ sis from which to pursue stolen property have occupied the area, over the custodial plines.

65 BURN WITCH, BURN: A REPLY TO BALDWIN by Karl W. Kibler Project Archaeologist Prewitt and Associates, Inc. 7701 N.Lamar, Suite 104 Austin, Texas 78752

As a member of the professional ar­ Federal and state laws require that any tributional relationships between artifacts chaeological community, the Society for construction, mining, etc. project involving is more important to the archaeologist American Archaeology, and the Archae­ Federal tax dollars or Federal lands re­ than the artifacts themselves. So when ar­ ological Society of Ohio, I found the arti­ ceive an archaeological clearance as part tifacts are removed from their archaeologi­ cle Space Age Witch Hunt (Baldwin 1991) of its impact studies. A percentage of the cal context through collecting or looting, very disturbing, for both the professional budgeted project money is set aside for valuable information is lost. and amateur archaeological communities. these archaeological studies. The amount It is obvious that Baldwin knows very lit­ There are currently enough problems and of money provided for these studies is a tle about archaeological research. distrust between the two communities, drop in the bucket compared to the overall Archaeological work has in the past been and I found it very disheartening that the construction costs (which nearly always viewed with the assumption that the infor­ Archaeological Society of Ohio would over run the projected costs). Baldwin mation of primary importance is that publish such an article. Baldwin's "re- (1991:42) complains that these tax dollars which is collected during the actual field- portive investigation" is full of inconsis­ are only available to "licensed archaeolo­ work, either from the surface or through tencies, falsehoods, and misinformation. gists". Now I believe that Baldwin would excavation. This is an extremely narrow Baldwin's methods are in a sense very agree with me that it makes complete minded view, and one that is not particu­ much like presidential candidate and ex- sense to hire only wildlife biologists and larly conducive to learning about the past, Klansmen David Duke's. Through the other environmental scientists to provide or in assessing the nature and significance use of such scare tactics as Big Brother environmental and wildlife impact state­ of the archaeological record (Hofman et al. type governments, wasteful govern­ ments for these construction projects (as 1989:175). Tax dollars provide funding for ment spending and boondoggles, and called for under the National Environ­ more than just archaeological survey and high taxes, Baldwin has used Native mental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969), so why excavation. Time and money are spent for Americans and archaeologists as scape­ does Baldwin complain about the fact that research, analysis, and publication, in or­ goats, much in the same way David Duke the archaeological study and clearance der to piece together the data excavated has used Black Americans and other mi­ dollars are only available for archaeolo­ from the ground. In other words tax dollars norities. I cannot speak for the Native gists? The key word here is "archaeologi­ are paying for more than just the recovery Americans, but will try to address the is­ cal" studies and clearance, as opposed to of artifacts, because archaeology is more sues raised by Baldwin (1991) from the "artifact" clearance. It is very clear that than just the recovery of artifacts from the point of view of the professional archaeo­ Baldwin sees archaeology as only the col­ ground. Archaeology is a science and a logical community. lection of antiquities, and not the scientific "basic assumption of science is that we Baldwin (1991:42) insists that archaeol­ study of past (and even present) cultural cannot assume we possess a sufficient ogists (along with the government and behavior through the analysis of its mate­ knowledge of the subject matter...We Native American groups) are driven or mo­ rial culture. must assume there is something to learn" tivated by the almighty dollar. Baldwin would like to paint a picture of (Binford 1986:402). Baldwin (1991:43) claims to support learning about prehis­ "Traditionally they (archaeologists) archaeologists rolling in tax dollars, driving tory, however the majority of his investiga­ played down the value of any superior ar­ BMWs and Jaguars, while wastefully tive report seems to contradict this notion. tifact. In fact high art form artifacts are spending the American tax payers money. valuable collectibles as items of ancient I have a Master's degree in Anthropology, While Baldwin claims to support educa­ art. Many are highly sought, highly paid for and roughly gross $17,000 a year. Neither tion and learning about the past, he con­ and enjoyed as high art. The archaeologist I nor any of my colleagues are getting