DOCSLIB.ORG

Xenophon: Ethical Principles and Historical Enquiry

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Xenophon: Ethical Principles and Historical Enquiry Xenophon: Ethical Principles and Historical Enquiry Edited by Fiona Hobden Christopher Tuplin LEIDEN • BOSTON 2012 © 2012 Koninklijke Brill NV ISBN 978 90 04 22437 7 CONTENTS Preface.................................................................. ix Abbreviations. xi Introduction . 1 Fiona Hobden and Christopher Tuplin 1. ‘Staying Up Late’: Plutarch’s Reading of Xenophon . 43 Philip Stadter 2. The Renaissance Reception of Xenophon’s Spartan Constitution: Preliminary Observations . 63 Noreen Humble 3. A Delightful Retreat: Xenophon and the Picturesque . 89 Tim Rood 4. Strauss on Xenophon . 123 David M. Johnson 5. Defending d¯emokratia: Athenian Justice and the Trial of the Arginusae Generals in Xenophon’s Hellenica ....................... 161 Dustin Gish 6. Timocrates’ Mission to Greece—Once Again . 213 Guido Schepens 7. Three Defences of Socrates: Relative Chronology, Politics and Religion . 243 † Michael Stokes 8. Xenophon on Socrates’ Trial and Death . 269 Robin Watereld 9. Mind the Gap: A ‘Snow Lacuna’ in Xenophon’s Anabasis?......... 307 Shane Brennan 10. Historical Agency and Self-Awareness in Xenophon’s Hellenica and Anabasis ....................................................... 341 Sarah Brown Ferrario © 2012 Koninklijke Brill NV ISBN 978 90 04 22437 7 viii contents 11. Spartan ‘Friendship’ and Xenophon’s Crafting of the Anabasis..... 377 Ellen Millender 12. A Spectacle of Greekness: Panhellenism and the Visual in Xenophon’s Agesilaus .............................................. 427 Rosie Harman 13. The Nature and Status of sophia in the Memorabilia ............... 455 Louis-André Dorion 14. Why Did Xenophon Write the Last Chapter of the Cynegeticus?... 477 Louis L’Allier 15. The Best of the Achaemenids: Benevolence, Self-Interest and the ‘Ironic’ Reading of Cyropaedia ...................................... 499 Gabriel Danzig 16. Pheraulas Is the Answer, What Was the Question? (You Cannot Be Cyrus) . 541 John Henderson 17. Virtue and Leadership in Xenophon: Ideal Leaders or Ideal Losers? . 563 Melina Tamiolaki 18. Does Pride Go before a Fall? Xenophon on Arrogant Pride . 591 Lisa Irene Hau 19. Xenophon and the Persian Kiss . 611 Pierre Pontier 20. The Wonder of Freedom: Xenophon on Slavery . 631 Emily Baragwanath 21. Economic Thought and Economic Fact in the Works of Xenophon . 665 Thomas J. Figueira 22. The Philosophical Background of Xenophon’s Poroi ............... 689 Stefan Schorn 23. Strangers Incorporated: Outsiders in Xenophon’s Poroi ............ 725 Joseph Jansen Index of Names . 761 Thematic Index . 772 © 2012 Koninklijke Brill NV ISBN 978 90 04 22437 7 INTRODUCTION* Fiona Hobden and Christopher Tuplin Reading Xenophon Xenophon presents a unique opportunity. As the author of Hellenic history, campaign record, biography, encomium, Socratic dialogues, constitutional analysis, economic treatise and training manuals, his repertoire is diverse in its interests and forms. His personal history places him successively at Athens (where he grew to early adulthood through the twenty-seven years of the Peloponnesian War and became part of the circle around the charismatic gure of Socrates), in various parts of Anatolia, the Levant and Mesopotamia (serving as a mercenary and commander in Persian and Spartan service), at the small town of Scillus in the Peloponnese (where he lived just across the river from Olympia on an estate given to him by the Spartans), and nally (perhaps) back in Athens, when the long years of exile were over and he was eventually able to go home.1 Here is a man who lived in the world, observed it, contemplated it, and then wrote about it, all the while tapping into, experimenting with, and contributing to new developments in prose. His proli c output embraces people and events past and present, recast into narratives of political conict, military endeavour, educational journey, conversational encounter and constitutional development. Along with the more explicitly didactic treatises on hunting, cavalry command, and the mustering of Athenian revenues, his texts also reach out to their contemporary audiences, ofering snippets of a Xenophontic world-view. So often ancient historians are constrained to understand the past at a societal level, analysing the actions and ideas of whole communities or, at best, their leading individuals. Or they are limited by the range of an author * We thank Bruce Gibson for his comments on an early draft of this Introduction. 