IEEE 802.16 MAC and PHY Specifications for Broadband WMAN

國立中興大學資工系 曾學文

Tel : (04)22840497 ext. 908 E-mail: [email protected]

NCHU CSE WMAN - 1 Resources

Part Source : Roger B. Marks, National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Colorado, USA Chair, IEEE 802.16 Working Group http://WirelessMAN.org

http://www.intel.com/idf

NCHU CSE WMAN - 2 Broadband Access to Buildings

• Metro Ethernet – 802.11 Wireless Ethernet • First/Last mile access – Fast local connection to network » 30%-40% Radio/TV pervasion » 5% – Target Applications (similar as DSL and CableModem) » Data » Voice / Audio » Video distribution » Real-time videoconferencing

• High-capacity cable/fiber to every user is expensive – Network operators demand it – Business and residential customers demand it

NCHU CSE WMAN - 3 Comparisons of Wireless Standards Bandwidth Assumptions Bandwidth (MHz) /2. 1.25 802.20 1xEV-DO, 1xEVDV, 1.25 802.20 Mobile HSDPA 5 (Vehicular) 802.16 <= 20 802.16e Bluetooth 79 x 1 MHz

WWAN UWB > 100 2G/2.5G (IMT-2000) Pedestrian ® Cellularcdma2000 1xEV-DO, 802.16a (Nomadic) ® 1xEV-DV (WiMAX) Mobility WCDMA HSDPA 802.11 (WLAN) Fixed 802.15.1 802.15.3a (Stationary) (Bluetooth) (UWB)

0.1 1.0 3.1 10 100 Peak Data Rate per User (Mbits/second) Commercial Proposed

Source: International Telecommunications Union and WiMAX Forum NCHU CSE WMAN - 4 Current Status

• More Than 350 Operator Trials and Deployments in 65+ countries! • List of operators – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Deployed_WiMAX_networks

Source: Intel, the WiMAX Forum NCHU CSE WMAN - 5 (beyond ) / IMT Advanced

• 4G, a term used to describe the next complete evolution in wireless communications, – is being developed to accommodate the quality of service (QoS) and rate requirements set by forthcoming applications for "anytime-anywhere". • The 4G working group has defined the following as objectives of the 4G wireless communication standard: – A nominal data rate of 100 Mbit/s while the client physically moves at high speeds relative to the station, and 1 Gbit/s while client and station are in relatively fixed positions – Smooth handoff across heterogeneous networks – Seamless connectivity and global roaming across multiple networks – High quality of service for next generation multimedia support (real time audio, high speed data, HDTV video content, mobile TV, etc) – An all IP, packet switched network.

NCHU CSE WMAN - 6 Wireless Broadband Evolution to 4G

NCHU CSE WMAN - 7 Pre-4G

Downlink Uplink Standard Family Radio Tech Notes (Mbps) (Mbps)

WiBro WiBro OFDMA 50 50 Mobile range (900 m)

Quoted speeds only achievable at very 802.16e WiMAX MIMO-SOFDMA 70 70 short ranges, more practically 10 Mbit/s at 10 km.

HIPERMAN HIPERMAN OFDM 56.9 56.9

5.3 1.8 Mobile range 18miles (30km) Flash-OFDM Flash-OFDM Flash-OFDM 10.6 3.6 extended range 34 miles (55km); 15.9 5.4 mobility up to 200mph (350km/h)

HC- iBurst iBurst 802.20 64 64 3–12 km SDMA/TDD/MIMO

UMTS HSDPA widely deployed. Typical CDMA/FDD 0.384 0.384 W-CDMA UMTS/3GSM downlink rates today 1–2 Mbit/s, ~200 14.4 5.76 HSDPA+HSUPA kbit/s uplink; HSPA+ downlink up to

Source: Wikipedia NCHU CSE WMAN - 8 HSPA () • HSPA+ boosts peak data rates to 42 Mbps on the downlink and 22 Mbps on the uplink – Use MIMO and higher order modulation • HSDPA (D = downlink) – 14.4 Mbps in downlink – 174 commercial networks in 76 countries – Can be achieved by software upgrade of existing 3G networks • HSUPA (U = uplink) – 5.76 Mbps in uplink

NCHU CSE WMAN - 9 LTE (Long term evolution) • Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Release 8 Standards in progress (expected 2009) – a project within the 3GPP to improve the UMTS standard

• is a completely new systems – based on OFDMA in the downlink and Single- carrier-FDMA (SC-FDMA has low PAPR) in the uplink that efficiently supports multi-antenna techologies (MIMO).

