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A Review of Flotation Separation of Mg Carbonates (Dolomite and Magnesite)
minerals Review A Review of Flotation Separation of Mg Carbonates (Dolomite and Magnesite) Darius G. Wonyen 1,†, Varney Kromah 1,†, Borbor Gibson 1,† ID , Solomon Nah 1,† and Saeed Chehreh Chelgani 1,2,* ID 1 Department of Geology and Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Liberia, P.O. Box 9020 Monrovia, Liberia; [email protected] (D.G.W.); [email protected] (Y.K.); [email protected] (B.G.); [email protected] (S.N.) 2 Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-41-6830-9356 † These authors contributed equally to the study. Received: 24 July 2018; Accepted: 13 August 2018; Published: 15 August 2018 Abstract: It is well documented that flotation has high economic viability for the beneficiation of valuable minerals when their main ore bodies contain magnesium (Mg) carbonates such as dolomite and magnesite. Flotation separation of Mg carbonates from their associated valuable minerals (AVMs) presents several challenges, and Mg carbonates have high levels of adverse effects on separation efficiency. These complexities can be attributed to various reasons: Mg carbonates are naturally hydrophilic, soluble, and exhibit similar surface characteristics as their AVMs. This study presents a compilation of various parameters, including zeta potential, pH, particle size, reagents (collectors, depressant, and modifiers), and bio-flotation, which were examined in several investigations into separating Mg carbonates from their AVMs by froth flotation. Keywords: dolomite; magnesite; flotation; bio-flotation 1. Introduction Magnesium (Mg) carbonates (salt-type minerals) are typical gangue phases associated with several valuable minerals, and have complicated processing [1,2]. -
Effects of Varied Process Parameters on Froth Flotation Efficiency: a Case Study of Itakpe Iron Ore
Nigerian Journal of Technology (NIJOTECH) Vol. 39, No. 3, July 2020, pp. 807 – 815 Copyright© Faculty of Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Print ISSN: 0331-8443, Electronic ISSN: 2467-8821 www.nijotech.com http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v39i3.21 EFFECTS OF VARIED PROCESS PARAMETERS ON FROTH FLOTATION EFFICIENCY: A CASE STUDY OF ITAKPE IRON ORE S. Akande1, E. O. Ajaka2, O. O. Alabi3 and T. A. Olatunji4,* 1, 2, DEPARTMENT OF MINING ENGINEERING, FEDERAL UNIV. OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE, ONDO STATE, NIGERIA 3, 4, DEPT. OF MET. & MATERIALS ENGINEERING, FEDERAL UNIV. OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE, ONDO STATE, NIGERIA Email addresses: 1 [email protected], 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected], 4 [email protected] ABSTRACT The dire need for Itakpe iron ore concentrates of appreciable iron content meets for smelting operation necessitated this study. Core samples of the iron ore sourced from Itakpe, Kogi State, Nigeria were prepared for petrological analysis followed by chemical and particle size analyses. Froth flotation was done using different collectors at varying particle sizes and pH values. Characterization studies carried out revealed that Itakpe iron ore is a lean ore assaying 36.18% Fe2O3 and contains predominantly quartz, sillimanite, and haematite. Its liberation size lies favourably at 75 µm. Processing the ore by froth flotation yielded appreciable enrichment. Optimal recovery (~92%) was achieved using potassium amyl xanthate (PAX) at pH 11 for fine feed sizes (<125 µm) yielding iron concentrate assaying 67.66% Fe2O3. Thus, processing at this set-of- conditions is recommended for the industrial production of more enriched Itakpe iron ore concentrates. -
Principles of Extractive Metallurgy Lectures Note
PRINCIPLES OF EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY B.TECH, 3RD SEMESTER LECTURES NOTE BY SAGAR NAYAK DR. KALI CHARAN SABAT DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING PARALA MAHARAJA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BERHAMPUR DISCLAIMER This document does not claim any originality and cannot be used as a substitute for prescribed textbooks. The information presented here is merely a collection by the author for their respective teaching assignments as an additional tool for the teaching-learning process. Various sources as mentioned at the reference of the document as well as freely available material from internet were consulted for preparing this document. The ownership of the information lies with the respective author or institutions. Further, this document is not intended to be used for commercial purpose and the faculty is not accountable for any issues, legal or otherwise, arising out of use of this document. The committee faculty members make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this document and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. BPUT SYLLABUS PRINCIPLES OF EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY (3-1-0) MODULE I (14 HOURS) Unit processes in Pyro metallurgy: Calcination and roasting, sintering, smelting, converting, reduction, smelting-reduction, Metallothermic and hydrogen reduction; distillation and other physical and chemical refining methods: Fire refining, Zone refining, Liquation and Cupellation. Small problems related to pyro metallurgy. MODULE II (14 HOURS) Unit processes in Hydrometallurgy: Leaching practice: In situ leaching, Dump and heap leaching, Percolation leaching, Agitation leaching, Purification of leach liquor, Kinetics of Leaching; Bio- leaching: Recovery of metals from Leach liquor by Solvent Extraction, Ion exchange , Precipitation and Cementation process. -
