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The Abduction of Japanese People by North Korea And CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Ritsumeikan Research Repository THE ABDUCTION OF JAPANESE PEOPLE BY NORTH KOREA AND THE DYNAMICS OF JAPANESE DOMESTIC POLITICS AND FOREIGN POLICY: CASE STUDIES OF SHIN KANEMARU AND JUNICHIRO KOIZUMI’S PYONGYANG SUMMIT MEETINGS IN 1990, 2002 AND 2004’S PYONGYANG SUMMIT MEETINGS by PARK Seohee 51114605 March 2017 Master’s Thesis / Independent Final Report Presented to Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Asia Pacific Studies ACKNOLEGEMENTS First and foremost, I praise and thank my Lord, who gives me the opportunity and talent to accomplish this research. You gave me the power to trust in my passion and pursue my dreams. I could never have done this without the faith I have in You, the Almighty. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Yoichiro Sato for your excellent support and guidance. You gave me the will to carry on and never give up in any hardship. Under your great supervision, this work came into existence. Again, I am so grateful for your trust, informative advice, and encouragement. I am deeply thankful and honored to my loving family. My two Mr. Parks and Mrs. Keum for your support, love and trust. Every moment of every day, I thank our Lord Almighty for giving me such a wonderful family. I would like to express my gratitude to Rotary Yoneyama Memorial Foundation, particularly to Mrs. Toshiko Takahashi (and her family), Kunisaki Club, Mr. Minoru Akiyoshi and Mr. Kentaro Yamana, for providing me the scholarship and support. I am appreciative to all my friends in APU, especially Ms. In Young Yoo, Mr. Mostafa Khalili and Mr. Tamim Karimi for their encouragement and insightful advice. Also, I would like to thank Mr. Ryan Clemente who helped my editing; moreover, many thanks to Sato Seminar members including Ms. Bella Tran and Ms. Ghadda Hayat for sharing views and different opinions and inspiring me with their brilliant ideas. You all deserve my special thanks, my trusted friends in Korea, especially Ms. Yoon Kyung Choi, Mr. Hanwool Choi, Ms. So Young Park and Ms. Min Seo Kim. I cannot forget to mention Mr. Tyler McCurdy in Maryland, a good friend of mine. I also would like to thank former Prime Minister of Japan, Mr. Tomiichi Murayama for the interview he granted me, and Mrs. Kyeung Sook Park, the missionary in my church for her prayer. Lastly, I express my gratitude to my Patience to conduct this research and pursue the way I would like to go. PARK Seohee, January 30, 2017 i DECLARATION I, PARK Seohee (51114605), hereby declare that this thesis titled, “The Abduction of Japanese People by North Korea and the Dynamics of Japanese Domestic Politics and Diplomacy: Case Studies of Shin Kanemaru and Junichiro Koizumi in 1990, 2002 and 2004’sPyongyang Summit Meetings ” is my own independent academic work under the supervision of Professor. Yoichiro Sato, submitted to Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University (APU), in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master degree in Asia Pacific Studies. Therefore, the literatures and sources that I used in this work have been acknowledged in appropriate manner of referencing. I further hereby declare that this thesis has not been presented to any other university for the award of any other degree. PARK Seohee January 30, 2017 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOLEGEMENTS ............................................................................................................. i DECLARATION ...................................................................................................................... ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................... iii LIST OF ABBEREVIATIONS ............................................................................................. v ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. vi Chapter 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Research Background ................................................................................................................ 1 1.2. Literature Review ....................................................................................................................... 4 1.3. Analytical Framework ............................................................................................................... 6 1.3.1. Second Image and Second Image Reversed ................................................................................ 7 1.3.2. Image of Policymaking .................................................................................................................... 10 1.3.2.1. Image I ............................................................................................................................................................ 11 1.3.2.2. Image II .......................................................................................................................................................... 11 1.3.2.3. Image III ........................................................................................................................................................ 12 1.3.2.4. Image IV ......................................................................................................................................................... 13 1.4. Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 14 1.5. Structure of the Thesis ............................................................................................................. 16 Chapter 2. Japan’s Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy ............................................. 18 2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 18 2.2. Elitist or Pluralism in Japanese Foreign Policy Making .................................................. 19 2.3. Major Actors of Foreign Policymaking in the Abduction Issue ..................................... 25 2.3.1. Prime Minister .................................................................................................................................... 25 2.3.2. Liberal Democratic Party ................................................................................................................ 27 2.3.3. Ministry of Foreign Affairs ............................................................................................................ 29 2.3.4. Mass Media .......................................................................................................................................... 32 2.3.5. Interest Groups .................................................................................................................................... 33 2.4. Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 35 Chapter 3. Case Studies ......................................................................................................... 40 3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 40 3.2. Background ................................................................................................................................ 41 3.2.1. Abduction Talks with North Korea .............................................................................................. 41 3.2.2. Abduction Policy Making in Japanese Domestic Politics .................................................... 43 3.3. Shin Kanemaru’s Visit to Pyongyang in 1990 .................................................................... 45 3.3.1. International factors .......................................................................................................................... 45 3.3.2. Domestic Factors ............................................................................................................................... 49 3.3.2.1. Recruit Scandal ........................................................................................................................................... 50 3.3.2.2. Introduction of the Consumption Tax .............................................................................................. 51 3.3.2.3. Kanemaru as a ‘General’ type of Zokugiin ...................................................................................... 51 3.3.2.4. The Japanese Socialist Party, as the opposition party ............................................................... 54 3.3.3. The Abduction Issue ......................................................................................................................... 56 3.3.4. Politician – Bureaucrats interaction ............................................................................................. 58 iii 3.4. Junichiro Koizumi’s Visit to Pyongyang in 2002 ............................................................... 61 3.4.1. International factors .......................................................................................................................... 61 3.4.1.1. North Korea’s Nuclear Weapon Development
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