National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Secondary Lead Smelting; Final Rules
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Effects of Varied Process Parameters on Froth Flotation Efficiency: a Case Study of Itakpe Iron Ore
Nigerian Journal of Technology (NIJOTECH) Vol. 39, No. 3, July 2020, pp. 807 – 815 Copyright© Faculty of Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Print ISSN: 0331-8443, Electronic ISSN: 2467-8821 www.nijotech.com http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v39i3.21 EFFECTS OF VARIED PROCESS PARAMETERS ON FROTH FLOTATION EFFICIENCY: A CASE STUDY OF ITAKPE IRON ORE S. Akande1, E. O. Ajaka2, O. O. Alabi3 and T. A. Olatunji4,* 1, 2, DEPARTMENT OF MINING ENGINEERING, FEDERAL UNIV. OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE, ONDO STATE, NIGERIA 3, 4, DEPT. OF MET. & MATERIALS ENGINEERING, FEDERAL UNIV. OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE, ONDO STATE, NIGERIA Email addresses: 1 [email protected], 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected], 4 [email protected] ABSTRACT The dire need for Itakpe iron ore concentrates of appreciable iron content meets for smelting operation necessitated this study. Core samples of the iron ore sourced from Itakpe, Kogi State, Nigeria were prepared for petrological analysis followed by chemical and particle size analyses. Froth flotation was done using different collectors at varying particle sizes and pH values. Characterization studies carried out revealed that Itakpe iron ore is a lean ore assaying 36.18% Fe2O3 and contains predominantly quartz, sillimanite, and haematite. Its liberation size lies favourably at 75 µm. Processing the ore by froth flotation yielded appreciable enrichment. Optimal recovery (~92%) was achieved using potassium amyl xanthate (PAX) at pH 11 for fine feed sizes (<125 µm) yielding iron concentrate assaying 67.66% Fe2O3. Thus, processing at this set-of- conditions is recommended for the industrial production of more enriched Itakpe iron ore concentrates. -
Principles of Extractive Metallurgy Lectures Note
PRINCIPLES OF EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY B.TECH, 3RD SEMESTER LECTURES NOTE BY SAGAR NAYAK DR. KALI CHARAN SABAT DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING PARALA MAHARAJA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BERHAMPUR DISCLAIMER This document does not claim any originality and cannot be used as a substitute for prescribed textbooks. The information presented here is merely a collection by the author for their respective teaching assignments as an additional tool for the teaching-learning process. Various sources as mentioned at the reference of the document as well as freely available material from internet were consulted for preparing this document. The ownership of the information lies with the respective author or institutions. Further, this document is not intended to be used for commercial purpose and the faculty is not accountable for any issues, legal or otherwise, arising out of use of this document. The committee faculty members make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this document and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. BPUT SYLLABUS PRINCIPLES OF EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY (3-1-0) MODULE I (14 HOURS) Unit processes in Pyro metallurgy: Calcination and roasting, sintering, smelting, converting, reduction, smelting-reduction, Metallothermic and hydrogen reduction; distillation and other physical and chemical refining methods: Fire refining, Zone refining, Liquation and Cupellation. Small problems related to pyro metallurgy. MODULE II (14 HOURS) Unit processes in Hydrometallurgy: Leaching practice: In situ leaching, Dump and heap leaching, Percolation leaching, Agitation leaching, Purification of leach liquor, Kinetics of Leaching; Bio- leaching: Recovery of metals from Leach liquor by Solvent Extraction, Ion exchange , Precipitation and Cementation process. -
Emission Estimation Technique Manual
1DWLRQDO3ROOXWDQW,QYHQWRU\ Emission Estimation Technique Manual for Lead Concentrating, Smelting and Refining First published in December 1999 EMISSION ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES FOR LEAD CONCENTRATING, SMELTING AND REFINING TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Context of this Manual 1 1.2 EETs Should be Considered as “Points of Reference” 2 1.3 Hierarchical Approach Recommended in Applying EETs 3 1.4 NPI Emissions in the Environmental Context 3 1.5 NPI Reporting Requirements 3 1.6 Use of this Manual 4 2.0 PROCESS DESCRIPTION 5 2.1 General 5 2.2 Lead Processing 6 2.2.1 Lead Concentrating 6 2.2.2 Smelting Process 8 2.3 Secondary Lead Processing 11 3.0 ANCILLARY ACTIVITIES AND ASSOCIATED FACILITIES 13 3.1 Ancillary Activities 13 3.1.1 Acid Plant 13 3.1.2 Selenium Removal Process 13 3.1.3 Zinc Recovery 15 3.1.4 Cadmium Plant 15 3.2 Associated Facilities 15 3.2.1 Fuel and Organic Liquid Storage 15 3.2.2 Fossil Fuel Electric Generation 16 3.2.3 Combustion Engines 16 3.3 Maintenance Activities 16 4.0 POSSIBLE EMISSIONS 17 4.1 Reporting Thresholds 19 4.2 Reporting Requirements 21 5.0 EMISSION ESTIMATION 22 5.1 Emission Estimation Techniques 22 5.1.1 Direct Measurement 32 5.1.2 Engineering Calculations 33 5.1.3 Mass Balance 33 5.1.4 Emission Factors 35 5.2 Acceptable Reliability and Uncertainty 36 5.2.1 Direct Measurement 36 5.2.2 Mass Balance 36 5.2.3 Engineering Calculations 37 5.2.4 Emission Factors 37 5.3 NPI Reporting Steps 38 Lead Concentrating, Smelting, and Refining i LEAD CONCENTRATING, SMELTING AND REFINING TABLE OF CONTENTS CONT’ 6.0 -