NCHU CSE WMAN - 10 Wireless Metropolitan Area Network

Relay

NCHU CSE WMAN - 11 Application

NCHU CSE WMAN - 12 Fixed WMAN + Mobile WMAN

Source : WiMAX Forum

NCHU CSE WMAN - 13 WiMAX + Wi-Fi for Mobile Internet

WiMAX Outdoors Rural Tower

Hot Spot Work

Auto WiMAX Tower

Travel Home WiMAX WiFi

• Wi-Fi -> best solution for local area connectivity – With up to 450 Mbps throughput, MIMO-enabled 802.11n enables new local area applications – Wi-Fi hotspots easy to find in most places • Mobile WiMAX -> metropolitan-wide broadband coverage – Offers service providers 3x the latest HSPA (3G) capacity today – Potential to scale to over 20x the capacity of today’s HSPA via more antennas over time

NCHU CSE WMAN - 14 Network Usage Model

Source : WiMAX Forum

NCHU CSE WMAN - 15 Features (1/2)

• Broad bandwidth – Up to 134.4 Mbit/s in 28 MHz channel (in 2-66 GHz) » 32Mb/s - 134.4Mb/s (>=20MHz per channel) » 1.25/2.5/5/10/14/20/25/28MHz per channel (3.5MHz/7MHz) • Supports multiple services simultaneously with full QoS – Efficiently transport IPv4, IPv6, ATM, Ethernet, etc. – Wireless transportation system. • Bandwidth on demand (frame by frame) – Similar to HIPERLAN Type II (frame-based protocol) and DOCSIS – Centralized control • MAC designed for efficient used of spectrum • Comprehensive, modern, and extensible security ()tensions to mobility are coming next.

NCHU CSE WMAN - 16 Features (2/2)

• Supports multiple frequency allocations from 2-66 GHz in 802.16 (10-66GHz) , 802.16a (2-11GHz) and 802.16e (<6GHz) and 700MHz – Single carrier (SC) for line-of-sight situations – OFDM and OFDMA (MC) for non-line-of-sight situations » OFDM : orthogonal frequency division multiplexing » OFDMA : orthogonal frequency division multiple access • OFDMA = 1.25 MHz, 2.5, 5, 10, 14 and 20 MHz channels • Access schemes: – TDD (time division duplex) and FDD (frequency division duplex) • Link adaptation: Adaptive modulation and coding • Point-to-multipoint (star) topology and mesh network extension • Support for adaptive antennas and space-time coding (in 802.16a) • Extensions to mobility. (IEEE 802.16e started from Jan. 2003 and declared in 2005)

NCHU CSE WMAN - 17 TDMA/OFDM/OFDMA

NCHU CSE WMAN - 18 Point-to-Multipoint configuration

• Two components – Subscriber Stations (SSs) » SS typically serves a building (business or residence) – Base Station (BS) » connected to public networks » BS serves Subscriber Stations » provide SS with first-mile(or last mile) access to public networks

• Compared to a Wireless LAN – Multimedia QoS – Not only contention-based – Connection-oriented – Many more users – Much higher data rates – Much longer distances

NCHU CSE WMAN - 19 Mesh Topology (defined in 802.16a)

• Dynamic topology – Self-organizing network – More complicated

NCHU CSE WMAN - 20 Relay Topology (defined in 802.16j)

Mobile Multihop Relay NCHU CSE WMAN - 21 Relay Topology (defined in 802.16j)

NCHU CSE WMAN - 22 Adaptive modulation and coding

Full featured Standard

Source : WiMAX Forum NCHU CSE WMAN - 23 WiMAX Forum

• WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) – Like WECA in IEEE 802.11 WLAN • Mission: – To promote deployment of BWA by using a global standard and certifying interoperability of products and technologies. • Principles: – Support IEEE 802.16x – 2-66 GHz (16a : 2-11GHz, 16 : 10-66GHz and 16e <6GHz) – Propose access profiles for the IEEE 802.16 standard – Guarantee known interoperability level – Open for everyone to participate • Developing & submitting baseline test specs

