Enamel Prism Patterns in Proboscidean Molar Teeth F
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Open Thesis Final V2.Pdf
The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School Department of the Geosciences TAXONOMIC AND ECOLOGIC IMPLICATIONS OF MAMMOTH MOLAR MORPHOLOGY AS MEASURED VIA COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY A Thesis in Geosciences by Gregory J Smith 2015 Gregory J Smith Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science August 2015 ii The thesis of Gregory J Smith was reviewed and approved* by the following: Russell W. Graham EMS Museum Director and Professor of the Geosciences Thesis Advisor Mark Patzkowsky Professor of the Geosciences Eric Post Director of the Polar Center and Professor of Biology Timothy Ryan Associate Professor of Anthropology and Information Sciences and Technology Michael Arthur Professor of the Geosciences Interim Associate Head for Graduate Programs and Research *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT Two Late Pleistocene species of Mammuthus, M. columbi and M. primigenius, prove difficult to identify on the basis of their third molar (M3) morphology alone due to the effects of dental wear. A newly-erupted, relatively unworn M3 exhibits drastically different characters than that tooth would after a lifetime of wear. On a highly-worn molar, the lophs that comprise the occlusal surface are more broadly spaced and the enamel ridges thicken in comparison to these respective characters on an unworn molar. Since Mammuthus taxonomy depends on the lamellar frequency (# of lophs/decimeter of occlusal surface) and enamel thickness of the third molar, given the effects of wear it becomes apparent that these taxonomic characters are variable throughout the tooth’s life. Therefore, employing static taxonomic identifications that are based on dynamic attributes is a fundamentally flawed practice. -
1.1 První Chobotnatci 5 1.2 Plesielephantiformes 5 1.3 Elephantiformes 6 1.3.1 Mammutida 6 1.3.2 Elephantida 7 1.3.3 Elephantoidea 7 2
MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV GEOLOGICKÝCH VĚD Jakub Březina Rešerše k bakalářské práci Využití mikrostruktur klů neogenních chobotnatců na příkladu rodu Zygolophodon Vedoucí práce: doc. Mgr. Martin Ivanov, Dr. Brno 2012 OBSAH 1. Současný pohled na evoluci chobotnatců 3 1.1 První chobotnatci 5 1.2 Plesielephantiformes 5 1.3 Elephantiformes 6 1.3.1 Mammutida 6 1.3.2 Elephantida 7 1.3.3 Elephantoidea 7 2. Kly chobotnatců a jejich mikrostruktura 9 2.1 Přírůstky v klech chobotnatců 11 2.1.1 Využití přírůstků v klech chobotnatců 11 2.2 Schregerův vzor 12 2.2.1 Stavba Schregerova vzoru 12 2.2.2 Využití Schregerova vzoru 12 2.3 Dentinové kanálky 15 3 Sedimenty s nálezy savců v okolí Mikulova 16 3.1 Baden 17 3.2 Pannon a Pont 18 1. Současný pohled na evoluci chobotnatců Současná systematika chobotnatců není kompletně odvozena od jejich fylogeneze, rekonstruované pomocí kladistických metod. Diskutované skupiny tak mnohdy nepředstavují monofyletické skupiny. Přestože jsou taxonomické kategorie matoucí (např. Laurin 2005), jsem do jisté míry nucen je používat. Některým skupinám úrovně stále přiřazeny nebyly a zde této skutečnosti není přisuzován žádný význam. V této rešerši jsem se zaměřil hlavně na poznatky, které následovaly po vydání knihy; The Proboscidea: Evolution and Paleoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives, od Shoshaniho a Tassyho (1996). Chobotnatci jsou součástí skupiny Tethytheria společně s anthracobunidy, sirénami a desmostylidy (Shoshani 1998; Shoshani & Tassy 1996; 2005; Gheerbrant & Tassy 2009). Základní klasifikace sestává ze dvou skupin. Ze skupiny Plesielephantiformes, do které patří čeledě Numidotheriidae, Barytheriidae a Deinotheridae a ze skupiny Elephantiformes, do které patří čeledě Palaeomastodontidae, Phiomiidae, Mammutida, Gomphotheriidae, tetralofodontní gomfotéria, Stegodontidae a Elephantidae (Shoshani & Marchant 2001; Shoshani & Tassy 2005; Gheerbrant & Tassy 2009). -
Title Stegodon Miensis Matsumoto (Proboscidea) from the Pliocene Yaoroshi Formation, Akiruno City, Tokyo, Japan( Fulltext ) Auth
