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Title Stegodon Miensis Matsumoto (Proboscidea) from the Pliocene Yaoroshi Formation, Akiruno City, Tokyo, Japan( Fulltext ) Auth

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Stegodon miensis Matsumoto (Proboscidea) from the Pliocene Title Yaoroshi Formation, Akiruno City, Tokyo, Japan( fulltext ) Author(s) AIBA, Hiroaki; BABA, Katsuyoshi; MATSUKAWA, Masaki Citation 東京学芸大学紀要. 自然科学系, 58: 203-206 Issue Date 2006-09-00 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2309/63450 Committee of Publication of Bulletin of Tokyo Gakugei Publisher University Rights Bulletin of Tokyo Gakugei University, Natural Sciences, 58, pp．203 ～ 206 , 2006 Stegodon miensis Matsumoto (Proboscidea) from the Pliocene Yaoroshi Formation, Akiruno City, Tokyo, Japan Hiroaki AIBA ＊, Katsuyoshi BABA ＊, Masaki MATSUKAWA ＊＊ Environmental Sciences （Received for Publication ; May 26, 2006） AIBA, H., BABA, K. and MATSUKAWA, M.: Stegodon miensis Matsumoto (Proboscidea) from the Pliocene Yaoroshi Formation, Akiruno City, Tokyo, Japan. Bull. Tokyo Gakugei Univ. Natur. Sci., 58: 203 – 206 (2006) ISSN 1880–4330 Abstract The molar of Stegodon from the Pliocene Yaoroshi Formation in Akiruno City, Tokyo, is described as S. miensis Matsumoto, based on morphological characteristics and dimensional characters of the specimen. The present specimen of S. miensis from the Yaoroshi Formation is shown to represent the uppermost-known horizon of the species. Key words : Stegodon miensis, Yaoroshi Formation, Late Pliocene, molar, paleontological description * Keio Gijyuku Yochisha, Shibuya, Tokyo 150-0013, Japan. ** Department of Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan. Corresponding author : Masaki Matsukawa ([email protected]) Introduction ulna. The materials were initially identified as Stegodon bombifrons (Itsukaichi Stegodon Research Group, 1980) and Stegodon miensis Matsumoto (Proboscidea) is the oldest- subsequently distinguished as S. shinshuensis (Taruno, known species of the genus Stegodon in Japan. The species 1991a). Taru and Kohno (2002) considered S. shinshuensis is interpreted to have been derived from S. zdansky, which as a junior synonym of S. miensis. may have migrated from the Asian mainland (Konishi and Recently, Baba et al. (2005) reported that these specimens Takahashi, 1999) and had a wide distribution in Japan during were found in mud beds in the upper part of the Yaoroshi the Pliocene. Consequently, the species was proposed as the Formation (they gave the formation name as the Yamada zonal index of the S. miensis Zone (ca. 4 Ma to 2.5 Ma) of Formation, but this formation is regarded as a junior synonym the Pliocene terrestrial deposits of Japan (Taruno and Kamei, of the Yaoroshi Formation by Mastukawa et al., 2006), and 1993). reported that a tuff layer in the mud beds is assigned an age of In 1978, the fossil remains of a Stegodon were collected 2.93±0.19 Ma, based on fission track analysis. This means from mud beds of the basal part of the Kazusa Group in that the specimens identified as S. miensis from the Yaoroshi Akiruno City (formerly called Itsukaichi-machi Town), Formation represent the youngest known occurrence of this western Tokyo, Japan. This specimen consists of one molar species. The specimens are therefore very important for and more than 20 pieces of bone, including the tibia and understanding the biostratigraphy and evolution of the － 203 － Bulletin of Tokyo Gakugei University, Natural Sciences, Vol. 58 (2006) Japanese Proboscidea. Despite all this information, however, bent in an S-like form, but other ridges are almost straight. the paleontological systematics of the materials have not been The sixth ridge is partly broken but mostly preserved. The presented. This paper gives a description of the molar as a fifth ridge is preserved only in its central part. The enamel key for understanding the proboscid evolution. layer is lustrous, and its color is dark navy blue and light The specimens illustrated were deposited in the Tokyo brown in the worn points. The enamel folding is observable Metropolitan Natural History Museum at Takao, Hachioji in the sixth and seventh ridges and arranged regularly. The City, Tokyo, and were converted to keep in the Hachioji valleys between the ridges are wide and filled with the Board of Education, Tokyo. Registered numbers of materials cementum. The color of cementum is light brown. The used are inherited from the former museum. NSM-PV as thickness of the enamel layer is measured as 9.0 mm at the Institutional abbreviation refers to the National Science broken section of the lingual side at the fifth ridge, 7.4 mm at Museum, Tokyo. the sixth ridge, 7.4 mm at the eighth one. The angles of each valley form a V-shape and are 45-50 degrees. The cingulum Systematic description is developed on the lingual side. The roots of the tooth are not observable. The dentin is observed at the fractured Order Proboscidea Illiger, 1811 section of the fifth and sixth ridges; it is brown in color and Family Stegodontidae Osborn, 1918 lustrous. The enamel outer and the enamel inner are Genus Stegodon Falconer and Cautley, 1846 indistinct. The shearing blade is obliterated and rounded. Its character shows Type 2 of typology of step-like structure of Stegodon miensis Matsumoto, 1941 Stegodon molar (Saegusa, 1996). The seventh ridge consists of seven (estimate ten) equal sized mammillae and the eighth Figure 1 (A-G) ridge has six (estimate seven). Ridge frequency at 100 mm is about 3.0. The fragment of the molar (Coll. no. 780304) is 1980 Stegodon bombifrons (Falconer and Cautley); 6.7+ mm wide, although it is not known which part it Itsukaichi Stegodon Research Group, p.76-91, pl. 3-9. represents. We can observe one lustrous tubercle. 