1 Resumption of residence in Athens is consistent with, but not strictly speaking required by, the lifting of the decree of exile, his sons’ service in the Athenian cavalry and the care for Athenian economic and moral well-being displayed in the Poroi. On this see e.g. Badian 2004, Dreher 2004. © 2012 Koninklijke Brill NV ISBN 978 90 04 22437 7 2 fiona hobden and christopher tuplin to exploring, for example, a ‘Sophoclean’ or, at best, a ‘tragic’ perspective; we can understand the experiences and principles of Herodotus or Thucy- dides only through their singular histories. But the breadth and scope of Xenophon’s extant corpus promises much more: repeat access, over a life- time, to the thoughts and ideas of one ancient Athenian, to his experiences within and his vibrantly creative responses to the disrupted, disputatious and intellectually animate world of late fth- and early/mid fourth-century Greece.2 It is the purpose of this edited volume to realize the opportunity Xenophon ofers: to understand the author and his works, his methods and thinking, and the world that he wrote in, about and for.3 However, accessing Xenophon is not so easy. It is not merely for the pro- saic reason that a large volume of work is inevitably di cult to navigate. Rather in the twenty- rst century Xenophon is ‘always already’ in reception. The chain of thought that informs our basic understanding of his personal- ity, methods and ideas stretches back from the modern period through the Renaissance and into antiquity. And with each link, Xenophon is tweaked anew, reecting the contexts of his readings and especially the relationships built between the ancient author and his later reader. This started early on.4 2 Ion of Chios and Critias of Athens might have ofered similar opportunities for the fth century, had their oeuvres survived intact; attempts have been made on Ion’s world-view by Jennings & Katsaros 2007. 3 Thus our collection continues the project of Tuplin 2004 in its interrogation of Xeno- phon as ‘a distinctive voice on the history, society and thought-world of the later classical era’. Since the start of 2004 much new work has appeared on Xenophon: Année Philolo- gique already lists over 350 items for the years 2004–2009. Just con ning one’s attention to monographs one may, for example, note the following: General Azoulay 2004, L’Allier 2004, Mueller-Goldingen 2007, Gish & Ambler 2009, Gray 2009, Gray 2011. Anabasis Lane Fox 2004, Lee 2007, Water eld 2006. (Note also Brennan 2005.) Hellenica Bearzot 2004. Sparta and the Peloponnese Daverio Rocchi & Cavalli 2004, Richer 2007. Socratica Dorion & Brisson 2004, Pontier 2006, Mazzara 2007, Narcy & Tordesillas 2008. Grammar Buijs 2005. Reception Rood 2004, Rasmussen 2009, Rood 2010. There are signi cant discussions of Cyropaedia in Faulkner 2007 and of Oeconomicus in Kronenberg 2009 and Danzig 2010. There have also been various new (or revised) annotated editions and/or translations. Agesilaus Casevitz & Azoulay 2008. Anabasis Water eld & Rood 2005, Müri & Zimmerman 2011. Apology Baer 2007, Pinheiro 2008, MacLeod 2008. Cavalry Commander Keller 2010. Cyropaedia Albafull 2007. Hellenica Jackson & Doty 2006, Strassler & Marincola 2009. Hiero Gray 2007, Casevitz & Azoulay 2008. Horsemanship Sestili 2006, Keller 2010. Memorabilia Macleod 2008, Pinheiro 2009, Bandini & Dorion 2011a, 2011b. Oeconomicus Linnér 2004, Audring & Brodersen 2008, Chantraine & Mossé 2008. Poroi Audring & Brodersen 2008. Spartan Constitution Jackson 2006, Gray 2007, Casevitz & Azoulay 2008. Symposium Pinheiro 2008. The pseudo-Xenophontic Athenian Constitution has appeared in Ramirez Vidal 2005, Marr & Rhodes 2007, Gray 2007, Casevitz & Azoulay 2008, Weber 2010. The papyrus fragments of Xenophon have been re-edited by Pellé 2009. 