Stegodon miensis Matsumoto (Proboscidea) from the Pliocene Title Yaoroshi Formation, Akiruno City, Tokyo, Japan( fulltext ) Author(s) AIBA, Hiroaki; BABA, Katsuyoshi; MATSUKAWA, Masaki Citation 東京学芸大学紀要. 自然科学系, 58: 203-206 Issue Date 2006-09-00 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2309/63450 Committee of Publication of Bulletin of Tokyo Gakugei Publisher University Rights Bulletin of Tokyo Gakugei University, Natural Sciences, 58, pp.203 ~ 206 , 2006 Stegodon miensis Matsumoto (Proboscidea) from the Pliocene Yaoroshi Formation, Akiruno City, Tokyo, Japan Hiroaki AIBA *, Katsuyoshi BABA *, Masaki MATSUKAWA ** Environmental Sciences (Received for Publication ; May 26, 2006) AIBA, H., BABA, K. and MATSUKAWA, M.: Stegodon miensis Matsumoto (Proboscidea) from the Pliocene Yaoroshi Formation, Akiruno City, Tokyo, Japan. Bull. Tokyo Gakugei Univ. Natur. Sci., 58: 203 – 206 (2006) ISSN 1880–4330 Abstract The molar of Stegodon from the Pliocene Yaoroshi Formation in Akiruno City, Tokyo, is described as S. miensis Matsumoto, based on morphological characteristics and dimensional characters of the specimen. The present specimen of S. miensis from the Yaoroshi Formation is shown to represent the uppermost-known horizon of the species. Key words : Stegodon miensis, Yaoroshi Formation, Late Pliocene, molar, paleontological description * Keio Gijyuku Yochisha, Shibuya, Tokyo 150-0013, Japan. ** Department of Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan. Corresponding author : Masaki Matsukawa ([email protected]) Introduction ulna. The materials were initially identified as Stegodon bombifrons (Itsukaichi Stegodon Research Group, 1980) and Stegodon miensis Matsumoto (Proboscidea) is the oldest- subsequently distinguished as S. shinshuensis (Taruno, known species of the genus Stegodon in Japan. The species 1991a). Taru and Kohno (2002) considered S. -
Teacher's Booklet
Ideas and Evidence at the Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences Teacher’s Booklet Acknowledgements Shawn Peart Secondary Consultant Annette Shelford Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences Paul Dainty Great Cornard Upper School Sarah Taylor St. James Middle School David Heap Westley Middle School Thanks also to Dudley Simons for photography and processing of the images of objects and exhibits at the Sedgwick Museum, and to Adrienne Mayor for kindly allowing us to use her mammoth and monster images (see picture credits). Picture Credits Page 8 “Bag of bones” activity adapted from an old resource, source unknown. Page 8 Iguanodon images used in the interpretation of the skeleton picture resource from www.dinohunters.com Page 9 Mammoth skeleton images from ‘The First Fossil Hunters’ by Adrienne Mayor, Princeton University Press ISBN: 0-691-05863 with kind permission of the author Page 9 Both paintings of Mary Anning from the collections of the Natural History Museum © Natural History Museum, London 1 Page 12 Palaeontologists Picture from the photographic archive of the Sedgwick Museum © Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences Page 14 Images of Iguanodon from www.dinohunters.com Page 15 “Duria Antiquior - a more ancient Dorsetshire” by Henry de la Beche from the collection of the National Museums and Galleries of Wales © National Museum of Wales Page 17 Images of Deinotherium giganteum skull cast © Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences Page 19 Image of red sandstone slab © Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences 2 Introduction Ideas and evidence was introduced as an aspect of school science after the review of the National Curriculum in 2000. Until the advent of the National Strategy for Science it was an area that was often not planned for explicitly. -
Isotopic Dietary Reconstructions of Pliocene Herbivores at Laetoli: Implications for Early Hominin Paleoecology ⁎ John D