rich sistently downplays the value of data normally (emphasis mine) receives no at the taxpayers expense. I fail to see how brought forth by the professional archaeo­ benefit from the sale of artifacts..." these tax dollars are being misused and logical community. If it was not for such (Baldwin 1991:42). making archaeologists rich. Baldwin scientific research methods as radiocar­ None of the groups targeted by (1991:42) makes mentions of unscrupu­ bon dating and obsidian hydration (impli- Baldwin profit from the sale of prehistoric lous acts and wasteful spending by some mented by archaeologists), Baldwin would artifacts as he likes to imply. Cultural re­ CRM archaeologists. This charge I do not never know that his artifacts were manu­ source management (CRM) contracts, deny, but it is not as common as Baldwin factured and utilized during a certain pe­ specifically allocate monies for artifact likes to imply. However, even such acts as riod of time. He would only know that he curation, after analysis. Curation incorpo­ these, provide us with much more infor­ had in his possession an artifact of the rates the use of a central repository, such mation about the past than a collector's past, knowing nothing of its manufacture, as a state historical museum or a major box of artifacts ever could. Baldwin utilization, or its relationship to other as­ university, for artifact storage, public dis­ (1991:43) claims that without collectors pects of a cultural system. This again is play, and future research. Artifacts recov­ there would be no great collections or as­ what archaeology is all about. ered by archaeologists through excava­ semblages of artifacts to study. I am as­ Baldwin (1991:42) claims that our un­ tion or survey are never sold for profit! suming then that these collections and as­ derstanding of the past will not solve or Baldwin (1991:42-43) further states that semblages would be left in their help the problems of today's modern, high the "big bucks" for archaeologists comes archaeological context, if they had not tech society. This I would agree with, but from local, state, and Federal tax dollars. been collected. Any archaeologist can tell only partially. I do not see archaeological In part this is true. you that a few artifacts in a primary depo- data and theory solving the problems of sitional context can provide far more infor­ In 1966 the National Historic crime or drug abuse. However our knowl­ mation about the past than fifty shoe edge of the archaeological record has let Preservation Act (NHPA) was signed into boxes full of artifacts. The spatial and dis­ law. Section 106 of this act and other later us understand and solve some other

66 problems of today's world. By under­ mechanisms of culture change. We have This form of ignorance is inexcusable. standing past human adaptive systems come up with many different paradigms I truly hope that Space Age Witch Hunt and their relationships to the environment and models over the years, but no single (Baldwin 1991) does not strain the tenu­ through the knowledge gained from the paradigm can answer all of the questions ous ties and cooperation between the pro­ archaeological record, we have been able asked of it (see Willey and Sabloff 1980; fessional archaeological, amateur archae­ to understand and solve many Third World Gibbon 1984; Trigger 1989). ological, and collecting communities. The country problems like starvation, drought, value of cooperation and communication famine, and overpopulation. Many of Baldwin's Hidden Agenda between the three communities is invalu­ these problems are the result of our own Discussions and debate on applying able for advancing our knowledge of the modern technology, but it was the knowl­ the ARPA (Archaeological Resources archaeological record, prehistory, and edge obtained from the archaeological Protection Act 1979) to private lands is even the problems of today's world. and ethnographic record that has and can largely due to such unscrupulous acts like solve these problems. However, since those carried out at the Slack farm in Acknowledgements Baldwin's arrogant Eurocentric, capitalist, Kentucky, where a wealth of information Special thanks to Karen M. Gardner high tech world view will not let him un­ on Mississippian Culture was lost and de­ (Prewitt and Associates, Inc.) and Bon V. derstand archaeology or ethnology, he will stroyed in only a matter of hours. This is Davis II (The Mayan Hieroglyphic continue to view this type of research as where the almighty dollar that Baldwin Workshop and Department of Anthro­ invalid to today's problems. continually speaks of comes into play. pology, The University of Texas-Austin) for "We know enough about the past cul­ Such looting is motivated by the high their input and review of this article. tures to paint an adequate picture" prices that people are willing to pay for (Baldwin 1991:43). If this is the case, I and artifacts. Baldwin, in a complete