Advertising World Leasing Yearbook
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Advertising World Leasing Yearbook http://www.world-leasing-yearbook.com/feature-of-the-month/ by Bert van Leeuwen, DVB Bank S.E. When visiting London Heathrow, New York JFK or Tokyo Narita, very few people realise that a significant part of the commercial jets operating in and out of these airports are not owned by the airline of which the logo is so prominently painted on the jet’s tail. Actually, from the total fleet of ca. 24,000 commercial jets that are in service with civil operators all over the world, about 38% is actually controlled by operating lease companies. As lessors generally stay away from the more specialised and hence less liquid aircraft types, their share in the fleets of the popular “work-horse” aircraft, such as Boeing’s B737 or Airbus’ A320, is even significantly higher. For the entire range of Boeing B737s, as of early 2016, the lessor’s share in the global civil fleet was 45%. The Airbus A320 family is even more popular, with a lessor’s share of over 51%. The asset class Commercial jets are long-lived “big-ticket” assets. Most of the aircraft in the lessor’s fleets are built by Airbus, Boeing, Embraer, Bombardier and in the future potentially Mitsubishi. Once famous names like Lockheed, Fokker or McDonnell Douglas are no longer active and their products are rapidly disappearing from the active fleet. Jet engines are produced by separate companies, in particular General Electric, Pratt & Whitney and Rolls Royce, or one of their joint venture partnerships. 1 of 8 07.04.2016 09:14 Advertising World Leasing Yearbook http://www.world-leasing-yearbook.com/feature-of-the-month/ Purchase prices for new aircraft range from around US$20m for a smaller 70-seat regional jet to US$200m for a big 500-seat “Jumbo”. Single-aisle 150-seat work-horses like the Boeing B737 or Airbus A320 go for between US$35m and US$50m. The installed engines are included in these numbers but if taken separately, would represent values between US$5m and US$25m, depending on their thrust level. Aircraft “list-” or “sticker-” prices are significantly higher compared to the numbers mentioned, but generally an airline or lessor can negotiate purchase price discount percentages of up to 30%-40%. In those cases, where an aircraft can be equipped with different engine types, discounting of the engine purchase price can even exceed these levels as the engine manufacturers tend to rely on the anticipated profitability of spare-part sales (“razor-blade” model) over many years. 2 of 8 07.04.2016 09:14 Advertising World Leasing Yearbook http://www.world-leasing-yearbook.com/feature-of-the-month/ Generally, the economic life of a modern jet is estimated to be around 25 years. In the past, aircraft were sometimes retired earlier, because they could not meet increasingly stringent environmental requirements, in particular regarding emission and noise-levels. Today, this rarely is a reason for retirement anymore. Aircraft are now taken out of service because a more efficient new aircraft type is available, or because of expected high maintenance expenses. Aircraft and their engines have to undergo heavy maintenance according to a highly detailed schedule, based on flight hours, flight cycles (one take-off and landing) and/or calendar time. These so-called “shop visits” are very costly and the aircraft owner has to decide if it is worthwhile to spend this money on e.g. a 20-year-old aircraft. The commercial jet market is “red hot” at the moment. In contrast to ships, containers, rail cars, etc., global aircraft production capacity is limited, due to a highly complex supply industry. Due to strong demand for air transport, abundant equity made available for investment in aircraft and record profitability of the global airlines, aircraft orders reached record levels in 2013 and 2014. This resulted in a backlog equal to about nine years of production at 2015 production level. Probably because of long lead times and the lack of new aircraft (type) introductions, order levels for new aircraft in 2015 were down on 2014. Lessors It is not entirely clear who “invented” aircraft leasing. Some claim that George E. Batchelor, an aviation professional based in California (and later Miami) was the first entrepreneur who leased surplus Douglas DC-3 propeller driven warplanes to the airlines in the 1950s. The industry standard “Ascend” database indicates that the first commercial jets managed by leasing companies date back to 1965, with General Electric Capital Corp. and especially FINOVA (formerly Greyhound Capital) leasing a handful of Boeing B727s to Eastern Airlines in the US. 3 of 8 07.04.2016 09:14 Advertising World Leasing Yearbook http://www.world-leasing-yearbook.com/feature-of-the-month/ Aircraft leasing only became a serious business