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Virtue Nationalism: an Aristotelian Defense of the Nation

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Virtue Nationalism: an Aristotelian Defense of the Nation VIRTUE NATIONALISM: AN ARISTOTELIAN DEFENSE OF THE NATION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Abigail Pfister Aguilar, M.A. The Ohio State University 2007 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Daniel Farrell, Adviser Professor David Hahm __________________________ Professor Gregory Jusdanis Adviser Philosophy Graduate Program Copyright by Abigail Pfister Aguilar 2007 ABSTRACT Nationalism, it is argued, is a bad ideology, responsible for much of the political problems of the modern world. The primary proofs offered to support this claim are empirical, in the myriad reprehensible acts of actual nations. Yet in this approach critics of nationalism fail to take into account the many benefits that arise from nationalism. Moreover, the criticism neglects the possibility that nations may produce, overall, more benefits than harm. A stronger argument against nationalism is theoretical, which claims that all nations are necessarily either amoral or immoral and cannot be otherwise. This argument relies on the set of inherent components (such as national sovereignty and self-determination) that all nations have in common, and makes the case that these components must combine to create a problematic ideology. This is largely because such components always lead to a political structure that allows both unacceptable inequalities and unjustifiable partiality. A common response to this claim is to distinguish between good and bad forms of the nation, and then show that while the theoretical criticism applies to the bad forms it does not apply to the good. Although most of these distinctions fail to work against the theoretical criticism, one distinction seems promising: ii liberal nationalism. This version of nationalism includes the values that modern liberal readers would want in any acceptable political theory, and tries to show how these values are, in fact, compatible with nationalism. Yet I argue that liberal nationalism also comes up short as a response to the theoretical anti-nationalist position. In its place I offer a new version of nationalism, a model that starts with some of the values of the liberal nation, but which is expanded by using some of the key ideas found in Aristotle’s ethical and political writings. I call this model the ‘Virtuous Nation,’ and argue that it serves as an example of a nation that is not immoral. If I am correct, the general rejection of nationalism that the anti-nationalist critics seek is mistaken. But I aim to go further than merely answering the critics. I believe that Aristotle’s writings offer ideas that can be useful today and that these ideas would help make the Virtuous Nation the best version of nationalism currently available. As a practical tool, I propose that this ideal nation be used as a guide for improving actual nation-states. Although the Virtuous Nation is an ideal and is not found anywhere (and would be difficult to instantiate), it can serve the practical function of providing a standard for what is considered ‘good,’ and by serving as a measure of how far existing nations fall short. Indeed, I believe that without having some standard to use, it is impossible to meaningfully aim at improving at any existing system, since there would be no clear idea of what the goal is. This is the primary value of this Aristotelian Virtuous Nation for the nationalist ideology that is the political foundation in today’s world. iii Dedicated to my husband, Michael iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank my adviser, Daniel Farrell, for his support and guidance throughout my time at Ohio State: no one in the department taught me more or had more influence on me philosophically. I would also like to thank David Hahm, from whom I took exceptional classes and with whom I had especially valuable conversations about ancient philosophy and the ancient world in general over the course of many years. I am grateful to Gregory Jusdanis, whose book The Necessary Nation is a good example of how to argue against the empirical critics of nationalism. I wish to thank Jane McIntyre, Jan Van der Muellen, and James and Jane Barthelmess for their guidance and advice. I am indebted to Martha Nussbaum, whose work provides clarity and practical uses for Aristotle’s ethical and political writings; this includes her latest book, Frontiers of Justice, although it takes a different path with Aristotle than what I take here. Finally, I thank my family for all of their patience and encouragement, especially my husband, Michael, for without his support when I needed it most, it is possible I would not have been able to finish this journey. v VITA July 13, 1970 . Born – Berea, Ohio 1993 . B.A., Philosophy and Classics Cleveland State University 1996 . M.A., Philosophy The Ohio State University 1993 – 1999 . Graduate Teaching Associate The Ohio State University 2000 – 2002 . Course Instructor Salt Lake Community College 2002 – present . Part-time Instructor University of Nevada, Las Vegas FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Philosophy vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Dedication............................................................................................................ iv Acknowledgements............................................................................................... v Vita....................................................................................................................... vi Chapters 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Relevant Terms Defined ............................................................................. 4 1.2 Naïve Criticisms: The Problem of Nationalism ......................................... 13 1.3 Beyond the Naïve Criticisms..................................................................... 19 2. What History Does and Does Not Tell Us: The Empirical Criticism of Nationalism and a Response to that Criticism.......................................................................... 27 2.1 The Empirical Criticism of Nationalism ..................................................... 29 2.2.1 The Empirical Criticism: The Intra-national Perspective............... 30 2.2.2 The Empirical Criticism: The International Perspective................ 35 2.2 A Response to the Empirical Criticism of Nationalism.............................. 43 3. An Examination of the Inherent Properties of Nationalism: The Theoretical Criticism of Nationalism and a Common Response ............................................. 50 3.1 The Theoretical Criticism of Nationalism .................................................. 51 3.1.1 The Theoretical Criticism: Equality and Impartiality...................... 53 3.1.2 The Theoretical Criticism: Nationalism’s Inequality and Partiality 59 3.1.3 The Theoretical Criticism: Undeserved Loyalty and Bad Goals... 67 3.2 Response to the Theoretical Criticism ...................................................... 73 vii 3.2.1 Response to the Theoretical Criticism: Alternative Distinctions ... 74 3.2.2 Response to the Theoretical Criticism: Liberal Nationalism ......... 80 3.3 An Evaluation of Liberal Nationalism ........................................................ 91 3.3.1 An Evaluation of Liberal Nationalism: The Positives .................... 92 3.3.2 An Evaluation of Liberal Nationalism: The Negatives................... 95 4. An Aristotelian Framework for a Better Response to the Theoretical Criticism: The Virtuous Nation, Part I.................................................................................. 101 4.1 The Aristotelian Framework: The Polis................................................... 103 4.2 The Aristotelian Framework: Political Concepts ..................................... 117 4.2.1 The Aristotelian Framework: Political Concepts (Ruling and Being Ruled).......................................................................................... 118 4.2.2 The Aristotelian Framework: Political Concepts (The Common Good) .......................................................................................... 123 4.3 The Aristotelian Framework: Ethical Concepts....................................... 136 4.3.1 The Aristotelian Framework: Ethical Concepts (Virtue).............. 137 4.3.2 The Aristotelian Framework: Ethical Concepts (Habituation of Virtue).......................................................................................... 145 4.3.3 The Aristotelian Framework: Ethical Concepts (Paideia) ........... 151 4.3.4 The Aristotelian Framework: Ethical Concepts (Deliberation).... 156 4.3.5 The Aristotelian Framework: Ethical Concepts (The Good for Humans)...................................................................................... 159 4.3.6 The Aristotelian Framework: Ethical Concepts (Rhetoric).......... 162 4.3.7 The Aristotelian Framework: Ethical Concepts (Friendship) ...... 168 5. A Defensible Form of the Nation: The Virtuous Nation, Part II........................... 172 5.1 The Virtuous Nation ................................................................................ 175 5.1.1 The Virtuous Nation: Components and Size............................... 180 5.1.2 The Virtuous Nation: Goodness, Representative Democracy and Deliberation ................................................................................. 183 5.1.3 The Virtuous Nation: Education (Rhetoric) ................................
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