turn REFERENCES CITED many of my colleagues have many ques­ about from his original thesis (claiming Baldwin, J. tions about the prehistory of North that archaeologists are falling for the 1991 Space Age Witch Hunt. Ohio America for Baldwin. The truth is there are almighty dollar) admits to be driven and Archaeologist 41 (3):42-43. many gaps in our data and knowledge of motivated by that same dollar. He consid­ Binford, LR. North American prehistory, as well as ers himself a professional collector (em­ 1986 Data, Relativism, and Archaeological other parts of the world. phasis mine) of art forms (Baldwin Science. Man 22:391 -404. "It is an archaeological fact that from 1991:43). And further writes that "collec­ Gibbon, G. early times to 1400 AD cultures living tors' underlying motives are love of the 1984 Anthropological Archaeology. Columbia in North America died out and long endeavor including the artifact value or he University Press, New York. sterile periods before new cultures wouldn't collect" (Baldwin 1991:43; em­ Hester, J.J. inhabited the same geographic area. phasis mine). It seems the almighty dollar 1972 Blackwater Locality No. 1: A Stratified The study of chronology proves that signs are only in Baldwin's eyes. Early Man Site in Eastern New Mexico. not only were these early inhabitants Baldwin does not want the government Fort Burgwin Research Center not related to each, they are not re­ to have any jurisdiction over artifacts on Publication No. 8, Southern Methodist lated to the modern so-called Native private lands, and waves the flag and University, Dallas. American" (Baldwin 1991: 42). spouts constitutional rhetoric to support Hofman, J.L., R.L. Brooks, J.S. Hays, D.W. Baldwin has grossly oversimplified the his position. However his true agenda is Owsley, R.L. Jantz, M.K. Marks, and cultural dynamics of past societies with money and profit. As a collector Baldwin M.H. Manhein this statement. Cultures do not cease one wants artifacts for himself to collect and 1989 From Clovis to Gomanchero: day only to be followed by sterile periods, sell, but because of Federal and state Archaeological Overview of the Southern upon which later reoccupation takes laws he is forbidden to collect artifacts Great Plains. Arkansas Archaeological place. Geographic regions do not lie from public lands. This leaves only the pri­ Survey Research Series No. 35. abandoned by human inhabitants from vate lands to serve as Baldwin's financial Fayetteville, Arkansas. time to time. Certain localities within a ge­ hunting grounds. I seriously doubt Johnson, E. (ed.) ographic region may be abandoned from Baldwin owns enough property to yield 1987 Lubbock Lake: Late Quaternary Studies time to time, or a region may be utilized the number of archaeological sites and ar­ on the Southern High Plains. Texas A&M differently, but the archaeological record tifacts that would make collecting and University Press, College Station, Texas. has never revealed a total abandonment selling profitable. If he does, his property Trigger, B. of a geographic region by human inhabi­ has one of the highest site densities in 1989 A History of Archaeological Thought. tants. I believe that Baldwin has confused North America. In other words people like Cambridge University Press. the term "culture" with the term "occupa­ Baldwin want to rape and pillage archaeo­ Willey, G. and J. Sabloff tion" or "site". Sites can be utilized for logical sites for artifacts on other folk's 1980 A History of American Archaeology. W.F. long periods of time and then abandoned, land. Baldwin (1991:43) claims that our Freeman, San Francisco. only to be utilized again later, possibly by laws are more than sufficient to protect the same group or culturally related group, our cultural resources, but the truth is en­ or by a different culture group. This cycle forcement and prosecution are difficult. of site use and abandonment is not regu­ Archaeological sites are disappearing, and lar, nor is it universal. Some sites such as being looted at an alarming rate. Blackwater Draw Locality No. 1 in New Mexico, and Lubbock Lake in Texas reveal Archaeology is dead, and he claims he a continuous occupation dating from the is not afraid to say it (Baldwin 1991:42). earliest inhabitants of North America to Many times though it is simple ignorance occupations by the Comanche in the late that is mistaken for bravery. Ignorance is 1800's (see Hester 1972; Johnson 1987). excusable when it is a result of limited ac­ cess to education and information. Baldwin's oversimplification and use of However in Baldwin's case it seems that inappropriate terms of cultural dynamics is his access to education, through his in­ very obvious in the statement above. To volvement in archaeology and archaeolog­ this day we (archaeologists and anthropol­ ical societies, is only for his own financial ogists) still do not fully understand the gain and not to learn about past lifeways.