4 The classic account of the early reception of Xenophon’s work is Münscher 1920. © 2012 Koninklijke Brill NV ISBN 978 90 04 22437 7 introduction 3 As Philip Stadter (chapter 1) demonstrates, Plutarch’s Moralia are marked by direct engagement with Xenophon’s work, adopting some of its stylis- tic and formal features and incorporating quotations from, discussion of, and allusions to it. On the one hand this is a utilitarian approach: Xenophon is a selectively and sometimes idiosyncratically used source of sentiments or information or ideas, not a theorist to be analysed or critiqued. Yet, it is also an approach that shapes the reader’s reception of Xenophon as ‘a man of breadth and sensibility, a philosopher of life, not abstractions, a narrator who lled his texts with examples of what to imitate and what to avoid’ (p. 59, below). Plutarch’s Xenophon is not so diferent from Plutarch himself. Since the two of them stand out among the authors of antiq- uity as practitioners of both history and philosophy, this is perhaps only to be expected. A diferent sort of elision might be recognized in repre- sentations of Xenophon’s residency at Scillus during the long nineteenth century. While William Mitford (author of a ground-breaking History of Greece) never styled himself as Xenophon, his understanding of his
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Socrates and Democratic Athens: the Story of the Trial in Its Historical and Legal Contexts
    Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics Socrates and democratic Athens: The story of the trial in its historical and legal contexts. Version 1.0 July 2006 Josiah Ober Princeton University Abstract: Socrates was both a loyal citizen (by his own lights) and a critic of the democratic community’s way of doing things. This led to a crisis in 339 B.C. In order to understand Socrates’ and the Athenian community’s actions (as reported by Plato and Xenophon) it is necessary to understand the historical and legal contexts, the democratic state’s commitment to the notion that citizens are resonsible for the effects of their actions, and Socrates’ reasons for preferring to live in Athens rather than in states that might (by his lights) have had substantively better legal systems. Written for the Cambridge Companion to Socrates. © Josiah Ober. [email protected] Socrates and democratic Athens: The story of the trial in its historical and legal contexts. (for Cambridge Companion to Socrates) Josiah Ober, Princeton University Draft of August 2004 In 399 B.C. the Athenian citizen Socrates, son of Sophroniscus of the deme (township) Alopece, was tried by an Athenian court on the charge of impiety (asebeia). He was found guilty by a narrow majority of the empanelled judges and executed in the public prison a few days later. The trial and execution constitute the best documented events in Socrates’ life and a defining moment in the relationship between Greek philosophy and Athenian democracy. Ever since, philosophers and historians have sought to
    [Show full text]
  • ON the SUBLIME Alain Billault Longinus' on the Sublime Entered
    ON THE SUBLIME Alain Billault Longinus' On the Sublime entered the history of French literature in 1674, when Boileau's translation of the Greek text was published in Paris. The title of the book read Traité du Sublime ou Du mervàlleux dans le discours, traduit du grec de Longin. Its publication enabled the well-read audience to rediscover an ancient treatise which had been neglected for a very long time. It was also a turning-point in Boileau's literary career and a path-breaking event of some consequence in the history of aesthetics. This is why the context, the making, the contents, the purpose and the influence of this translation are worth studying. The Context of the Publication of Boileau's Translation The rediscovery of Longinus' On the Sublime in Europe at the time of the Renaissance was difficult and slow.1 In 1554, Francesco Robortello published in Basel the editio princeps of the Greek text. Paul Manuce, the famous Venetian publisher, followed in his foot­ steps the year after. But in 1605, the great scholar Isaac Casaubon commenting on Persius' Satires remarked that Longinus was seldom read: "Longe plura Longinus in aureolo nee satis unquam lecto libello."2 Then came Franciscus Portus whose edition was published in Geneva in 1669 and became the source of all the subsequent edi­ tions through the eighteenth century. But the treatise was not paid much attention, even after 1663, when Tanneguy Le Fèvre's edition was published in Saumur.3 In 1694, Jacobus Tollius released his own edition in Utrecht. He had actually finished his work in 1677, but he had beeen unable to find a publisher for seventeen years.