Minerals and Metallurgical Engineering
Course Structure B. Tech. - Minerals and Metallurgical Engineering Applicable to those admitted through JEE from 2019 onwards Department of Fuel, Minerals and Metallurgical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India (September - 2019) Page 1 of 41 Course Structure SEMESTER III S. Subject Subject Name Lecture Tutorial Practical Credit Contact No. ID (L) (T) (P) Hours Hours 1 FMC201 Colloids and interfacial 3 0 0 9 3 phenomena 2 FMC202 Heat and mass transfer 3 0 0 9 3 3 FMC203 Physical separation 3 0 0 9 3 processes for coal and minerals 4 FME221 Particle technology (ESO 3 0 0 9 3 1) 5 E/SO 2 E/SO 3 0 0 9 3 6 FMC251 Particle technology 0 0 2 2 2 laboratory 7 FMC252 Physical separation 0 0 2 2 2 processes laboratory Total Credit 49 19 SEMESTER IV S. Subject Subject Name Lecture Tutorial Practical Credit Contact No. ID (L) (T) (P) Hours Hours 1 FMC204 Electrochemistry and 3 0 0 9 3 corrosion 2 FMC205 Thermodynamics and 3 0 0 9 3 kinetics 3 FMC206 Phase transformation and 3 0 0 9 3 heat treatment 4 FMC207 Fine particle processing for 3 0 0 9 3 coal and minerals 5 FME222 Introduction to fuel 3 0 0 9 3 technology (ESO 3) 6 FMC253 Fine particle processing 0 0 2 2 2 laboratory 7 FMC254 Introduction to fuel 0 0 2 2 2 technology laboratory Total Credit 49 19 Page 2 of 41 SEMESTER V S. Subject Subject Name Lecture Tutorial Practical Credit Contact No. -
Evaluation of Scale-Up Model for Flotation with Kristineberg Ore
Evaluation of Scale-up Model for Flotation with Kristineberg Ore Adam Isaksson Chemical Engineering, master's level 2018 Luleå University of Technology Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering Evaluation of Scale-up Model for Flotation with Kristineberg Ore Adam Isaksson 2018 For degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Luleå University of Technology Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering Division of Minerals and Metallurgical Engineering Printed by Luleå University of Technology, Graphic Production 2018 Luleå 2018 www.ltu.se Preface As you may have figured out by now, this thesis is all about mineral processing and the extraction of metals. It was written as part of my studies at Luleå University of Technology, for a master’s degree in Chemical Engineering with specialisation Mineral and Metal Winning. There are many people I would like to thank for helping me out during all these years. First of all, my thanks go to supervisors Bertil Pålsson and Lisa Malm for the guidance in this project. Iris Wunderlich had a paramount role during sampling and has kindly delivered me data to this report, which would not have been finished without her support. I would also like to thank Boliden Mineral AB as a company. Partly for giving me the chance to write this thesis in the first place, but also for supporting us students during our years at LTU. Speaking of which, thanks to Olle Bertilsson for reading the report and giving me feedback. The people at the TMP laboratory deserves another mention. I am also very grateful for the financial support and generous scholarships from Jernkontoret these five years. -
Flotation of Copper Sulphide from Copper Smelter Slag Using Multiple Collectors and Their Mixtures
International Journal of Mineral Processing 143 (2015) 43–49 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal of Mineral Processing journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijminpro Flotation of copper sulphide from copper smelter slag using multiple collectors and their mixtures Subrata Roy a,⁎, Amlan Datta b, Sandeep Rehani c a Aditya Birla Science and Technology Company Ltd., Taloja, Maharashtra, India b Formerly with Aditya Birla Science and Technology Company Ltd., Taloja, Maharashtra, India. c Birla Copper, Dahej, Gujarat, India article info abstract Article history: Present work focuses on the differences in the performances obtained in the froth flotation of copper smelter Received 14 August 2014 slag with multiple collector viz. sodium iso-propyl xanthate (SIPX), sodium di-ethyl dithiophosphate (DTP) Received in revised form 11 February 2015 and alkyl hydroxamate at various dosages. Flotation tests were carried out using single collectors as well as var- Accepted 20 August 2015 ious mixtures of the two collectors at different but constant total molar concentrations. Flotation performances Available online 28 August 2015 were increased effectively by the combination of collectors. The findings show that a higher copper recovery (84.82%) was obtained when using a 40:160 g/t mixture of sodium iso-propyl xanthate (SIPX) with di-ethyl Keywords: Flotation dithiophosphate compared to 78.11% with the best single collector. Similar recovery improvement (83.07%) Copper slag was also observed by using a 160:40 g/t mixture of sodium iso-propyl xanthate (SIPX) with alkyl hydroxamate. Sodium isobutyl xanthate The results indicate that in both cases DTP and alkyl hydroxamate played important role as co-collector with SIPX Hydroxamate for the recovery of coarse interlocked copper bearing particles and has an important effect on the behaviour of Dithiophosphate the froth phase. -
Telfer Processing Plant Upgrade – the Implementation of Additional