In the United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana
Case 1:15-cv-00433-TWP-TAB Document 1 Filed 03/16/15 Page 1 of 20 PageID #: 1 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF INDIANA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ) and the ) STATE OF INDIANA, ) ) Plaintiffs, ) ) ) Civil Action No. 15-cv-433 v. ) ) ) EXIDE TECHNOLOGIES ) (d/b/a EXIDE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.), ) ) ) ) Defendant. ) ) COMPLAINT The United States of America, by the authority of the Attorney General of the United States acting at the request of the Administrator of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”), and the State of Indiana (“Indiana”), by the authority of the Indiana Attorney General, acting at the request of the Indiana Department of Environmental Management (“IDEM”), hereby file this Complaint and allege as follows: NATURE OF ACTION 1. This is a civil action brought against Exide Technologies (referred to herein as “Exide” or the “Defendant”) pursuant to the Clean Air Act, 42 U.S.C. § 7401 et seq. and the laws of Indiana. This action seeks civil penalties and injunctive relief for violation of certain requirements under the Clean Air Act and its implementing regulations, as well as corresponding requirements of Indiana law, at a secondary lead smelting facility that Exide owns and operates at 2601 West Mount Pleasant Boulevard, Muncie, Indiana (the “Facility”). Indiana’s authority to Case 1:15-cv-00433-TWP-TAB Document 1 Filed 03/16/15 Page 2 of 20 PageID #: 2 seek injunctive relief and civil fines with respect to the Facility derives not only from the Clean Air Act, but also Indiana Code (“Ind. -
A Study on Reduction of Copper Smelting Slag by Carbon for Recycling Into Metal Values and Cement Raw Material
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 17 January 2020 doi:10.20944/preprints202001.0177.v1 Peer-reviewed version available at Sustainability 2020, 12, 1421; doi:10.3390/su12041421 Article A Study on Reduction of Copper Smelting Slag by Carbon for Recycling into Metal Values and Cement Raw Material Urtnasan Erdenebold and Jei-Pil Wang* Department of Metallurgical Engineering, School of Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 608- 739, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel,: +82-51-629-6341 Abstract: Copper smelting slag is a solution of molten oxides created during the copper smelting and refining process, and about 1.5 million tons of copper slag is generated annually in Korea. Oxides in copper smelting slag include ferrous (FeO), ferric oxide (Fe2O3), silica (SiO2 from flux), alumina (AI2O3), calcia (CaO) and magnesia (MgO). Main oxides in copper slag, which iron oxide and silica, exist in the form of fayalite (2FeO·SiO2). Since the copper smelting slag contains high content of iron, and copper and zinc. Common applications of copper smelting slag are the value added products such as abrasive tools, roofing granules, road-base construction, railroad ballast, fine aggregate in concrete, etc., as well as the some studies have attempted to recover metal values from copper slag. This research was intended to recovery Fe-Cu alloy, raw material of zinc and produce reformed slag like a blast furnace slag for blast furnace slag cement from copper slag. As a results, it was confirmed that reduction smelting by carbon at temperatures above 1400°С is possible to recover pig iron containing copper from copper smelting slag, and CaO additives in the reduction smelting assist to reduce iron oxide in the fayalite and change the chemical and mineralogical composition of the slag. -
Mercury and Mercury Compounds
United States Office of Air Quality EPA-454/R-97-012 Environmental Protection Planning And Standards Agency Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 December 1997 AIR EPA LOCATING AND ESTIMATING AIR EMISSIONS FROM SOURCES OF MERCURY AND MERCURY COMPOUNDS L & E EPA-454/R-97-012 Locating And Estimating Air Emissions From Sources of Mercury and Mercury Compounds Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Office of Air and Radiation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 December 1997 This report has been reviewed by the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and has been approved for publication. Mention of trade names and commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. EPA-454/R-97-012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................ xi 1.0 PURPOSE OF DOCUMENT .............................................. 1-1 2.0 OVERVIEW OF DOCUMENT CONTENTS ................................. 2-1 3.0 BACKGROUND ........................................................ 3-1 3.1 NATURE OF THE POLLUTANT ..................................... 3-1 3.2 OVERVIEW OF PRODUCTION, USE, AND EMISSIONS ................. 3-1 3.2.1 Production .................................................. 3-1 3.2.2 End-Use .................................................... 3-3 3.2.3 Emissions ................................................... 3-6 4.0 EMISSIONS FROM MERCURY PRODUCTION ............................. 4-1 4.1 PRIMARY MERCURY -