67 THE ART GERBER AFFAIR, THE FACTS by Tom Browner 2615 E. 29th St. Davenport, Iowa

In 1988, County Road 850S, an access chaeologist office also did not bother to cast were on display in Florida at a pro­ road from an existing highway 69 to the do any follow up to their original survey. fessional archaeologist meeting which General Electric Plastics plant near Mount It is alleged that some time in July, Way was being picketed by Indian militants. Vernon, Indiana was in construction. The contacted Art Gerber artifacts he had to One of the militants, Ray White, a Miami work on the road was started after an sell. It is alleged that Gerber drove to from Indiana recognized the site provi­ Environmental Impact study and an ar­ Grayville, Illinois and after a couple of vis­ dence and made inquiry as to whom the chaeological survey was made by Indiana its did purchase some artifacts from Way original artifacts belonged. Art Gerber's State University of Terre Haute. Indiana for the sum of $6,000. It is also alleged name was given. The militant Indians University determined that there were no that as part of the transaction, Way then sought help in going after Gerber archaeological resources in danger of be­ agreed to take Gerber to the site. Gerber from some professionals, Senator Luger ing disturbed as a result of the road con­ is supposed to have visited the site with for federal legal assistance, and the struction. This site however, was well Way around July 21, and within a few press. Gerber, because of his Owensboro known to local collectors who hunted it days is supposed to have contacted a show involvement has been a favorite regularly, and was shown as a site on a couple of his friends, John Towery and target of the militants in Indiana. 1976 geological survey map. Somehow, Danny Glover, about the existence of the Suddenly the site is called "The sec­ ISU missed this fact on their survey. site. A few days later, they all supposedly ond most important Hopewell site in J.H. Rudolph and Company, Inc. was visited Way and then together went to America", and its collection as "The the general contractor, and hired Boyd the site with Way for the purpose of at­ equivalent of the looting of King Tut's Brothers, Inc. as an earth moving sub­ tempting to figure out where the artifacts tomb", and "An unprecedented archaeo­ contractor. John William Way, a resident came from. logical site". It is obvious that no one of Grayville, Illinois was an employee who Allegedly, they excavated some test ar­ ever read any works on the Hopewellian ran a bulldozer for Boyd Brothers. eas and found about $150 worth of arti­ cultural sites. The Indian militants and Around June 3 of 1988, Way was ordered facts between them. Then Gerber, Cheryl Ann Munson both call for legisla­ to form a borrow pit for road fill. Later, he Towery and another person went back tion to cover archaeological sites on pri­ was ordered to level out the land. His around July 24th, and again around the vate property. Numerous newspaper arti­ work was taking place on the General 31 st. About August 1 st, they were again cles list Gerber's arrest and affiliation with Electric property adjacent to the front se­ on the site, when a guard asked them the Owensboro show. In fact, the press curity gate. In the course of this leveling, what they were doing and finally asked arrive at the Owensboro show with the Way was bulldozing the knolls and high them to leave because General Electric's Indian and want-to-be protesters, take ground. One knoll yielded a number of possible liability in case of the escape of their photographs and film of the subsurface artifacts exposed by the bull­ poison gases from the plant. They left. A protesters, attend and cover the militants dozer. Way, a collector, noticed the flint few of the cache blades were supposed press conference and disappear with the and other materials showing in the soil to have been sold at the Owensboro, protesters. Then the press have the au­ and after work that day, walked the site Kentucky show. About the same time dacity to call it show coverage. Gerber and collected the exposed artifacts in­ Gerber was supposed to have purchased and the others indictments are included cluding beads, cache blades and a few Glover's share of the artifacts. Gerber, at length in this so called show coverage. copper axes and took them home. Now, over the next months, tried to buy Munson views the news media as a legally, Way was supposed to report the Towery's share of the finds and was suc­ source of public mandate for more legis­ finds to his boss, who was to contact the cessful around July of 1989 to buy and lation to limit private property rights, and State Archaeologist, who would then trade for the remainder of the collection. the twisting of ARPA from it's original in­ stop construction, get a permit and fund­ It is alleged that Gerber now had the tent of protecting archaeological sites on ing and conduct a salvage operation bulk of the site material except what had Indian and federal lands to cover private which could cost up to 