Telfer Processing Plant Upgrade – The Implementation of Additional Cleaning Capacity and the Regrinding of Copper and Pyrite Concentrates D R Seaman1, F Burns2, B Adamson3, B A Seaman4 and P Manton5 ABSTRACT The Telfer concentrator, located in the Great Sandy Desert of Western Australia, consists of a dual train gold/copper operation processing ore from one underground and, currently, two open pit mines with differing mineralogy. The fl otation circuit of each train was designed to operate in several modes depending on the feed mineralogy. The majority of ore mined at Telfer is processed in a sequential mode where copper minerals are fi rst fl oated into a saleable copper concentrate followed by the fl otation of an auriferous pyrite concentrate which is treated in an on-site hydrometallurgical plant (carbon-in-leach (CIL)). Gold is recovered as a gravity product within the primary grinding circuit, to the copper concentrate, and to a lesser extent, the CIL circuit. Since Telfer was re-opened, with a new concentrator, in 2004, the processing plant has struggled with poor copper concentrate grades, partially due to the excessive entrainment of non-sulfi de gangue minerals in the copper fl otation circuit and, more recently, due to composite copper particles produced when processing ore from a supplementary satellite pit that has not previously been processed through the new Telfer concentrator. Gold recoveries in the CIL circuit have also been below industry standard. This paper presents the implementation of recent changes made to the circuit to address these performance issues. The reconfi guration of the circuit has involved the installation of the following major equipment items: two ISAMills™ in ultra-fi ne grinding applications (one in the copper circuit and one in the pyrite circuit), two Jameson Cells to improve fi ne gangue rejection and a bank of 5 × Outotec TC30s to recovery copper and gold from the reground pyrite stream. -
Xstrata Technology Update Edition 13 – April 2012 Building Plants That Work
xstrata technology update Edition 13 – April 2012 Building plants that work You have to get a lot of things it takes another operator to get them right to build a plant that works. right. Someone who has lived through the problems, had to do the maintenance, operated during a midnight power Of course the big picture must be right – doing the right project, in the right place, failure, cleaned up the spill. Someone at the right time. who has “closed the loop” on previous designs; lived with previous decisions After that, the devil is in the detail. You and improved them, over and over. need a sound design, good execution, good commissioning, and ongoing This is why Xstrata Technology provides support after commissioning. You need a technology “package”. Just as a car to operate and maintain your plant in is more than an engine, technology is the long run, long after the construction more than a single piece of equipment. company has left. That’s when all the Technology is a system. All the elements “little” details become important – how of the system have to work with each easy is it to operate, how good is the other and with the people in the plant. maintenance access, what happens in We want our cars designed by people a power failure, where are the spillage who love cars and driving. So should points and how do we clean them our plants be designed by people with up? Are the instruments reliable and experience and passion to make each is the process control strategy robust one work better than the last. -
A Study on Reduction of Copper Smelting Slag by Carbon for Recycling Into Metal Values and Cement Raw Material
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 17 January 2020 doi:10.20944/preprints202001.0177.v1 Peer-reviewed version available at Sustainability 2020, 12, 1421; doi:10.3390/su12041421 Article A Study on Reduction of Copper Smelting Slag by Carbon for Recycling into Metal Values and Cement Raw Material Urtnasan Erdenebold and Jei-Pil Wang* Department of Metallurgical Engineering, School of Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 608- 739, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel,: +82-51-629-6341 Abstract: Copper smelting slag is a solution of molten oxides created during the copper smelting and refining process, and about 1.5 million tons of copper slag is generated annually in Korea. Oxides in copper smelting slag include ferrous (FeO), ferric oxide (Fe2O3), silica (SiO2 from flux), alumina (AI2O3), calcia (CaO) and magnesia (MgO). Main oxides in copper slag, which iron oxide and silica, exist in the form of fayalite (2FeO·SiO2). Since the copper smelting slag contains high content of iron, and copper and zinc. Common applications of copper smelting slag are the value added products such as abrasive tools, roofing granules, road-base construction, railroad ballast, fine aggregate in concrete, etc., as well as the some studies have attempted to recover metal values from copper slag. This research was intended to recovery Fe-Cu alloy, raw material of zinc and produce reformed slag like a blast furnace slag for blast furnace slag cement from copper slag. As a results, it was confirmed that reduction smelting by carbon at temperatures above 1400°С is possible to recover pig iron containing copper from copper smelting slag, and CaO additives in the reduction smelting assist to reduce iron oxide in the fayalite and change the chemical and mineralogical composition of the slag. -