Nickel Laterite Smelting Processes and Some Examples of Recent Possible Modifications to the Conventional Route
metals Review Nickel Laterite Smelting Processes and Some Examples of Recent Possible Modifications to the Conventional Route Ender Keskinkilic Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Atilim University, 06830 Ankara, Turkey; [email protected]; Tel.: +90-533-302-9510 Received: 16 July 2019; Accepted: 1 September 2019; Published: 3 September 2019 Abstract: The treatment of laterites has been a research hotspot in extractive metallurgy over the past decades. Industrially, the pyrometallurgical treatment of laterites is mostly accomplished with a well-established method, namely, the rotary kiln–electric arc furnace (RKEF) process, which includes three main operations—calcination, prereduction, and smelting—followed by further refining for the removal of impurities from the raw ferro-nickel. As indicated in many studies of the RKEF process, the major downside of this method is its high energy consumption. Efforts have been made to lower this consumption. Furthermore, several new processes have been proposed. Among these, low-grade ferro-nickel production is regarded as the most widely and industrially used process after traditional RKEF operation. Although not widespread, other alternative processes of industrial scale have been generated since the start of the millennium. Recently, certain innovative processes have been tested either in the laboratory or at pilot-scale. In this paper, a literature review related to the smelting of laterites is made, and an emphasis on new processes and some examples of new developments in the RKEF process are presented. Keywords: laterite; smelting; RKEF process; low-grade ferro-nickel 1. Introduction According to a review published by Diaz et al., oxide-type nickel ores accounted for 64% of land-based nickel ores, but more than 60% of nickel production was based on the matte smelting of sulfide ores in 1988 [1]. -
Integral Management of Arsenical Sludge, Treatment and Recovery of By-Products of Acid Waters from Smelter Plants
MILAF: INTEGRAL MANAGEMENT OF ARSENICAL SLUDGE, TREATMENT AND RECOVERY OF BY-PRODUCTS OF ACID WATERS FROM SMELTER PLANTS ULRIKE BROSCHEK, CECILIA VIDAL, LUIS BRAVO and GILDA ZUÑIGA Environmental Program, Fundación Chile Parque Antonio Rabat Sur 6165, Vitacura, Santiago, Chile; E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Currently, the copper mining industry produces high amounts of sulfuric acid with low purity and high concentrations of arsenic and other metals. Most of these acid waters are neutralized in the copper smelting plants by using lime to raise the pH from 1 to 12 generating high amounts of arsenical sludge that has to be disposed on safety landfills because of its high toxicity. This has forced the mining companies to pay large sums of money for the disposal of significant volume of solid waste. Each copper smelting plant produces in average during this specific process more than 18,000 tons of arsenical sludge yearly, spending on the treatment and disposal stage more than US 2.8 million dollars per year where a 70 % of this cost corresponds to the disposal costs of the solid waste [1,2,3]. Different technologies for treating these acid wastewaters have been developed and patented worldwide. However, these treatments have focused on obtaining the separation of the arsenic from the effluent through physical-chemical precipitation using different basic components and cations that reacts with the contaminants and then precipitates in the solution [4]. These technologies have not been able to solve the problem because they are expensive, complex, not always efficient and still generates high amounts of arsenical sludge requiring high disposal costs; hence, mining companies have not implement them. -
Recycling Used Lead-Acid Batteries: Health Considerations
Recycling used lead-acid batteries: health considerations Recycling used lead-acid batteries: health considerations Recycling used lead-acid batteries: health considerations ISBN 978-92-4-151285-5 © World Health Organization 2017 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Suggested citation. Recycling used lead acid batteries: health considerations. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data. CIP data are available at http://apps.who.int/iris. Sales, rights and licensing. To purchase WHO publications, see http://apps.who.int/bookorders. -
The Metallurgy of Antimony