    [Show full text]
  • The Regime of Demetrius of Phalerum in Athens, 317–307
    Th e Regime of Demetrius of Phalerum in Athens, 317–307 BCE Mnemosyne Supplements History and Archaeology of Classical Antiquity Edited by Susan E. Alcock, Brown University Th omas Harrison, Liverpool Willem M. Jongman, Groningen H.S. Versnel, Leiden VOLUME 318 Th e Regime of Demetrius of Phalerum in Athens, 317–307 BCE A Philosopher in Politics By Lara O’Sullivan LEIDEN • BOSTON 2009 On the cover: Detail of the Parthenon. Photo: Author. Th is book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data O’Sullivan, Lara. Th e rule of Demetrius of Phalerum in Athens, 317-307 B.C. : a philosopher in politics / by Lara O’Sullivan. p. cm. — (Mnemosyne supplements. History and archaeology of classical antiquity, ISSN 0169-8958 ; v. 318) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-17888-5 (hbk. : alk. paper) 1. Demetrius, of Phaleron, b. ca. 350 B.C. 2. Demetrius, of Phaleron, b. ca. 350 B.C.—Political and social views. 3. Governors—Greece—Athens—Biography. 4. Statesmen—Greece—Athens— Biography. 5. Orators—Greece—Athens—Biography. 6. Philosophers, Ancient— Biography. 7. Athens (Greece)—Politics and government. 8. Philosophy, Ancient. 9. Athens (Greece)—Relations—Macedonia. 10. Macedonia—Relations—Greece— Athens. I. Title. II. Series. DF235.48.D455O87 2009 938’.508092—dc22 [B] 2009033560 ISSN 0169-8958 ISBN 978 90 04 17888 5 Copyright 2009 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, Th e Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • P. Tavonatti, Le Congetture Di Franciscus Portus Alle Eumenidi
    LE CONGETTURE DI FRANCISCUS PORTUS ALLE ‘EUMENIDI’ Il XVI secolo è l’epoca della riscoperta di Eschilo: l’editio princeps, curata da Francesco Asolano e uscita dalle officine di Aldo Manuzio nel 1518, è seguita dalle edizioni di Francesco Robortello e Adrian Tournebus (entrambe del 1552), di Vetto- ri-Estienne (1557) e di Willem Canter (1580). Tra gli umanisti del ’500 che hanno tentato di emendare il testo eschileo e di renderlo intelligibile figura anche Franci- scus Portus (1511-1581). Costui, di origini italiane, nacque a Rethymnon e, in gio- ventù, fu allievo di Arsenio di Monembasia. Tra il 1527 e il 1561 vagò per le corti dell’Italia settentrionale (Venezia, Modena, Ferrara), dove tenne corsi di greco ed entrò in contatto con i maggiori intellettuali del suo tempo (Giovanni Grillenzone, Ludovico Castelvetro, Martin Crusius, Théodore de Bèze). Negli ultimi vent’anni di vita fu titolare della cattedra di letteratura greca presso l’Università di Ginevra. I suoi vasti interessi riguardavano la tragedia, Esiodo, Omero, Pindaro, i bucolici minori (Bione, Mosco), Tucidide e Senofonte, la Retorica e Poetica di Aristotele, i trattati di Aftonio, Ermogene e Longino, Dionigi di Alicarnasso, nonché studi sul lessico (connessi con il Lexicon graecolatinum di Robert Costantin). L’esegesi al testo eschileo ci è trasmessa dai marginalia all’edizione di Vettori-Estienne (codice 756 D 22 dell’Universiteitsbibliotheek di Leiden) e dal ms. B.P.L. 180. Quest’ulti- mo, un inedito conservato presso l’Universiteitsbibliotheek di Leiden, contiene il commento, fondato sull’edizione di Vettori-Estienne, alle sette tragedie superstiti di Eschilo. Dopo i lavori di Monique Mund-Dopchie1, che lo ha segnalato e rivalutato, esso è stato studiato da Martin L.