1 % of the total been found by other construction work­ land. In the Gerber situation, the press project. ers, the local collectors and a few of the calls the excavations and surface hunt­ (In reality, most miners, construction common cache blades that had been ing, "looting", the ridge a "burial mound", workers, etc. are told by their boss to sold. (Taken from the Indictment) and Gerber the "accused". make short work of any archaeological I am not going to make a judgement It is interesting to note that there was no sites they encounter. That if they stop whether Gerber did anything right or mound, as the professionals who did the construction, or cost the companies they wrong. I think it is safe to say that every survey would not have missed such an ob­ work for any delays or money, their jobs collector has crossed a fence, field, creek vious feature. Also, there are no burials as will be forfeited. That is why most profes­ or road to check to see if a site continues evidenced by statement by Marjorie Jones, sional archaeologists encourage ama­ or whether a site exists. By accident or anthropology and foreign languages in­ teurs to check out construction sites and on purpose these collectors were tres­ structor at USI, who stated that, "Archa­ report any significant finds to the state. passing. If Gerber loses this court fight, eologist would have expected to find skeletal remains at the site, but none have Over the next weeks, Way continued to then if caught trespassing, all of us could been reported." What does that leave us? walk the site after work and collected a be convicted under ARPA. Any collector A site, perhaps a good site, destroyed by number of Hopewellian artifacts, mostly who purchases an artifact could be pros­ bulldozer activities and collected by a fairly beads and small crude cache blades, ecuted under ARPA, if the artifact came large number of collectors. From this dating from around 500 A.D. Local col­ from private property without permission. group, one Art Gerber is made the scape­ lectors were also walking the site on a Evidently Gerber did purchase some of goat because of his visibility. regular basis. Neither Way, his bosses or the site artifacts. He allowed some of the local collectors contacted the State them to be cast for museums and ar­ At this point, the federal government at about the site discovery. The state ar­ chaeologists to study. Some of these the request of the militants and profes-

68 sionals have invested tens of thousands statute of limitations of two years. First of call it conspiracy, I would call it fifth of dollars in legal fees, wire taps and mis­ all, General Electric never filed trespass amendment rights. representations. or conversion charges against anyone in­ Art Gerber is one middle class collector Two of Gerber's vehicles were confis­ volved. Secondly, this ARPA indictment who makes his living from a photographic cated and the presumption has been was several years later and if filed on the studio. Needless to say, he is not in a fi­ guilty unless proved innocent. basis of trespass, the limitation period nancial position to take on the Federal To get cooperation, the government had run out, even if charges could be Government and the State of Indiana. He has counted each bead as a separate of­ filed for trespass. has refused to buckle and take a plea fense against ARPA thus multiplying the Next we have the problem that all of deal, because he recognizes that if this possible penalty to over a million dollars this activity took place within about thirty precedent is set in the courts, that all of in fines and ten years in jail for each ac­ feet of the front gate guard tower. our private land rights would be in jeop­ cused. General Electric or at least their employ­ ardy. Every infraction of any state law from First they worked on Way. He agreed ees, had to know what was going on, spitting on a sidewalk to speeding could to turn state evidence for a guilty plea on and evidently it was not a concern that invoke ARPA if there was an arrowhead in a lesser charge and a promise of a re­ numerous collectors were walking the the car at the time. Crossing a state line duced sentence. He is arraigned, submits area for artifacts. with your car and collection to go to a a plea of guilty and then the judge delays Then, Way had permission to be on the show could invoke ARPA. If you picked up sentencing for a couple of years. In other property and he brought the others on. an arrowhead on a river bank, crossed a words, he is held hostage to the sen­ No one knew exactly what was there or fence to check a knoll, walked a creek for tence. He is also told that if Gerber is where it might be located. To find out several miles, etc., all could invoke ARPA. found innocent, that his trial will be over­ would take hours of work, and if you did Needless to say, we could all be in jail, turned, and he will also be innocent. find anything, then you would know what lose our cars and collections and even Next they do the same for Towery and was there because you found it. No buri­ lose the rights to farm and use our own Glover. Even Gerber has been offered a als were in evidence. Therefore, it is still land if an archaeological site existed on deal. For a guilty plea on a single felony, uncertain as to what kind of site the GE that land. Gerber's fight is our fight. He is and states evidence, they will lessen the plant represents. taking the heat. If he pleas guilty, we are penalties. However, it is the guilty plea Finally, the stacking of charges, making all in serious trouble. If the charges would that they are looking for to set legal each bead a separate offense, is crazy. be dropped, then the next legal case to be precedent to go after the private property The fines and jail sentences proposed are fought might be yours, at your expense. rights of all of us. They want to set these greater than for rape, murder or the deal­ The only solution to protect our rights is legal precedents without jury trials. If you ing of drugs. for clarification in the courts of the whole cannot constitutionally legislate, then ad­ At the time of the alleged offense, there issue. That means reversing the definition judicate legislation. To do this threatens was no provision for vehicle seizure in of ARPA back to the original intent of cov­ and bullys those involved into submis­ ARPA. However, one was added later by ering only Indian and federal public lands. sion, sets the precedents and then uses congress to ARPA in a bill proposed That takes legal researchers, attorneys, those precedents to gain your private August 4, 1989, S. 1579. However, the and much expense. I encourage all of you property control goals. new penalties were applied as if the of­ to make out a check to the ARPA Defense Fund right now, send what you can $10., I am not a lawyer. However, these are fense had occurred at a later date when $50. or more if you can. Send it to ARPA the questions that come to me from the vehicles of Gerber were seized. Defense Fund, P.O. Box 7, Tell City, reading the evidence. The Archaeological As things have progressed thus far, the Indiana 47586-0007. Resources Protection Act was endorsed trial is still on, but will now take place in by collectors and archaeologists for the March. The government keeps putting off What bothers me is the extent to which preservation of important archaeological in hopes of bolstering their case. The this test case is blown out of proportion. sites on Indian and Federal lands. All of current defense intent is to have the The archaeologists, government and mili­ the support materials and reports from Indiana trial postponed, and instead have tant Indians have unlimited resources. Washington and congress show the in­ the entire matter taken to the District Never before has ARPA been brought tent of the law was to only cover federal Federal Appellate Court in Chicago. The against someone who was supposed to be and Indian lands. Letters from Washing­ purpose of this is to have the higher on private property. We must fight now. ton within the past few months have reaf­ court rule whether the Archaeological Either donate and protect your collection firmed this position. The state statute line Resources Protection Act was intended now, or risk losing it later. It is your choice. in ARPA was designed to grandfather to cover private property, or just the This is all a small part of a master plan. state laws that already protected federal Federal and Indian lands as stipulated in and Indian lands within the state, not to the introduction of the law. apply to private property. Other charges against Gerber include It is my understanding that trespass in that he failed to cooperate by submitting Indiana is a misdemeanor and has a evidence to be used against him. They

69 EDITORIAL by Robert N. Converse Editor

In this issue of the Ohio Archaeologist tribute to brevity and conciseness - it It seems rather ironic that those who is the account of the Art Gerber affair, as consists of only twelve words and has found the site by accident are punished, well as a reply by Karl Kibler to the John been the law in our country - unchanged, while those who were entrusted and paid Baldwin letter from Vol. 41 No. 4. unadulterated and unchallenged since to find it in the first place are not even ad­ The incident, or incidents, in Indiana 1791. It says; nor shall private property monished. To cover what were the appar­ have precipitated what promises to be a be taken for public use without just com­ ent shortcomings of those who were paid landmark case concerning the collecting pensation. It appears to be so clear and for the investigative project, a private citi­ of prehistoric artifacts. The case hinges fair that it hardly seems an argument zen is made to appear as the villain in the on whether private property is really pri­ against it could be launched. It means fiasco and is indicted for a crime which vate or whether the government has an that the government is not prohibited may not be a crime to begin with. unspoken and undefined title interest in from taking private property, it simply In this day