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 243 (2007) 272–306 www.elsevier.com/locate/palaeo Isotopic dietary reconstructions of Pliocene herbivores at Laetoli: Implications for early hominin paleoecology ⁎ John D. Kingston a, , Terry Harrison b a Department of Anthropology, Emory University, 1557 Dickey Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322, United States b Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, 25 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003, United States Received 20 September 2005; received in revised form 1 August 2006; accepted 4 August 2006 Abstract Major morphological and behavioral innovations in early human evolution have traditionally been viewed as responses to conditions associated with increasing aridity and the development of extensive grassland-savanna biomes in Africa during the Plio- Pleistocene. Interpretations of paleoenvironments at the Pliocene locality of Laetoli in northern Tanzania have figured prominently in these discussions, primarily because early hominins recovered from Laetoli are generally inferred to be associated with grassland, savanna or open woodland habitats. As these reconstructions effectively extend the range of habitat preferences inferred for Pliocene hominins, and contrast with interpretations of predominantly woodland and forested ecosystems at other early hominin sites, it is worth reevaluating the paleoecology at Laetoli utilizing a new approach. Isotopic analyses were conducted on the teeth of twenty-one extinct mammalian herbivore species from the Laetolil Beds (∼4.3–3.5 Ma) and Upper Ndolanya Beds (∼2.7–2.6 Ma) to determine their diet, as well as to investigate aspects of plant physiognomy and climate. Enamel samples were obtained from multiple localities at different stratigraphic levels in order to develop a high-resolution spatio-temporal framework for identifying and characterizing dietary and ecological change and variability within the succession. -
Mammalia, Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae): Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Biogeography
J Mammal Evol DOI 10.1007/s10914-012-9192-3 ORIGINAL PAPER The South American Gomphotheres (Mammalia, Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae): Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Biogeography Dimila Mothé & Leonardo S. Avilla & Mario A. Cozzuol # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 Abstract The taxonomic history of South American Gom- peruvium, seems to be a crucial part of the biogeography photheriidae is very complex and controversial. Three species and evolution of the South American gomphotheres. are currently recognized: Amahuacatherium peruvium, Cuvieronius hyodon,andNotiomastodon platensis.Thefor- Keywords South American Gomphotheres . Systematic mer is a late Miocene gomphothere whose validity has been review. Taxonomy. Proboscidea questioned by several authors. The other two, C. hyodon and N. platensis, are Quaternary taxa in South America, and they have distinct biogeographic patterns: Andean and lowland Introduction distributions, respectively. South American gomphotheres be- came extinct at the end of the Pleistocene. We conducted a The family Gomphotheriidae is, so far, the only group of phylogenetic analysis of Proboscidea including the South Proboscidea recorded in South America. Together with the American Quaternary gomphotheres, which resulted in two megatheriid sloths Eremotherium laurillardi Lund, 1842, most parsimonious trees. Our results support a paraphyletic the Megatherium americanum Cuvier, 1796,andthe Gomphotheriidae and a monophyletic South American notoungulate Toxodon platensis Owen, 1840, they are the gomphothere lineage: C. hyodon and N. platensis. The late most common late Pleistocene representatives of the mega- Miocene gomphothere record in Peru, Amahuacatherium fauna in South America (Paula-Couto 1979). Similar to the Pleistocene and Holocene members of the family Elephan- tidae (e.g., extant elephants and extinct mammoths), the D. -
Filling a Gap in the Proboscidean Fossil Record: a New Genus from The
Filling a gap in the proboscidean fossil record: a new genus from the Lutetian of Senegal Rodolphe Tabuce, Raphaël Sarr, Sylvain Adnet, Renaud Lebrun, Fabrice Lihoreau, Jeremy Martin, Bernard Sambou, Mustapha Thiam, Lionel Hautier To cite this version: Rodolphe Tabuce, Raphaël Sarr, Sylvain Adnet, Renaud Lebrun, Fabrice Lihoreau, et al.. Filling a gap in the proboscidean fossil record: a new genus from the Lutetian of Senegal. Journal of Paleontology, Paleontological Society, 2019, pp.1-9. 10.1017/jpa.2019.98. hal-02408861 HAL Id: hal-02408861 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02408861 Submitted on 8 Dec 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 Filling a gap in the proboscidean fossil record: a new genus from 2 the Lutetian of Senegal 3 4 Rodolphe Tabuce1, Raphaël Sarr2, Sylvain Adnet1, Renaud Lebrun1, Fabrice Lihoreau1, Jeremy 5 E. Martin2, Bernard Sambou3, Mustapha Thiam3, and Lionel Hautier1 6 7 1Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, UMR5554, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Université de 8 Montpellier, Montpellier, France <[email protected]> 9 <[email protected]> <[email protected]> 10 <[email protected]> <[email protected] > 11 2Univ. -