Chemie der Erde 72 (2012) S4, 3–8 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Chemie der Erde journal homepage: www.elsevier.de/chemer The metallurgy of antimony Corby G. Anderson ∗ Kroll Institute for Extractive Metallurgy, George S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, United States article info abstract Article history: Globally, the primary production of antimony is now isolated to a few countries and is dominated by Received 4 October 2011 China. As such it is currently deemed a critical and strategic material for modern society. The metallurgical Accepted 10 April 2012 principles utilized in antimony production are wide ranging. This paper will outline the mineral pro- cessing, pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical and electrometallurgical concepts used in the industrial Keywords: primary production of antimony. As well an overview of the occurrence, reserves, end uses, production, Antimony and quality will be provided. Stibnite © 2012 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. Tetrahedrite Pyrometallurgy Hydrometallurgy Electrometallurgy Mineral processing Extractive metallurgy Production 1. Background bullets and armory. The start of mass production of automobiles gave a further boost to antimony, as it is a major constituent of Antimony is a silvery, white, brittle, crystalline solid that lead-acid batteries. The major use for antimony is now as a trioxide exhibits poor conductivity of electricity and heat. It has an atomic for flame-retardants. number of 51, an atomic weight of 122 and a density of 6.697 kg/m3 ◦ ◦ at 26 C. Antimony metal, also known as ‘regulus’, melts at 630 C 2. Occurrence and mineralogy and boils at 1380 ◦C. -
The Advanced Mining Technologies and Its Impact on the Australian Nonferrous Minerals Industry
Paper Title: PROVEN TECHNOLOGIES FROM XSTRATA AND THEIR APPLICATIONS FOR COPPER SMELTING AND REFINING IN CHINA Paper Presented at: Hainan Conference, China Authors: Mingwei Gao, Philip Arthur and Nigel Aslin, Xstrata Technology Date of Publication: 2004 For further information please contact us at [email protected] www.isasmelt.com PROVEN TECHNOLOGIES FROM XSTRATA AND THEIR APPLICATIONS FOR COPPER SMELTING AND REFINING IN CHINA Mingwei Gao, Philip Arthur and Nigel Aslin Xstrata Technology, Australia 1.0 INTRODUCTION The world’s non-ferrous industry has achieved significant improvements in efficiency in the last 20 years owing to the advanced technologies such as ISASMELT™ and ISA PROCESS that have been invented and developed at Mount Isa Mines in Australia,. A number of large nonferrous mining operations in the world are still in business today largely because of the commercial benefits that resulted from applying these technologies. ISASMELT and ISA PROCESS technologies are marketed worldwide by Xstrata Technology, a division of the Xstrata plc group of companies, which was formed upon Xstrata’s takeover of MIM Holdings Limited in mid 2003. Xstrata PLC is a diversified international mining company and has operations in Australia, the United Kingdom, Germany, Spain, South Africa, Chile, and Argentina with around 20,000 employees worldwide. Major products are copper, lead, zinc, silver, coal, ferrochrome, and ferrovanadium. In addition to these commodities, an integral part of the group is their independent process technology business – Xstrata Technology. Xstrata group companies have a long record of developing process technologies for in-house use and for sale to external clients. 2.0 ISASMELT™ TECHNOLOGY ISASMELT is a modern bath-smelting process for the production of non-ferrous metals. -
Metal Losses in Pyrometallurgical Operations - a Review
Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 255 (2018) 47–63 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Advances in Colloid and Interface Science journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cis Historical perspective Metal losses in pyrometallurgical operations - A review Inge Bellemans a,⁎, Evelien De Wilde a,b, Nele Moelans c, Kim Verbeken a a Ghent University, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Technologiepark 903, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Ghent, Belgium b Umicore R&D, Kasteelstraat 7, B-2250 Olen, Belgium c KU Leuven, Department of Materials Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, bus 2450, B-3001, Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium article info abstract Article history: Nowadays, a higher demand on a lot of metals exists, but the quantity and purity of the ores decreases. The Received 24 October 2016 amount of scrap, on the other hand, increases and thus, recycling becomes more important. Besides recycling, Received in revised 4 August 2017 it is also necessary to improve and optimize existing processes in extractive and recycling metallurgy. One of Accepted 7 August 2017 the main difficulties of the overall-plant recovery are metal losses in slags, in both primary and secondary Available online 10 August 2017 metal production. In general, an increased understanding of the fundamental mechanisms governing these losses could help further improve production efficiencies. This review aims to summarize and evaluate the current sci- Keywords: fi Pyrometallurgy enti c knowledge concerning metal losses and pinpoints the knowledge gaps. Metal losses First, the industrial importance and impact of metal losses in slags will be illustrated by several examples from Slags both ferrous and non-ferrous industries.