1991a Stegodon shinshuensis Sawamura, Sugiyama, Tanaka, Comparison. The present specimen of upper right molar Yoshida and Suzuki; Taruno, p. 87. (M3) is similar to the left lower molar (m3) of the type 2005 Stegodon miensis Matsumoto; Baba et al., p. 185-193, specimen of S. miensis (NSM-PV2193) from the Pliocene fig. 1. Kameyama Formation of the Tokai Group of Japan (see Matsumoto, 1941, p. 385-396) in its large size and ridge Material. Upper right M3 (Coll. no. 780302) and molar frequency: the measurements of the greatest width of the fragment (Coll. no. 780304). Both specimens are kept at the crown are 112 mm and 104 mm in the present specimen and Hachioji Board of Education, Hachioji City, Tokyo (the the type specimen of S. miensis, respectively, and the ridge former Tokyo Metropolitan Natural History Museum at frequency at 100 mm of both specimens is 3.0. Fossil Takao, Hachioji City, Tokyo). Elephant Research Group (1979) reported a specimen of a Locality. Ajiro, Akiruno City, Tokyo, Japan. partial cranium with four molars, housed at the Department Horizon. The mud bed in the upper part of the Yaoroshi of Geology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto City Formation (Upper Pliocene). (Registered #SSG1001), found in the Shigarami Formation, Description of molar. Upper right M3 (Coll. no. 780302) Nagano Prefecture, Japan, and described by them as is composed of four ridges. Distal talonid is lacking or Stegodon shinshuensis sp. nov. There is a gap in this cranial covered with cement. Although mesial parts are missing, we specimen, however, such that both the left and right molars estimate the ridge formula as X8X. The length of the crown form two distinct parts, backward and forward. Fossil measures +127 mm, the widest width of crown is 112 mm at Elephant Research Group (1979) described the specimens as the sixth ridge. The distal margin of the crown is round. The M2 and M3 molars. Taruno (1991b), however, identified buccal and lingual margins are gently convex. Excepting the these parts as the mesial talon and distal talonid of M3; he eighth ridge, all the others are worn away. The eighth ridge described the M3 molar of the specimen and gave its is almost covered with cement. The seventh ridge is weakly measurements of 290± mm in length of crown, 118± mm － 204 － MATSUKAWA, et al：Stegodon miensis from the Pliocene Yaoroshi Formation, Tokyo, Japan in widest width of crown, 2.5 in ridge frequency and 7.4 mm its fission-track age. Bulletin of Tokyo Gakugei in enamel. These measurements are similar to those of the University, ser. 4, 57, 185-193 (in Japanese, English specimen of the upper right molar (M3) of our material. In abstract). addition, Taruno (1991b) mentioned that the width of the Fossil Elephant Research Group, 1979. New species of crown of the upper molar (M3) of S. miensis ranged from Stegolophodon found from the Shigarami Formation, 100 mm to 130 mm. All this information suggests that the northern part of Nagano Prefecture, central Japan. Earth present specimen can be assigned to S. miensis. Science (Journal of the Association for the Geological Collaboration in Japan), 33, 11-25. Significance of this specimen for Japanese Itsukaichi Stegodon Research Group, 1980. On stegodon proboscid biostratigraphy fossils from Itsukaichi, Nishitama-gun, Tokyo. Bunkazai no Hogo, 12, 76-91 (in Japanese). Specimens of S. miensis have been reported from more Konishi, S. and Takahashi, K., 1999. Mandibular than 10 localities in Japan. Although Taruno and Kamei morphology of stegodons from Japan, Stegodon (1993) proposed the Stegodon miensis Zone as one of the aurorae and Stegodon shinshuensis (Proboscidea, Plio-Pleistocene terrestrial biostratigraphic zones, and Mammalia). Earth Science (Chikyu Kagaku), 53, 3-18. estimated the zone to have an age of about 4.0 Ma to 2.5 Ma, Matsukawa, M., Kakinuma, H., Baba, K. and Ohira, H., there have been reports of S. miensis from the upper part of 2006. Stratigraphy and correlation of the Plio- the zone. S. miensis Zone should be used instead of S. Pleistocene strata along the western flank of the Kwanto shinshuensis, because S. shinshuensis is regarded as a junior Plain, Japan. Bulletin of Tokyo Gakugei University, synonym of S. miensis (Taru and Kohno, 2002). Natural Sciences, 58, 173-202. Although Taruno and Kamei (1993) defined the Stegodon Matsumoto, H., 1941.
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    The Distribution of Proboscidea (Elephants) Professor Dr. Erich Thenius [In: Kosmos #5, May, pp. 235-242, 1964, Stuttgart] When I speak here about animals with a trunk, I do not mean the tapirs or pigs, but I refer only to the elephants and their ancestors, like the Mastodons and Dinotheria which we call the Proboscidea (after the Greek: proboscis = trunk). Their main characteristic is their remarkable trunk which has been fashioned to become a “gripping” organ. That organ was not present in the geologically oldest ancestors whose skeletons stem from the deposits of the Eocene (old Tertiary) in Africa. Even though we have no “soft tissues” of those animals, their skeletal features suffice to tell the scientist just what their bodily characteristics would have been. Thus also, we are not really going to discuss much about their distribution in historic times, but rather, we will concentrate on the development of these characteristic mammals, from their inception to their distribution in the past. A history of the Proboscidea is necessarily a history of their distribution in time and space. Information of these animals is available from numerous fossil findings in nearly all continents. But, before we even consider the fossil history, let us take a quick look of the current distribution of elephants which is shown in Figure 1. Nowadays, there are only two species of elephants: the Indian and African elephants. They not only differ geographically but also morphologically. That is to say, they are different in their bodily form and in their anatomy in several characteristics as every attentive zoo visitor who sees them side-by-side easily observes: The small-eared Indian elephant (Elephas maximus) has a markedly bowed upper skull; the African cousin (Loxodonta africana) has longer legs and markedly larger ears.
  • Paleobiogeography of Trilophodont Gomphotheres (Mammalia: Proboscidea)