around the year 1973 when the worldwide leased fleet began to approach the 100 aircraft. Established in 1975, GPA (Guinness Peat Aviation) was probably the first mega-lessor. The company was based in Ireland, still the home of many leasing companies. Unfortunately, during the aviation industry downturn following the 1991 Gulf War, GPA went under. Even before GPA, in 1973, another leasing company named ILFC (International Lease Finance Company) had been established by Leslie and Louis Gonda along with Hungarian American entrepreneur Steven F. Udvar-Hazy. 4 of 8 07.04.2016 09:14 Advertising World Leasing Yearbook http://www.world-leasing-yearbook.com/feature-of-the-month/ Steve Hazy today is generally known as “the Godfather” of the aircraft leasing industry. After building a small initial fleet of leased aircraft, ILFC was acquired by the insurance company AIG in 1990. This not only protected ILFC from the impact of the Gulf War crisis, but allowed the company to expand and to reach a fleet-size of well over a thousand jets by 2009. Due to problems within AIG, unrelated to aircraft leasing, Steve Hazy decided to leave ILFC and established ALC (Air Lease Corporation) in 2010. In 2014, AIG sold its stake in ILFC to fellow lessor AerCap Holdings N.V. It is difficult to exactly rank the operating lessors as several criteria can be applied, such as fleet size, fleet value, fleet capacity, etc. In addition, lessors are not always the legal owners of the aircraft in their fleet, as ownership is often with SPCs (special-purpose companies). Generally, the industry measures the size of the leased fleets by the number of aircraft under management. In a set-up like this, the lessee/airline would be the “operator”, the SPC the “owner” and the leasing company the “manager”. There are over 150 lessors in the world, but just under two-thirds of the leased fleet is managed by the top 15 lessors. Many leasing companies are owned by financial institutions or private equity investors. General Electric’s “GECAS” is the world’s biggest lessor, managing over 1,500 jets. GECAS is followed by Aercap, managing close to 1,250 planes after the take-over of the ILFC fleet. The gap between number two and three is significant. Number three, BBAM, manages less than a third of the size of the Aercap fleet. Steve Hazy’s new company, ALC, had already reached number seven in the ranking. The past decade has seen a dramatic increase in the number of Asian (Japan, China) controlled lessors, including SMBC, BOCA, ICBC and Avalon. Apart from the expected returns investing in always dollar-denominated aircraft offers, protection against currency 5 of 8 07.04.2016 09:14 Advertising World Leasing Yearbook http://www.world-leasing-yearbook.com/feature-of-the-month/ movements, especially devaluation of some of the Asian currencies. Obviously, investing in aircraft has also been stimulated by the global search for yield resulting from the abundant liquidity and low interest rate environment that is the consequence of quantitative easing. As illustrated by the take-over of ILFC by Aercap, there is still some consolidation going on. Irish lessor Avalon was merged with Hong Kong Aircraft Leasing to achieve economies of scale. Apart from mergers and acquisitions of entire lessors, individual aircraft and even portfolios of aircraft change hands on a regular basis. Effectively during the past three to five years, the majority of transactions involving secondhand aircraft, was between financial owners/investors without the aircraft moving to any other operator. To the outside world, these transactions are virtually invisible. In a number of cases, while ownership of the planes changed, the management of the aircraft – including monitoring the payment of lease rentals and maintenance reserves by the lessee operator – stayed with the same team. A recent phenomenon has been the creation of so-called “side-cars”. These are special- purpose companies managed by a professional leasing company but with the ownership split between this leasing company and a financial investor, such as a private equity or a pension fund. Generally, the lessor only takes a minority stake in the side-car. For the leasing company side-cars represent the best of all worlds. They divest a significant part of the residual value risk to the side-car investor, but retain the management fees, market presence and usually a share in the “upside” value of the aircraft. Another instrument that was often used is the Asset Based Securitisation (ABS) of aircraft portfolios. Lessors and other intermediaries bundle a group of aircraft together, obtain a rating from one of the rating agencies and subsequently sell the various (A, B, C, E) notes to investors. The benefit of an ABS is that usually the new investors are slightly more risk tolerant or are prepared to accept a lower yield.