of rampant crime, drugs, private property. It also may serve to de­ means that they must first justify in court murders, racketeering and bank rob­ fine whether a federal regulatory law can their taking it, and then pay for it what a beries, it seems incredulous that the be extended beyond its stated purpose. jury decides. forces of the FBI, the U. S. Marshal and The court's interpretation of this case In effect, the Indiana law has contro­ the U. S. Attorney are marshalled against could very well end artifact collecting as verted the constitution by asserting that a non-violent, non-life-threatening, non- we know it and could very well set a the state somehow owns what is on pri­ endangering, and what may be only an precedent for government control over vate property and can prosecute some­ alleged, "crime". No one was hurt, no private property not seen in two centuries one - presumably even the owner himself one was put in peril, no one was threat­ of American history. - for taking it. ened and there was no danger to the To begin with, only the people involved There is no question that the govern­ public. And yet, why did the government, at the Mt. Vernon site actually know what ment can make all the laws and regula­ with a classic example of overkill, confis­ happened there. Whatever they did, I tions it wants for public property - the cate automobiles, tie up bank accounts, wish it had been done differently. Had ARPA does just that - and no one has search for drugs and curtail travel for vio­ they secured permission from the prop­ any serious argument with the proposi­ lating two statutes, both of which may be erty owners to hunt the site, I doubt tion. But any law, which on its face is unconstitutional? whether any court in the country could passed by congress to control public It has been stated that Senator Luger, convict them of anything. Since they ap­ property but which then can be convo­ Republican from Indiana, apparently parently didn't ask permission, it seems luted to control something on private placed the prestige and influence of his logical that the property owners could property, appears to be patently uncon­ office behind this prosecution. In these have easily filed trespass charges against stitutional. days of staggering federal deficits and them, had they chosen to do so. Nor did Hidden in this storm of controversy the human misery caused by lack of fed­ the state of Indiana, whose laws were and rhetoric is the role played by the pro­ eral funds to fight violent crime, it is in­ supposedly violated, file charges. fessional archaeologists who were paid conceivable that those who are sent to Instead, the federal government indicted to do a mitigation report on the site. Washington to spend tax dollars wisely Mr. Gerber under what at best seems a They came within a stone's throw of what could have such a strange sense of prior­ tricky part of the ARPA law. It must be re­ has been called the most important ities. The people in Indiana who care membered, the crime, if there was one, Hopewell site in Indiana and, astound- about their own property rights and the occurred on private property. ingly, didn't even know it was there. How way their taxes are being spent, should The Constitution of the United States many tax dollars were spent in previous deluge Senator Luger with mountains of was framed by men of exceeding wis­ surveys of the area which did not divulge mail protesting such a waste of money. dom. It is based on the best parts of the site even though it is said that a num­ Extreme actions by the government, English law to which they added amend­ ber of local surface hunters knew of its prompted by professional archaeologists, ments to insure liberty, democracy, and existence. Such a poor performance ei­ serve only to polarize the non-profes­ most of all, freedom. Their experiences ther speaks for the inadequacies of the sional community. Had Mr. Gerber been with unfair and heavy handed govern­ professionals who conducted the prelimi­ charged by the property owners with ment control over people and property nary work or the ineffcacy of the prelimi­ trespass, found guilty and fined, and put are what brought about the revolution nary investigation program itself. The fed­ on probation, I doubt whether there and prompted the adoption of the consti­ eral program was created, and tax dollars would have been much of a reaction pro­ tution. The framers were nothing if they committed, for professional archaeolo­ voked by this incident. However, when were not obsessed with freedom from gists to prevent exactly what happened private property rights are endangered by government control over their lives and at Mt. Vernon - namely to discover and over-zealous archaeologists, who often property. The provision in the constitution investigate sites before they are confuse self-interest with morality or regarding private property can be found destroyed. The tax money spent in the even legality, then everyone must be con­ in Article V of the Bill of Rights and is a Mt. Vernon project was wasted. cerned.