NCHU CSE WMAN - 24 WiMAX Evolution

802.16j relay Source : Siemens, 2004

NCHU CSE WMAN - 25 IEEE 802.16 vs. ETSI

• Frequent communications between 802.16 WG and ETSI (European Telecom Standards Institute)

• ETSI HIPERACCESS – Above 11 GHz (outdoor , 11- 40GHz, 5Km, 25Mb/s) – ETSI began first, but IEEE finished first – 802.16 has encouraged harmonization

• ETSI HIPERMAN – Below 11 GHz (outdoor) – IEEE began first HIPERMAN – Healthy cooperation – Harmonized with 802.16a OFDM

• ETSI HIPERLAN • ETSI HIPERLINK –5GHz –17GHz (150m, point- (indoor/outdoor) 2-point) –6-54Mb/s –155Mb/s (OC3) –Irrelative with 802.16 –Irrelative with 802.16 NCHU CSE WMAN - 26 802.16 Standard History

NCHU CSE WMAN - 28 IEEE 802.16 Standard and amendments • Fixed Broadband Wireless Access (FBWA) Systems • Air Interface (MAC and PHY) – Band 10-66GHz (ranges 1/2/3 : 10-23.5GHz/23.5-43.5GHz/43.5-66GHz) 25/28MHz per channel – line-of-sight (LOS) requirement – One PHY » WirelessMAN-SC (Single Sarrier) – Point-to-Multipoint Topology (Star) – TDD/FDD option with burst profile (depending on SNR) – Completed in October 2001 – Published in April 2002 • Follow up interoperability projects – 802.16c (Profiles): published in Jan 2003 – 802.16.1 (PICS) » PICS : Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement – 802.16.2 (“10-66GHz Coexistence of FBWA Systems”) » Focus on 23.5 to 43.5 GHz (local multipoint distribution service (LMDS), millimeter wave, etc.,) NCHU CSE WMAN - 30 IEEE 802.16a Standard

• “Medium Access Control Modifications and Additional Physical Layer Specifications for 2–11 GHz” – Band 2-11GHz – Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) requirement and Multi-path issue – Near-LOS – License-exempt band 5-6 GHz (802.11a and HIPERLAN II) – Three PHYs » WirelessMAN-SC2 (single carrier) » WirelessMAN-OFDM (multiple carriers with 256-point transform) • is mandatory for license exempt bands » WirelessMAN-OFDMA (multiple carriers with 2048-point transform) • Multiple access is provided by addressing a subset of the multiple carriers to individual receivers • Scalable : 128, 512, 1024 and 2048 – Advanced Antenna Systems (AAS) (optional) – Add mesh network topology (MAC) – provide automatic repeat request (ARQ) – retransmission (MAC) – Completed in November 2002 and Approved April 2003

NCHU CSE WMAN - 31 IEEE 802.16a Standard

• license-exempt bands below 11 GHz – The PHY and MAC introduce mechanisms such as dynamic frequency selection (DFS) to detect and avoid interference.

NCHU CSE WMAN - 32 IEEE 802.16-2004 Standard

• IEEE Std 802.16™-2004 – “Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems” - IEEE 802.16d – Approved 24 June 2004 – This standard revises and consolidates IEEE Std 802.16- 2001, IEEE Std 802.16a™-2003, and IEEE Std 802.16c™- 2002.

