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Radio Resource Management in Bunched Personal Communication Systems Radio Resource Management in Bunched Personal Communication Systems MIGUEL BERG A dissertation submitted to the Royal Institute of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2002 TRITA–S3–RST–0201 ISSN 1400–9137 ISRN KTH/RST/R--02/01--SE Radio Communication Systems Department of Signals, Sensors and Systems iii Abstract The traditional way of increasing capacity in a wireless communication system has been cell splitting and fixed channel-allocation based on prediction tools. However, the planning complexity increases rapidly with the number of cells and the method is not suitable for the large temporal and spatial traffic variations expected in the future. A lot of research has therefore been performed regarding adaptive channel allocation, where a channel can be used anywhere as long as the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) is acceptable. A common opinion is that these solutions must be decentralized since a centralized one would be overly complex. In this thesis, we study the locally centralized bunch concept for radio resource management (RRM) in a Manhattan environment and show that it can give a very high capacity, both for outdoor users and for indoor users covered by outdoor base stations. We show how measurement limitations and errors affect the performance and we propose methods to handle these problems, e.g. averaging of measured values, robust channel selection algorithms, and increased SIR margins. We also study the computational and signaling complexities and show that they can be reduced by splitting large bunches, using sparse matrix calculations, and by using a simplified admission algorithm. However, a reduction of the complexity often means a reduction of the system capacity. The measurements needed for RRM can also be used to find a mobile terminal’s geographical position. We propose and study some simple yet accurate methods for this purpose. We also study if position information can enhance RRM as is often suggested in the literature. In the studied scenario, this information seems to be of limited use. One possible use is to estimate the mobile user’s speed, to assist handover decisions. Another use is to find the location of user hotspots in an area, which is beneficial for system planning. Our results show that the bunch concept is a promising candidate for radio resource management in future wireless systems. We believe that the complexity is manageable and the main price we have to pay for high capacity is frequent reallocation of connections. v Acknowledgements During my Ph.D. student years, I have learned a lot, not only about wireless communications, but also about research work in general, much thanks to the guidance and inspiration from my supervisor Prof. Jens Zander at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) and thanks to the support from Assoc. Prof. Youshi Xu at Mid Sweden University (MH). Finding inspiration for good research work requires a creative and collaborative environment; many thanks go to my friends and colleagues at the department of Information Technology and Media, MH, and at the Radio Communication Systems Group, KTH, for interesting discussions and valuable comments on my work. I am especially grateful to Stefan Pettersson, Magnus Eriksson and Mikael Gidlund in the Telecommunications research group at MH for always having time to discuss problems and ideas, and for proofreading most of my work. Life cannot consist of work alone; in order to feel good and be healthy one needs to do other things as well. My friends in the rover scout crew Grover in Sundsvall have given me lots of opportunities to do things I enjoy such as hiking, skiing, caving, and cooking. I believe that these recreational activities have also made me more creative in my research work. Further, I acknowledge the financial support for this work, primarily from Mid Sweden University but also partly from the European Commission through the research project ACTS FRAMES. No matter how many I mention here, I will surely forget someone who has supported me in my work towards writing this thesis. Thanks to all of you: family, friends, colleagues and others, including Scott Adams for creating the cartoon “Dilbert”. vii Contents CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................1 1.1 CELLULAR (PCS) SYSTEMS ........................................................................................................2 1.2 RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ..............................................................................................5 1.3 THE BUNCH CONCEPT ................................................................................................................7 1.4 RELATED WORK .........................................................................................................................9 1.5 THESIS CONTRIBUTIONS ...........................................................................................................12 CHAPTER 2 BUNCHED RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ...................................15 2.1 INTRA-BUNCH RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ................................................................................15 2.2 THE PRIORITY QUEUE...............................................................................................................19 2.3 GENERIC ALLOCATION .............................................................................................................19 2.3.1 Transmission Mode Selection & RU Calculation ...............................................................21 2.3.2 RU Selection and RAU Selection Methods..........................................................................22 2.3.3 Feasibility Check and Initial Power....................................................................................23 2.4 GENERIC DEALLOCATION.........................................................................................................23 2.5 POWER CONTROL .....................................................................................................................24 2.6 ADMISSION CONTROL...............................................................................................................24 2.7 INTER-BUNCH RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ................................................................................24 2.8 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................26 CHAPTER 3 EVALUATION MODELS...............................................................................27 3.1 MULTIPLE ACCESS METHOD ....................................................................................................27 3.1.1 UTRA TDD Frame and Burst Structure..............................................................................29 3.2 MANHATTAN SCENARIO ...........................................................................................................30 3.3 RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION ....................................................................................................31 3.3.1 Outdoor Propagation Model...............................................................................................32 3.3.2 Outdoor-to-Indoor Propagation Model ..............................................................................35 3.3.3 Large-Scale Fading.............................................................................................................35 3.3.4 Small-Scale Fading.............................................................................................................38 3.4 TRAFFIC MODEL.......................................................................................................................40 3.5 PERFORMANCE MEASURES.......................................................................................................41 3.6 SUMMARY OF MODEL PARAMETERS ........................................................................................42 viii CHAPTER 4 PERFORMANCE OF SINGLE BUNCH SYSTEMS .................................. 45 4.1 LINK GAIN MATRIX..................................................................................................................45 4.2 RAU SELECTION AND CHANNEL SEARCH ................................................................................48 4.3 FEASIBILITY CHECK AND INITIAL POWER.................................................................................48 4.4 POWER CONTROL .....................................................................................................................51 4.5 RESULTS WITH OUTDOOR USERS..............................................................................................51 4.6 RESULTS WITH INDOOR AND MIXED INDOOR/OUTDOOR USERS ...............................................57 4.7 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................61 CHAPTER 5 PERFORMANCE OF MULTIPLE BUNCH SYSTEMS............................ 63 5.1 INTER-BUNCH INTERFERENCE HANDLING ................................................................................63 5.1.1 Measurement-Based Interference Avoidance......................................................................64 5.1.2 Fixed Channel Groups for Each Bunch ..............................................................................66 5.1.3 Preferred Channel Groups for Each Bunch........................................................................67
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