    Paleobiogeography of Trilophodont Gomphotheres (Mammalia: Proboscidea)

    Revista Mexicana deTrilophodont Ciencias Geológicas, gomphotheres. v. 28, Anúm. reconstruction 2, 2011, p. applying235-244 DIVA (Dispersion-Vicariance Analysis) 235 Paleobiogeography of trilophodont gomphotheres (Mammalia: Proboscidea). A reconstruction applying DIVA (Dispersion-Vicariance Analysis) María Teresa Alberdi1,*, José Luis Prado2, Edgardo Ortiz-Jaureguizar3, Paula Posadas3, and Mariano Donato1 1 Departamento de Paleobiología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, España. 2 INCUAPA, Departamento de Arqueología, Universidad Nacional del Centro, Del Valle 5737, B7400JWI Olavarría, Argentina. 3 LASBE, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque S/Nº, B1900FWA La Plata, Argentina. * [email protected] ABSTRACT The objective of our paper was to analyze the distributional patterns of trilophodont gomphotheres, applying an event-based biogeographic method. We have attempted to interpret the biogeographical history of trilophodont gomphotheres in the context of the geological evolution of the continents they inhabited during the Cenozoic. To reconstruct this biogeographic history we used DIVA 1.1. This application resulted in an exact solution requiring three vicariant events, and 15 dispersal events, most of them (i.e., 14) occurring at terminal taxa. The single dispersal event at an internal node affected the common ancestor to Sinomastodon plus the clade Cuvieronius – Stegomastodon. A vicariant event took place which resulted in two isolated groups: (1) Amebelodontinae (Africa – Europe – Asia) and (2) Gomphotheriinae (North America). The Amebelodontinae clade was split by a second vicariant event into Archaeobelodon (Africa and Europe), and the ancestors of the remaining genera of the clade (Asia). In contrast, the Gomphotheriinae clade evolved mainly in North America.
  • Foraging Ecology and Conservation Biology of African Elephants: Ecological and Evolutionary Perspectives on Elephant-Woody Plant Interactions in African Landscapes

    Foraging Ecology and Conservation Biology of African Elephants: Ecological and Evolutionary Perspectives on Elephant-Woody Plant Interactions in African Landscapes

    Foraging ecology and conservation biology of African elephants: Ecological and evolutionary perspectives on elephant-woody plant interactions in African landscapes Item Type Thesis Authors Dudley, Joseph Paine Download date 27/09/2021 15:01:40 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/9523 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter free, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back o f the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zed) Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner.