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Analysis of Alternatives ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES Legal name of applicant(s): Boliden Mineral AB Submitted by: Boliden Mineral AB Substance: Sodium Dichromate (Na2Cr2O7) [EC 234-190-3; CAS 10588- 01-9] Use title: The use of sodium dichromate in copper/lead separation in concentrators handling complex sulphide ores. Use number: 1 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES CONTENTS DECLARATION .......................................................................................................................................................... 4 GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................................... 5 1 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................................ 8 2 ANALYSIS OF SUBSTANCE FUNCTION ......................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Background information on mineral processing ............................................................................................. 10 2.2.1 General .................................................................................................................................................. 10 2.2.2 Grinding ................................................................................................................................................. 10 2.2.3 Flotation process .................................................................................................................................... 11 2.2.4 Collectors ............................................................................................................................................... 12 2.2.5 Depressants ............................................................................................................................................ 12 2.3 Boliden Area and Garpenberg concentrators .................................................................................................. 13 2.4 SUBSTANCE FUNCTION ............................................................................................................................ 15 3 ANNUAL TONNAGE ........................................................................................................................................... 15 4 IDENTIFICATION OF POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES ......................................................................................... 15 4.1. Description of efforts made to identify possible alternatives.......................................................................... 15 4.2. Data searches .................................................................................................................................................. 16 4.3. Consultations .................................................................................................................................................. 17 4.4. Summary of past research and development on potential alternatives ........................................................... 17 4.4.1 Modification of the Conditions of Flotation .......................................................................................... 19 4.4.2 Stage-wise Flotation .............................................................................................................................. 19 4.4.3 Chloride Leaching ................................................................................................................................. 20 4.4.4 Low pH / High Temp. ............................................................................................................................ 20 4.4.5 High pH ................................................................................................................................................. 20 4.4.6 High Gradient Magnetic Separator ........................................................................................................ 20 4.4.7 Hydrazine .............................................................................................................................................. 22 4.4.8 Ozone ..................................................................................................................................................... 22 4.4.9 Sulphide, hydrogen sulfite, sodium sulfite, iron sulphite, zinc sulphate, iron sulphate ......................... 22 4.4.10 Ferric Chloride/Sodium Thiosulphate .................................................................................................. 23 4.4.11 Sulphur Dioxide ................................................................................................................................... 23 4.4.12 Cyanide Salts ....................................................................................................................................... 24 4.5. Future Research and Development ................................................................................................................. 25 4.5.1 Reagent Change: .................................................................................................................................... 26 4.5.2 Process Change: ..................................................................................................................................... 26 4.5.3 Cooperation: .......................................................................................................................................... 26 5. SUITABILITY AND AVAILABILITY OF POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES ......................................................... 26 5.1. Dextrin ............................................................................................................................................................ 26 Substance ID and properties ........................................................................................................................... 29 Technical feasibility ....................................................................................................................................... 29 Economic feasibility ....................................................................................................................................... 29 Reduction of overall risk due to transition to the alternative .......................................................................... 31 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES Availability ..................................................................................................................................................... 31 Conclusion on suitability and availability for Dextrin .................................................................................... 31 6. OVERALL CONCLUSIONS ON SUITABILITY AND AVAILABILITY OF POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES .. 33 ANNEX – JUSTIFICATIONS FOR CONFIDENTIALITY CLAIMS ........................................................................ 34 APPENDICES .............................................................................................................................................................. 36 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS Na2Cr2O7 Sodium Dichromate PbS galena cm centimetre μm micrometre mg/L milligramme per litre % percent EC European Commission CAS Chemical Abstracts Service pH measure of acidity 2¯ CrO4 Chromate anion m metre m3 metre cubed RPE Respiratory Protective Equipment PPE Personal Protective Equipment LEV Local Exhaust Ventilation g/L grammes per litre Cr (VI) hexavalent chromium Cr (III) trivalent chromium IBC Intermediate Bulk Container mg/m3 milligramme per metre cubed mins. minutes conc. concentration Cr2O3 Chromium Oxide Cr(OH)3 Chromium Hydroxide Kg/annum kilogrammes per year μg/L microgrammes per litre Kg kilogramme ng/m3 nanogramme per metre cubed mg/kg/d milligramme per kilogramme per day µg/kg/d microgramme per kilogramme per day mg/kg milligramme per kilogramme Cu Copper Pb Lead Use number: 1 5 Legal name of the applicant(s): Boliden Mineral AB ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES NaCN Sodium Cyanide °C degrees Celsius g/t grammes per tonne SO2 Sulphur Dioxide ZnSO4 Zinc Sulphate Na2S Sodium Sulphide R & D Research and Development et al. et alii (and others) e.g. for example i.e. id est (that is) CMC Carboxymethyl Cellulose No. Number Irrit. Irritant STOT SE Specific Target Organ Toxicity Single Exposure Muta. Mutagenic Carc. Carcinogenic Repr. Reproductive toxin STOT RE Specific Target Organ Toxicity Repeated Exposure REACH Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals EEA European Economic Area SVHC Substance of Very High Concern SIN List Substitute It Now List WHO World Health Organisation IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer CoRAP Community Rolling Action Plan etc. et cetera (and other things) SEK Swedish Crowns EUR Euro C&L Classification and Labelling inventory Tox. Toxic Corr. Corrosive Sens. Sensitiser Dam. Damage Zn(CN)2 Zinc Cyanide Na2SO4 Sodium Sulphate Use number: 1 6 Legal name of the applicant(s): Boliden Mineral AB ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES Zn Zinc g/mol grammes per mole mm Hg millimetres of Mercury HCN Hydrogen Cyanide CN¯ Cyanide ion ppm parts per million LDLO Lethal Dose Low LD50 Lethal Dose 50 mmol/kg millimole per kilogramme DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid CuFeS2 chalcopyrite
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