    [Show full text]
  • Illinois Classical Studies
    ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAWIPAIGN Ci ASSICS CL-x ,\'^ t -iK ILLINOIS CLASSICAL STUDIES VOLUME XXI 1996 ISSN 0363-1923 ILLINOIS CLASSICAL STUDIES VOLUME XXI 1996 SCHOLARS PRESS ISSN 0363-1923 ©1996 The Board of Trustees University of Illinois Copies of the journal may be ordered from: Scholars Press Membership Services P. O. Box 15399 Atlanta, GA 30333-0399 Printed in the U.S.A. EDITOR David Sansone ADVISORY EDITORIAL COMMITTEE Gerald M. Browne J. K. Newman James A. Dengate S. Douglas Olson Howard Jacobson Maryline G. Parca CAMERA-READY COPY PRODUCED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF MARY ELLEN FRYER Illinois Classical Studies is published annually by Scholars Press. Camera- ready copy is edited and produced in the Department of the Classics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Each contributor receives fifty offprints free of charge. Contributions should be addressed to: The Editor, Illinois Classical Studies Department of the Classics 4072 Foreign Languages Building 707 South Mathews Avenue Urbana, Illinois 61801 Contents "Predicates Can Be Topics" 1 GERALD M. BROWNE, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Manuscript Indications of Change of Speaker in Aristophanes' Peace 5 S. DOUGLAS OLSON, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Plato and Euripides 35 DAVID SANSONE, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Perfume from Peron's: The Politics of Pedicure in Anaxandrides Fragment 41 Kassel-Austin 69 ANDREW SCHOLTZ, Yale University The Amores of Propertius: Unity and Structure in Books 2-A 87 JAMES L. BUTRICA, Memorial University of Newfoundland Ad Ps.-Philonis Librum Antiquitatum Biblicarum 159 GERALD M. BROWNE, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ThQ Monxtnc Versio Latina 161 ROBIN SOWERBY, Stirling University 'Predicates Can Be Topics" GERALD M.
    [Show full text]
  • Commentatio Et Variae Lectiones
    COMMENTATIO, Προλεγόμενα ET VARIAE LECTIONES : DIFFERENTS ASPECTS DU COMMENTAIRE HUMANISTE1 La philologie consiste en l’étude historique des textes. Plus particulièrement, en l’étude for- melle de ceux-ci dans les différents manuscrits qui nous ont été transmis, dans le but d’en réa- liser l’édition critique. Ce fut là le travail essentiel des humanistes de la Renaissance. Les com- mentaires ne furent néanmoins pas délaissés. Quelle était la conception du commentaire à cette époque ? Les trois exemples développés ci- après montrent que les humanistes n’avaient pas une idée unique du commentaire. En effet, Joachim Camerarius s’attelle à une explication mot à mot, ou phrase par phrase. François Portus rédige des observations plus générales. Piero Vettori, enfin, n’a pas l’objectif de commenter un auteur, mais plutôt d’expliquer les corrections qu’il apporte au texte. Nous ne voulons pas présenter ici une vision exhaustive du commentaire humaniste. Il s’agit plutôt de montrer trois types de travaux, avec Sophocle comme prétexte, qui sont, selon moi, représentatifs de la manière de faire à la Renaissance. LA COMMENTATIO DE JOACHIM CAMERARIUS Dès 1534, Joachim Camerarius publia une édition grecque de Sophocle.2 Le texte, contenu dans le premier volume, est celui de l’édition princeps d’Alde Manuce (Venise, 1502) ; le second volume atteste des commentaires, qui ont été en partie analysés récemment par Michael Lurje.3 En 1556, le même Camerarius publia d’autres commentaires, en partie repris à ceux de 1534 : ce sont ceux-ci que j’analyserai dans les pages qui suivent. Le titre complet est le suivant :4 Commentatio explicationum omnium tragoediarum Sophoclis.