70 MOUND CITY GROUP NATIONAL MONUMENT MAY BE EXPANDED Reprinted from Ohio Preservation

The Hopewell Sites Study conducted by and the only hurdle remaining before en­ Landmark are being mined by the the National Park Service in cooperation actment, will be the house hearing on Chillicothe Gravel Company. In addition to with the Ohio Historical Society and pro­ Rep. Bob McEwen's companion bill, the 224 acres at Hopeton, the Mound City fessional Hopewell scholars has moved House Bill 2328, which he has sent to the expansion will include 180 acres of the one step closer to successful conclusion chair of the House Committee on Interior Hopewell Mound Group, 168 acres at Seip with passage by the U.S. Senate of en­ and Insular Affairs, where favorable con­ Earthworks, and 190 acres at the High abling legislation. On September 23,1991, sideration is expected. Banks Works. Provision is included for co­ the Senate unanimously passed Senate The two bills propose to rename Mound operative agreements with the Ohio Bill 749, introduced by Sen. Howard City, which would become known as Historical Society, the Archaeological Metzenbaum, to rename and expand the Hopewell Culture National Historical Park. Conservancy, and other public and private boundaries of the Mound City Group A proposed boundary expansion would entities. Authorization for continuing ar­ National Monument. Equally favorable add three new areas. The expansion is chaeological studies at the Spruce Hill was the August 26, 1991, recommenda­ critical. The National Park Service already Works, Harness Group, Cedar Bank tion from the Secretary of the Interior to owns 150 acres with the core earthworks, Works, and other significant Hopewell enact the bill, which will preserve impor­ but adjacent lands within the area which sites is also included. tant Hopewell sites. The next critical step, has been designated a National Historic BALLOT FOR 1992 ELECTION FOR THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO Officers - two year term Bill Pickard, Columbus Ohio President - Larry Morris, East Canton, Ohio Mike Schoenfeld, Pickerington, Ohio Vice President - Steve Parker, Lancaster, Ohio Jim Hahn, Newark, Ohio Executive Secretary - Don Casto, Lancaster, Ohio Clinton McClain, Mt. Orab, Ohio Treasurer - Don Potter, Reynoldsburg, Ohio Bud Tackett, Chillicothe, Ohio Recording Secretary - Nancy Morris, East Canton, Ohio Bill Romain, Brooklyn Ohio R.W. McGreevy, North Olmsted, Ohio Trustees - Vote for not more than four (4). Four year term. Walt Sperry, Mt. Vernon, Ohio Charles Fulk, Ashland, Ohio George Heckman, Richmond Heights, Ohio NATIONAL REGISTER LISTED MOUND IN BUTLER COUNTY IS DESTROYED FOR HOUSING SUBDIVISION by Franco Ruffini Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer Reprinted from Ohio Preservation

The D.S. Rose Mound in Liberty Public outcry, spurred by fourth and struction projects on previously undevel­ Township of Butler County was leveled in fifth grade classes at Liberty Elementary oped land. Often, subdivisions can be October to make way for a subdivision, School, has caused local civic leaders designed to include common green despite efforts by the Ohio Historic and state legislators to consider ways of space to protect significant sites. In other Preservation Office and the Cincinnati protecting other such resources. In re­ cases archaeologically significant re­ Museum of Natural History to discuss al­ sponse to the adverse publicity, DMS of­ sources can be excavated by archaeolo­ ternatives with the property's developers, ficials have said that they want to avoid gists, thereby saving valuable information DMS Company. The two thousand year similar situations in other development and adding to our knowledge of other old mound was listed on the National projects planned in the area. cultures. Register of Historic Places as part of the This incident underscores the need to Holloway Mound Archaeological District. consider the potential effects of con-

Joint Meeting of the Archaeological Society of Ohio and the West Virginia Archaeological Society June 20-21, Lafayette Hotel, Marietta, Ohio BACK COVER Three porphyry birdstones are shown do not look at all like any known bird and tions are drilled. The top two birdstones on the back cover. These enigmatic the animal they portray may be some are from Indiana and the bottom one is artifacts are from the collection of mythical or legendary creature. The um­ from Williams County, Ohio. Although J. Clemens Caldwell of Danville, brella-like eyes and the undercut jaw are similar porphyry popeyed birdstones Kentucky, and are extremely rare. Usually typical as is the exotic stone from which have been found over much of the north­ made of granitic or diorite porphyry, they are fashioned. The attachment pro­ eastern United States, probably ninety these objects are considered to be cess varies from the L-shaped conjoining per cent of them have come from Ohio, among the finest work in stone done by holes seen on bar type birdstones in that Indiana, Michigan and in a general prox­ prehistoric craftsmen. Called birdstones, this style usually has two transverse imity to the lower Great Lakes. seemingly for want of a better name, they ridges through which two small perfora-

71 ^tiCOGl}>

OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.