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4G Capacity Gains Report for Ofcom 4G Capacity Gains Final Report - Appendices Issued to: Ofcom Issue Date: 27th January 2011 Version: 1.4 Real Wireless Ltd. PO Box 2218 Pulborough West Sussex RH20 4XB United Kingdom www.realwireless.biz [email protected] Tel: +44 207 117 8514 Fax: +44 808 280 0142 About Real Wireless Real Wireless is a leading independent wireless consultancy, based in the U.K. and working internationally for enterprises, vendors, operators and regulators – indeed any organization which is serious about getting the best from wireless to the benefit of their business. We seek to demystify wireless and help our customers get the best from it, by understanding their business needs and using our deep knowledge of wireless to create an effective wireless strategy, implementation plan and management process. We are experts in radio propagation, international spectrum regulation, wireless infrastructures, and much more besides. We have experience working at senior levels in vendors, operators, regulators and academia. We have specific experience in LTE, UMTS, HSPA, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, DAB, DTT, GSM, TETRA – and many more. For details contact us at: [email protected] Tap into our news and views at: realwireless.wordpress.com Stay in touch via our tweets at twitter.com/real_wireless Keep up to date with 4G news at realwireless4g.wordpress.com 2 Contents Appendix A Additional spectral efficiency results........................................................................................... 6 Appendix B Impact of device mix in high demand scenarios on cell spectrum efficiency ........................... 15 Appendix C What is 4G? ................................................................................................................................ 17 C.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 17 C.2 ITU-R IMT-Advanced Process ............................................................................................................ 17 C.2.1 The role of ITU ........................................................................................................................... 17 C.2.2 IMT and IMT-Advanced ............................................................................................................. 18 C.2.3 IMT-Advanced Candidates ......................................................................................................... 24 C.2.4 ITU and Spectrum Requirements .............................................................................................. 27 C.3 3GPP Specifications (UMTS, HSPA, HSPA+, LTE and LTE-Advanced) ................................................. 28 C.3.1 LTE Specifications ...................................................................................................................... 29 C.3.2 LTE-Advanced Specifications ..................................................................................................... 30 C.3.3 Mapping 3GPP features to releases and timing ........................................................................ 30 C.3.4 Commercialisation of the Standard ........................................................................................... 32 C.4 WiMAX 2 Standardisation ................................................................................................................. 33 C.4.1 The IEEE and WiMAX Forum ...................................................................................................... 33 C.4.2 WiMAX IEEE standards development ........................................................................................ 34 C.4.3 Key features of WiMAX Releases 1/1.5 and 2 ........................................................................... 35 C.4.4 Current WiMAX deployment status .......................................................................................... 37 Appendix D Demand for 4G Mobile Services ................................................................................................ 38 D.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 38 D.2 Devices ............................................................................................................................................... 38 D.3 Services and applications .................................................................................................................. 43 D.3.1 A brief history of mobile services .............................................................................................. 43 D.3.2 The impact of diverse services on mobile network capacity requirements .............................. 44 D.3.3 Other service and application themes....................................................................................... 45 D.4 Data volumes and data rates ............................................................................................................. 46 D.4.1 Mobile Broadband Growth to Date ........................................................................................... 46 D.4.2 Cisco Visual Networking Index................................................................................................... 46 D.4.3 Informa Telecoms and Media .................................................................................................... 48 D.4.4 Analysys-Mason ......................................................................................................................... 50 D.4.5 PA Consulting ............................................................................................................................. 51 D.4.6 Other forecasts .......................................................................................................................... 52 D.4.7 Summary of Data Volume Forecasts ......................................................................................... 53 D.5 Location and mobility ........................................................................................................................ 56 D.5.1 Population Density .................................................................................................................... 56 D.5.2 Distribution amongst users ....................................................................................................... 57 D.5.3 Indoor-outdoor distribution ...................................................................................................... 58 D.5.4 Time of day ................................................................................................................................ 59 D.6 Summary of demand themes ............................................................................................................ 59 Appendix E The Nature of Mobile Network Capacity ................................................................................... 61 E.1 Factors affecting SINR distribution across a cell ................................................................................ 61 E.2 Factors affecting link level performance ........................................................................................... 62 E.3 Providing quality of service across a cell ........................................................................................... 65 E.3.1 Scheduling of Spectral Resource amongst Users ...................................................................... 65 E.3.2 User Throughput Distribution ................................................................................................... 66 Appendix F 4G Technology Components ..................................................................................................... 68 3 F.1 Support of Wider Bandwidths & Carrier Aggregation ....................................................................... 68 F.1.1 Description ................................................................................................................................. 68 F.1.2 Benefits ...................................................................................................................................... 69 F.1.3 Challenges .................................................................................................................................. 70 F.1.4 Summary of Impact & Opportunities for 4G Spectrum ............................................................. 70 F.2 Femtocells .......................................................................................................................................... 72 F.2.1 Description ................................................................................................................................. 72 F.2.2 Benefits ...................................................................................................................................... 73 F.2.3 Challenges .................................................................................................................................. 74 F.2.4 Impact and Opportunities for 4G Spectrum .............................................................................. 74 F.3 Co-ordinated Multi Point (CoMP) ...................................................................................................... 74 F.3.1 Description ................................................................................................................................
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