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MEU Sudan 01 Titelei Autorinnen und Autoren Dr. Christina Alff (ca), Deutscher Entwicklungsdienst gemeinnützige Zwar schlossen im Jahre 2005 nach Jahrzehnten des Bürger- Wegweiser zur Geschichte GmbH, Bonn (Christina.Alff@ded.de) kriegs der Norden und Süden der Islamischen Republik Sudan Leitender Regierungsdirektor Thomas Breitwieser, Bundeswehr- einen Friedensvertrag, doch ist die politische Führung in der disziplinaranwalt beim Bundesverwaltungsgericht, Leipzig Hauptstadt Khartum bis heute den Nachweis darüber schuldig ([email protected]) geblieben, dass sie die nicht-islamische und nicht-arabische Dr. Bernhard Chiari (bc), Modul Einsatzunterstützung, Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt, Potsdam Bevölkerung des Südens tatsächlich an der Macht beteiligen ([email protected]) möchte. Die Kämpfe im Süden und in Darfur hinterließen eine Hartwig Euler, Arbeitskreis »Lernen und Helfen in Übersee« e.V. in Gruppen zerfallene Gesellschaft, die das Vertrauen in eine ([email protected]) zentrale Regierung und den Glauben an gewaltfreie politische Richard Göbelt, Friedrich-Meinecke-Institut an der Freien Universität Teilhabe erst noch lernen muss. Vielfältige Konflikte behindern Berlin ([email protected]) bis heute die Ausbildung von Stabilität und Wohlstand in dem Dr. Gerald Hainzl, Landesverteidigungsakademie, Institut für von zahlreichen Ethnien bewohnten Sudan. Seit dem Sommer Friedenssicherung und Konfliktmanagement (IFK), Wien ([email protected]) 2004 engagieren sich neben der Afrikanischen Union nun auch Enrico Ille M.A., Seminar für Ethnologie der Martin-Luther-Universität die UNO und die EU aktiv im Friedensprozess, die Bundesrepub- Halle-Wi�enberg ([email protected]) lik entsendet unter anderem Militärbeobachter. Oberstleutnant Dietrich Jensch, zur Zeit United Nations Mission in Der »Wegweiser zur Geschichte« bietet in drei Abschnitten Sudan (UNMIS), Khartum ([email protected]) umfassende Informationen über Geschichte und Kultur des Su- Oberstleutnant Dr. Dieter H. Kollmer, Modul Einsatzunterstützung, dan. Renommierte Autorinnen und Autoren zeichnen zunächst Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt, Potsdam die wichtigsten historischen Entwicklungslinien sowie die Ent- ([email protected]) Major Dr. Detlef Kurth, 14. Panzergrenadierdivision, Neubrandenburg stehung der aktuellen Konflikte nach. In einem zweiten Teil, ([email protected]) überschrieben mit »Strukturen und Lebenswelten«, stehen die Kapitänleutnant Andreas Mückusch M.A., Frega�e Schleswig-Holstein, staatspolitischen Probleme, das gesellschaftliche Gefüge sowie Wilhelmshaven ([email protected]) Religion, Wirtschaft und Kultur des Landes im Vordergrund. Der Wolf-Christian Paes M.A. (wcp), Bonn International Center for Conversion abschließende Anhang enthält eine Zeittafel, Literaturtipps und ([email protected]) Internetlinks. »Erinnerungsorte« und Karten erschließen die his- Hauptmann Magnus Pahl M.A., Modul Einsatzunterstützung, torische Geografie eines faszinierenden Landes mit einer lan- Sudan Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt, Potsdam Sudan gen Geschichte, die weit mehr beinhaltet, als dies die weltweit ([email protected]) Marina Peter, Koordinatorin des Sudan Focal Point Europe, Hildesheim wahrgenommenen Krisen des ausgehenden 20. und 21. Jahr- ([email protected]) hunderts vermuten lassen. Frega�enkapitän Dr. Berthold Sander-Nagashima (jbsn), Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt, Potsdam ([email protected]) Oberstudienrätin Dr. Almut Seiler-Dietrich, Literaturwissenscha�lerin und Lehrerin in Bensheim ([email protected]) 76428.qxd 29.10.2007 11:40 Uhr Seite 1 Dr. Roland Schißau, Stellvertretender Leiter der Botscha� der Bundesrepublik Deutschland im Sudan ([email protected]) Dr. des. Wolbert G.C. Smidt, Asien-Afrika-Institut der Universität Hamburg ([email protected]) Prof. Dr. Rainer Tetzlaff, Institut für Politische Wissenscha� der Universität Hamburg (Prof@rainertetzlaff.de) Thilo Thielke, Der Spiegel ([email protected]) Dr. Anne�e Weber, Forschungsgruppe Naher Osten und Afrika der Eine Publikation des Sti�ung für Wissenscha� und Politik zur Geschichte Wegweiser (Anne�[email protected]) Militärgeschichtlichen Forschungsamtes im Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh MGFA Erinnerungsorte ������ ������� ������� ��� ������� ������ ������ ������� ���������� ������� ����������� �� � � � � � � � � � � ���� ���������������� ���� ����� ���������� ��������� ������������� ������� � ��� ������� ���������������������������� ������� ������ �� ������ ���������������������� �������� �������������� ������� �������� � ��������������������������� ������ �������� ���� ������������� ����������������� ����� ������ ����� ���������������������� �������� ��������� ����������������������� ��������� ��������� �������� ���� ��������������������� � ������� ����������������������� �������� ������ �������������������������������� ����� ������ �������� �� � ���������������������� �������� ����� � ������� � �������������� ��� ������ ������������������������������ ������ ���������� ������� � � ������������� ����� � � ������ � � ��������� � ������������������� � � �������������������������������� ������� � � ����� � ���������� � � � �� � ������������� �� � � ����������� �������� ���������������� ������������� � �� ������������ ���� ���������� �������� �������� ������ ������������ ��������� ������������ ��� ����� ������������ �������� ��������� ����������� ������ ������������� �������� �������� ���������� ����� � � � � ���������� � � � � �� � � ����� ������������� �������������� ��������� �� ��������� ��������� ���������� � ��� ��� ��� ��� ������ �������������� ������� ��������� ������� � �������������� ����� ����� ����� ���������� ������ ������� ������ ������ �� ��������� ����� ����� ����� ������ ������ �������� ���������� ���������� ���� ���� ������������� ������� Anregungen, Nachfragen und Kritik richten Sie bitte an: �� ��� ������ ������ �������� ������������� Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt (MGFA) ����� ����������� ������������ ���� ������ Modul Einsatzunterstützung ������ ���� ���� ������ ���� ������ Dr. Bernhard Chiari �������� ��� ��������� ����������� Zeppelinstraße 127/128 ���� � ����� �������� �������� ���� 14471 Potsdam ���� �������� ��� ������������ ���� Telefon (0331) 9714 400 ������� ������ ��������� ������ ���� ������� BwKz (90) 8529 400 � ������� Fax (0331) 9714 507 ������������� ����� ��� �� ����� E-Mail [email protected] �������� � ��� ��� ������ ������ �������� ����� ������������ ������� www.mgfa.de ����� ������ ���� ������ ����� �������� � ���� ����� ����� �������� Sudan Wegweiser zur Geschichte Herausgegeben vom Militärgeschichtlichen Forschungsamt Wegweiser zur Geschichte Sudan Im Au�rag des Militärgeschichtlichen Forschungsamtes herausgegeben von Bernhard Chiari unter Mitarbeit von Dieter H. Kollmer FERDINAND SCHÖNINGH 2008 Paderborn • München • Wien • Zürich Umschlagabbildung: Ein Nomade zieht mit seiner Rinderherde durch das ausgetrocknete Land, Aufnahme vom 18. April 1985 (picture-alliance/dpa) Bibliographische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliographie; detaillierte bibliographische Daten sind im Internet über h�p://dnb.d-nb.de abru�ar. Gedruckt auf umweltfreundlichem, chlorfrei gebleichtem und alterungsbeständigem Papier ISO ∞ 9706 © 2008 Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn (Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh GmbH & Co. KG, Jühenplatz 1, D-33098 Paderborn) Internet: www.schoeningh.de Redaktion, Satz, Layout: MGFA, Potsdam Lektorat: Roland G. Foerster (Kenzingen) Druck: SKN Druck und Verlag GmbH & Co., Norden Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Dieses Werk sowie einzelne Teile sind urheber- rechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung in anderen als den gesetzlich zugelassenen Fällen ist ohne vorherige schri�liche Zustimmung des Verlages nicht zulässig. Printed in Germany ISBN 978-3-506-76396-9 Inhalt Vorwort 7 Einleitung 9 I. Historische Entwicklungen Schwarze Königreiche von der Antike bis zur kolonialen Unterwerfung 17 Wolbert Smidt Zeit der Fremdherrscha� (1820–1955) 27 Magnus Pahl Der erste Bürgerkrieg und die schwierige Unabhängigkeit 1956 bis 1983 39 Andreas Mückusch Der zweite Bürgerkrieg und seine Auswirkungen auf die Gesellscha�en des Sudan 51 Bernhard Chiari Krieg in Darfur 65 Thilo Thielke Machtstrukturen und politische Lager 75 Anne�e Weber Die Rolle der Vereinten Nationen im Sudan 87 Thomas Breitwieser Der Sudan aus Sicht der deutschen Außenpolitik 105 Roland Schißau Zur Sicherheitslage im Sommer 2007 113 Dietrich Jensch II. Strukturen und Lebenswelten Sudan – wegschauen oder intervenieren? Ein islamisches »Horrorregime« als politische Herausforderung für die Internationale Staatengemeinscha� 121 Rainer Tetzlaff Ethnische Strukturen 131 Enrico Ille Das Erbe des Kolonialismus als Grundlage regionalen Selbstverständnisses 143 Gerald Hainzl Zur Rolle der Religionen 151 Marina Peter Scharia, Verfassung, Menschenrechte. Zur Problematik eines gemeinsamen Rechtsverständnisses im Sudan 161 Hartwig Euler Sudanesische Literatur 171 Almut Seiler-Dietrich Klimatische Besonderheiten und Formen der Besiedelung 177 Detlef Kurth Hoffnungsschimmer Erdöl: Die Volkswirtscha� des Sudan 183 Dieter H. Kollmer Städteportrait Khartum 193 Roland Schißau Anhang (Richard Göbelt) Geschichte im Überblick 200 Kalender 220 Erinnerungsorte 222 Literatur und neue Medien 229 Register 235 Vorwort Im Jahre 2005 schlossen nach Jahrzehnten des Bürgerkriegs der Norden und der Süden der Islamischen Republik Sudan einen
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