Mercury and Mercury Compounds
United States Office of Air Quality EPA-454/R-97-012 Environmental Protection Planning And Standards Agency Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 December 1997 AIR EPA LOCATING AND ESTIMATING AIR EMISSIONS FROM SOURCES OF MERCURY AND MERCURY COMPOUNDS L & E EPA-454/R-97-012 Locating And Estimating Air Emissions From Sources of Mercury and Mercury Compounds Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Office of Air and Radiation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 December 1997 This report has been reviewed by the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and has been approved for publication. Mention of trade names and commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. EPA-454/R-97-012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................ xi 1.0 PURPOSE OF DOCUMENT .............................................. 1-1 2.0 OVERVIEW OF DOCUMENT CONTENTS ................................. 2-1 3.0 BACKGROUND ........................................................ 3-1 3.1 NATURE OF THE POLLUTANT ..................................... 3-1 3.2 OVERVIEW OF PRODUCTION, USE, AND EMISSIONS ................. 3-1 3.2.1 Production .................................................. 3-1 3.2.2 End-Use .................................................... 3-3 3.2.3 Emissions ................................................... 3-6 4.0 EMISSIONS FROM MERCURY PRODUCTION ............................. 4-1 4.1 PRIMARY MERCURY -
Nickel Laterite Smelting Processes and Some Examples of Recent Possible Modifications to the Conventional Route
metals Review Nickel Laterite Smelting Processes and Some Examples of Recent Possible Modifications to the Conventional Route Ender Keskinkilic Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Atilim University, 06830 Ankara, Turkey; [email protected]; Tel.: +90-533-302-9510 Received: 16 July 2019; Accepted: 1 September 2019; Published: 3 September 2019 Abstract: The treatment of laterites has been a research hotspot in extractive metallurgy over the past decades. Industrially, the pyrometallurgical treatment of laterites is mostly accomplished with a well-established method, namely, the rotary kiln–electric arc furnace (RKEF) process, which includes three main operations—calcination, prereduction, and smelting—followed by further refining for the removal of impurities from the raw ferro-nickel. As indicated in many studies of the RKEF process, the major downside of this method is its high energy consumption. Efforts have been made to lower this consumption. Furthermore, several new processes have been proposed. Among these, low-grade ferro-nickel production is regarded as the most widely and industrially used process after traditional RKEF operation. Although not widespread, other alternative processes of industrial scale have been generated since the start of the millennium. Recently, certain innovative processes have been tested either in the laboratory or at pilot-scale. In this paper, a literature review related to the smelting of laterites is made, and an emphasis on new processes and some examples of new developments in the RKEF process are presented. Keywords: laterite; smelting; RKEF process; low-grade ferro-nickel 1. Introduction According to a review published by Diaz et al., oxide-type nickel ores accounted for 64% of land-based nickel ores, but more than 60% of nickel production was based on the matte smelting of sulfide ores in 1988 [1]. -
Integral Management of Arsenical Sludge, Treatment and Recovery of By-Products of Acid Waters from Smelter Plants
MILAF: INTEGRAL MANAGEMENT OF ARSENICAL SLUDGE, TREATMENT AND RECOVERY OF BY-PRODUCTS OF ACID WATERS FROM SMELTER PLANTS ULRIKE BROSCHEK, CECILIA VIDAL, LUIS BRAVO and GILDA ZUÑIGA Environmental Program, Fundación Chile Parque Antonio Rabat Sur 6165, Vitacura, Santiago, Chile; E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Currently, the copper mining industry produces high amounts of sulfuric acid with low purity and high concentrations of arsenic and other metals. Most of these acid waters are neutralized in the copper smelting plants by using lime to raise the pH from 1 to 12 generating high amounts of arsenical sludge that has to be disposed on safety landfills because of its high toxicity. This has forced the mining companies to pay large sums of money for the disposal of significant volume of solid waste. Each copper smelting plant produces in average during this specific process more than 18,000 tons of arsenical sludge yearly, spending on the treatment and disposal stage more than US 2.8 million dollars per year where a 70 % of this cost corresponds to the disposal costs of the solid waste [1,2,3]. Different technologies for treating these acid wastewaters have been developed and patented worldwide. However, these treatments have focused on obtaining the separation of the arsenic from the effluent through physical-chemical precipitation using different basic components and cations that reacts with the contaminants and then precipitates in the solution [4]. These technologies have not been able to solve the problem because they are expensive, complex, not always efficient and still generates high amounts of arsenical sludge requiring high disposal costs; hence, mining companies have not implement them.