The Fossil Proboscideans of Bulgaria and the Importance of Some Bulgarian Finds – a Brief Review
Historia naturalis bulgarica, The fossil proboscideans of Bulgaria 139 16: 139-150, 2004 The fossil proboscideans of Bulgaria and the importance of some Bulgarian finds – a brief review Georgi N. MARKOV MARKOV G. 2004. The fossil proboscideans of Bulgaria and the importance of some Bulgarian finds – a brief review. – Historia naturalis bulgarica, 16: 139-150. Abstract. The paper summarizes briefly the current data on Bulgarian fossil proboscideans, revised by the author. Finds of special interest and importance for different problems of proboscideanology are discussed, with some paleozoogeographical notes. Key words: Proboscidea, Neogene, Bulgaria, Systematics Introduction The following text is a brief summary of the results obtained during a PhD research (2000-2003; thesis in preparation) on the fossil proboscideans of Bulgaria. Various Bulgarian collections stock several hundred specimens of fossil proboscideans from more than a hundred localities in the country. BAKALOV & NIKOLOV (1962; 1964) summarized most of the finds collected from the beginning of the 20th century to the 1960s, the first of the cited papers dealing with deinotheres, mammutids and gomphotheres sensu lato, the second – with elephantids. Sporadic publications from the 1970s have added more material. During the 1980s and the 1990s there were practically no studies by Bulgarian authors describing new material or revising the proboscidean fossils already published. Bulgarian material has been discussed by TASSY (1983; 1999), TOBIEN (1976; 1978; 1986; 1988), METZ- MULLER (1995; 1996a,b; 2000), and more recently by MARKOV et al. (2002), HUTTUNEN (2002a,b), HUTTUNEN & GÖHLICH (2002), LISTER & van ESSEN (2003), and MARKOV & SPASSOV (2003a,b). During the last two decades, a large amount of unpublished material was gathered, and many of the previously published finds needed a serious revision. -
Paleobiogeography of Trilophodont Gomphotheres (Mammalia: Proboscidea)
Revista Mexicana deTrilophodont Ciencias Geológicas, gomphotheres. v. 28, Anúm. reconstruction 2, 2011, p. applying235-244 DIVA (Dispersion-Vicariance Analysis) 235 Paleobiogeography of trilophodont gomphotheres (Mammalia: Proboscidea). A reconstruction applying DIVA (Dispersion-Vicariance Analysis) María Teresa Alberdi1,*, José Luis Prado2, Edgardo Ortiz-Jaureguizar3, Paula Posadas3, and Mariano Donato1 1 Departamento de Paleobiología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, España. 2 INCUAPA, Departamento de Arqueología, Universidad Nacional del Centro, Del Valle 5737, B7400JWI Olavarría, Argentina. 3 LASBE, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque S/Nº, B1900FWA La Plata, Argentina. * [email protected] ABSTRACT The objective of our paper was to analyze the distributional patterns of trilophodont gomphotheres, applying an event-based biogeographic method. We have attempted to interpret the biogeographical history of trilophodont gomphotheres in the context of the geological evolution of the continents they inhabited during the Cenozoic. To reconstruct this biogeographic history we used DIVA 1.1. This application resulted in an exact solution requiring three vicariant events, and 15 dispersal events, most of them (i.e., 14) occurring at terminal taxa. The single dispersal event at an internal node affected the common ancestor to Sinomastodon plus the clade Cuvieronius – Stegomastodon. A vicariant event took place which resulted in two isolated groups: (1) Amebelodontinae (Africa – Europe – Asia) and (2) Gomphotheriinae (North America). The Amebelodontinae clade was split by a second vicariant event into Archaeobelodon (Africa and Europe), and the ancestors of the remaining genera of the clade (Asia). In contrast, the Gomphotheriinae clade evolved mainly in North America. -