    [Show full text]
  • Dissertation
    DISSERTATION Titel der Dissertation „Studies in the Prosopography of the Four Hundred Oligarchy in Athens 411 B.C.” Verfasser Nikolaos Karkavelias angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktor der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) Wien, 2014 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 792 310 Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt: Alte Geschichte und Altertumskunde Betreuer: ao. Univ.-Prof. Doz. Mag. Dr. Herbert Heftner Contents Acknowledgements 3 Abstract 4 Introduction 5 Alexicles 25 Andron 42 Archeptolemus 57 Aristarchus 79 Aristocrates Skelliou 89 Cleitophon 124 Dieitrephes 147 Laispodias Andronymios 162 Melesias 178 Onomacles 181 Phrynichus Stratonidou Deiradiotes 188 Theramenes Hagnonos Steirieus 250 Thymochares 272 Appendix 1: Was Hippodamus of Miletos Archeptolemus father? 279 Appendix 2: The prytany and archon year of 412/11 295 Appendix 3: The chronology of Peisander’s mission to Athens re-visited: Thucydides 8.53-54 297 Appendix 4: εύθύς in Thucydides 316 Appendix 5: Beyond the Four Hundred 317 Afterthought: The social origin of the known members of the Four Hundred and their motives for joining the movement 319 Bibliography 324 Vita 354 2 Acknowledgements I am extremely grateful to Dr. Christos Zapheiropoulos for his warm support and encouragement back in 1997 to undertake the long project that this thesis has proven to be. During my studies at the University of Vienna I was fortunate enough to attend classes of professors Fritz Mitthof, Thomas Corsten, Bernhard Palme and Walter Pohl; they became my mentors and guides to the marvellous world of antiquity and I very much thank them for this unforgettable experience. I am deeply indebted to my supervisor Herbert Heftner for the enthusiastic welcoming and all the unconditional support and help which he so lavishly has offered to me all these years.
    [Show full text]
  • December 3, 1992 CHAPTER VIII
    December 3, 1992 CHAPTER VIII: EARLY HELLENISTIC DYNAMISM, 323-146 Aye me, the pain and the grief of it! I have been sick of Love's quartan now a month and more. He's not so fair, I own, but all the ground his pretty foot covers is grace, and the smile of his face is very sweetness. 'Tis true the ague takes me now but day on day off, but soon there'll be no respite, no not for a wink of sleep. When we met yesterday he gave me a sidelong glance, afeared to look me in the face, and blushed crimson; at that, Love gripped my reins still the more, till I gat me wounded and heartsore home, there to arraign my soul at bar and hold with myself this parlance: "What wast after, doing so? whither away this fond folly? know'st thou not there's three gray hairs on thy brow? Be wise in time . (Theocritus, Idylls, XXX). Writers about pederasty, like writers about other aspects of ancient Greek culture, have tended to downplay the Hellenistic period as inferior. John Addington Symonds, adhering to the view of the great English historian of ancient Greece, George Grote, that the Hellenistic Age was decadent, ended his Problem in Greek Ethics with the loss of Greek freedom at Chaeronea: Philip of Macedon, when he pronounced the panegyric of the Sacred Band at Chaeronea, uttered the funeral oration of Greek love in its nobler forms. With the decay of military spirit and the loss of freedom, there was no sphere left for that type of comradeship which I attempted to describe in Section IV.
    [Show full text]
  • Accademia Pontaniana 266–7, 363 Acciaiuoli, Donato 357
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-31719-1 - The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism: Volume 3: The Renaissance Edited by Glyn P. Norton Index More information Index Abraham (anon. Cretan drama) 230 Accademia Pontaniana 266–7, 363 absolutism 362, 422, 476, 545, Acciaiuoli, Donato 357 552–3, 579 accommodationism, Calvinist 468 Académie des Loyales 370 Acolastus (morality play) 232 Académie Française: ancients and acoustics (musical components) 517 moderns debate 421–2, 423; and Acro, Helenius; annotations to Ciceronianism 185; dictionary 500, Horace’s Ars poetica 66 501; and drama 421, 422, 502, Acta eruditorum (journal) 597 (Corneille’s Le Cid) 522, 559–60, actio (actuality) 162, 225 561, 562, 563; foundation and aims action: Aristotelian concept 102, 105, 500, 501, 522; on nature 174; 445, 517, 604; Descartes on 520; Sentiments 559 dramatic 249, 252, 253, 263, 523, Académie Royale des Sciences (France) (comic) 234, 252, 319, 327, 550, 457 (tragic) 209, 233, 242–3, 244, 245, academies, literary: in England 344; in 250, 256, 327, 605, (tragic, and France 158, 457, 558, (palace) character) 241, 242, 604; epic 208, 310–11, 312, (see also Académie 209, 327, 331; narrative 564; and Française); in Germany 365–6, 370, probability 523, 524; prose fiction (see also language societies); in Italy 310, 326, 333; spoudaios and 12, 249, 266–7, 429, 603, (Ferrara) phaulos 251, 253; see also under 576, (Florence) 352, 365, 570, unities, Aristotelian (Naples) 266–7, 362–3, (Rome) actors and acting 249, 251, 262, 361, 362, 365, 400; in Low 436 Countries
    [Show full text]
  • Popular Attitudes to Judicial Activity in the Age of Aristophanes
    Popular Attitudes to Judicial Activity in the Age of Aristophanes Angus Julian Dewar Crichton PhD Thesis University College London ProQuest Number: 10017252 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10017252 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract The aim of the thesis is to understand popular attitudes in Athens to judicial activity in the late fifth and early fourth centuries, the period in which Aristophanes wrote and performed his plays. Within the Aristophanic world, characters are frequently portrayed as engaging in litigation and jury service. Moreover, this portrayal of judicial activity is decidedly ambivalent, with the comic hero often fleeing from judicial activity into a fantastical paradise within which judicial activity is consciously banished. And yet as the play continues, judicial activity often resurfaces within the fantastical paradise. These on-stage images of judicial activity are compared with portraits which litigants paint of themselves and their opponents in the Attic Orators. Litigants characteristically present themselves as inexperienced and reluctant to engage in judicial activity, while portraying their opponents as experienced to the point of sycophancy.
    [Show full text]
  • © 2017 Scott Asher William Barnard ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
    © 2017 Scott Asher William Barnard ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ACTORS AND CONSPIRATORS: CIVIC ANXIETY IN LATE ATTIC TRAGEDY By SCOTT ASHER WILLIAM BARNARD A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Classics Written under the direction of James F. McGlew And approved by ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey May, 2017 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION ACTORS AND CONSPIRATORS: CIVIC ANXIETY IN LATE ATTIC TRAGEDY By SCOTT ASHER WILLIAM BARNARD Dissertation Director: James F. McGlew In the year 411 BC, Athens endured a brief but violent political revolution at a moment when the city’s fortunes were declining in the late stage of the Peloponnesian War. This “coup of 411” was driven by a relatively small number of oligarchic sympathizers who conspired in secret to overthrow the democratic Athenian government and install themselves at the head of a new oligarchic regime, that, they believed, would secure desperately needed aid from the Persian Empire against their Spartan enemies. For all of the civic turbulence these oligarchic conspirators caused, their government collapsed after only a few months and Athenian citizens were left to reinstall their fragile democracy. In the aftermath of the coup of 411 (and other conspiracies that preceded it) the citizens of Athens were particularly agitated by the possibility that other conspiracies may have been active in the city, and there is evidence that a sense of mutual suspicion was pervasive. And yet, in spite of the political upheaval many of Athens’ civic and cultural institutions remained active – including the annual celebration of the City Dionysia, the festival that served as the venue for the production of Greek tragedy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Morals, Vol. 3 [1878]
    The Online Library of Liberty A Project Of Liberty Fund, Inc. Plutarch, The Morals, vol. 3 [1878] The Online Library Of Liberty This E-Book (PDF format) is published by Liberty Fund, Inc., a private, non-profit, educational foundation established in 1960 to encourage study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. 2010 was the 50th anniversary year of the founding of Liberty Fund. It is part of the Online Library of Liberty web site http://oll.libertyfund.org, which was established in 2004 in order to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. To find out more about the author or title, to use the site's powerful search engine, to see other titles in other formats (HTML, facsimile PDF), or to make use of the hundreds of essays, educational aids, and study guides, please visit the OLL web site. This title is also part of the Portable Library of Liberty DVD which contains over 1,000 books and quotes about liberty and power, and is available free of charge upon request. The cuneiform inscription that appears in the logo and serves as a design element in all Liberty Fund books and web sites is the earliest-known written appearance of the word “freedom” (amagi), or “liberty.” It is taken from a clay document written about 2300 B.C. in the Sumerian city-state of Lagash, in present day Iraq. To find out more about Liberty Fund, Inc., or the Online Library of Liberty Project, please contact the Director at [email protected]. LIBERTY FUND, INC.
    [Show full text]