Foraging Ecology and Conservation Biology of African Elephants: Ecological and Evolutionary Perspectives on Elephant-Woody Plant Interactions in African Landscapes
Foraging ecology and conservation biology of African elephants: Ecological and evolutionary perspectives on elephant-woody plant interactions in African landscapes Item Type Thesis Authors Dudley, Joseph Paine Download date 27/09/2021 15:01:40 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/9523 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter free, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back o f the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zed) Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. -
Manus Descriptions of an Undescribed Mastodon from the Latest Miocene-Earliest Pliocene Gray Fossil Site, with Comparisons to Other North American Proboscidean Taxa
East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 12-2019 Manus Descriptions of an Undescribed Mastodon from the Latest Miocene-Earliest Pliocene Gray Fossil Site, with Comparisons to other North American Proboscidean Taxa Brenna Hart-Farrar East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the Geology Commons, and the Paleobiology Commons Recommended Citation Hart-Farrar, Brenna, "Manus Descriptions of an Undescribed Mastodon from the Latest Miocene-Earliest Pliocene Gray Fossil Site, with Comparisons to other North American Proboscidean Taxa" (2019). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 3680. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3680 This Thesis - unrestricted is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Manus Descriptions of an Undescribed Mastodon from the Latest Miocene-Earliest Pliocene Gray Fossil Site, with Comparisons to other North American Proboscidean Taxa _________________________________ A thesis presented to the faculty of the Department of Geosciences East Tennessee State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Geosciences _________________________________ by Brenna J. Hart-Farrar December 2019 _________________________________ Steven C. Wallace, Chair Chris. Widga Blaine W. Schubert Keywords: Gray Fossil Site, Mammut, Mastodon, Morphology, Manus ABSTRACT Manus descriptions of an Undescribed Mastodon from the Latest Miocene-Earliest Pliocene Gray Fossil Site, with Comparisons to other North American Proboscidean Taxa by Brenna J. -
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J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 28, 2014, 137-141 T HE PRE–HISTORIC PROBOSCIDEANS OF NEPAL RAMESH SHRESTHA Natural History Museum, Tribhuvan University Swayambhu, Kathmandu, Nepal [email protected] ABSTRACT AlthoughNepal is one of the native habitats of the present day species of the Asian elephant, Elephas maximus; it is also an important seat of early Proboscidean evolutionary grounds. Up to now four familiesand within them seven species of Proboscideans are recorded from Nepal in the forms of different fossils. Out of the total known Proboscideans throughout the world and Indian sub–continent, Nepal had approximately 3.86% and 14% respectively. This fact undoubtedly indicates that Nepal has remained an important place with perfect ecological conditions for the advance of elephants since pre–historic times. Keywords: Proboscidea, elephants, Rato Khola, Surai Khola, Babai Khola INTRODUCTION Nepal, as part of the Indian sub–continent, remained an important place for the evolution of elephants since Miocene some 24 million years before present (MYBP). Many palaeontologists have discovered various body parts of these Proboscideans since a long time from different parts of the country. The Proboscidea order (from the Latin proboscis) encompasses the mammals with long muscular trunks. The features of trunks and tusks were absent or less developed in early Proboscideans. The elephant trunk is a very special feature, which is very strong, mobile, sensitive, and they can use it to grasp things with it. The trunks have certainly helped out elephants and their ancestors a lot by adapting to strange environments and use it for special things. Fossils of Proboscideans have been found on all continents except Australia and Antarctica.