• IEEE Std 802.16f – 16-2004 MIB

• IEEE Std 802.16i – 16e-2005 MIB (baseline only)

NCHU CSE WMAN - 33 IEEE 802.16e

• “Amendment for Physical and Medium Access Control Layers for Combined Fixed and Mobile Operation in Licensed Bands” – Focus on 2-6GHz (700MHz is considered now) – 1.25-20MHZ per channel – Enhance OFDMA PHY (w/ subchannelisation) • Data rate – 10Mhz/channel, OFDMA-64QAM provides 30Mbps • Max. moving speed : 120km/h (vehicle) • Range : several Kms • Chip appear in 2006 • vs. IEEE 802.20 – Below 3.5GHz – Max. moving speed : 250Km/h (high-speed train) – vs. 3G

NCHU CSE WMAN - 34 Mobile WiMAX Release 2.0

• Release 2.0 is based on the IEEE 802.16m System Requirements Document • 802.16m mirrors IMT-Advanced Requirements – Key Performance Targets are: » Increased DL/UL peak channel & user data rate » 2x DL of Release 1.0 (2.6 bps/Hz) » 2x cell-edge DL user throughput of Release 1.0 (0.09 bps/Hz) » 2x UL spectral efficiency of Release 1.0 (1.3 bps/Hz) » 2x cell-edge UL user throughput of Release 1.0 (0.05 bps/Hz) » Reduction of the connection setup, RAN delay, & handover interruption time » >60 concurrent sessions per MHz per sector for the adaptive multi-rate (AMR) 12.2 kbps speech codec » Multi-Carrier support for contiguous or non-contiguous channels (up to 100 MHz operating BW with band aggregation) » Mobility support up to 500 km/hr • Mobile WiMAX Rel 2.0 is backwards compatible with Rel 1.5 and Rel 1.0

35 NCHU CSE WMAN - 35 IEEE 802.16m

NCHU CSE WMAN - 36 Logical network reference model, control plane

802.16e-2005 NCMS

IB and A interfaces : Transport protocol is not specified

Network Control and Management System (NCMS) Authentication Service Agency (ASA) NCHU CSE WMAN - 37 Network Model

MS

Source : Intel IDF NCHU CSE WMAN - 38 MS Mode Transition • Three Modes: – Idle mode » allows an MS to become periodically available for DL broadcast traffic without registration at a specific BS » MS traverses an air link environment populated by multiple BSs » allows the MS to conserve power and operational resources (such as CID, SFID, periodic ranging…) » Listen MOB_PAG-ADV with Paging Controller ID » May perform Idle Mode Location Update Process – Normal mode (Active mode) » MS transmits and receives packets to/from a BS. – Sleep mode » to minimize an MS power usage and decrease usage of serving BS air interface resources by pre-negotiated periods of absence from the serving BS air interface. » Listen MOB_TRF-IND

• Sleep Mode operation is defined between MS and BS only – NCMS does not need to manage Sleep Mode of subscriber • NCMS only manages MS in Normal Operation and Idle Mode NCHU CSE WMAN - 39 MS Mode Transition (BS view) Bluetooth Park mode

Active mode

Hold mode

NCHU CSE WMAN - 40 MS Mode Transition (NCMS view)

NCHU CSE WMAN - 41 Handover (HO)

• An mobile station (MS) migrates from the air-interface provided by one BS to the air interface provided by another BS

• Backbone network: – Similar to Distribution System (DS) defined in 802.11 WLAN – connect BSs – outside the scope of this standard

• Two HO variants: – break-before-make HO: service with the target BS starts after a disconnection with the previous serving BS. – make-before-break HO: service with the target BS starts before disconnecting to the previous serving BS.

NCHU CSE WMAN - 42 Handover (HO)

• Two HO methods: – Macro diversity handover (MDHO) » migrate to the air-interface provided by other one or more BSs. » diversity combining on uplink and downlink at MS/BSs – Fast BS switching (FBSS) » fast switching mechanism to improve link quality » MS is only TX/RX data to/from one active BS (anchor BS) at any given frame. » The anchor BS can change from frame to frame depending on the BS selection scheme. • Diversity set: – contains a list of active BSs to the MS. – is applicable to MDHO and FBSS.

NCHU CSE WMAN - 43 BS Terms Defined in 802.16e

• Neighbor BS: – whose downlink transmission can be received by MS • Serving BS: – MS has most recently completed registration at initial network- entry or during a handover (HO) • Target BS: – intends to be registered with at the end of a handover (HO) • Active BS: – is informed of the MS capabilities, security parameters, service flows and full MAC context information. – For macro diversity handover (MDHO), the MS TX/RX data to/from all active BSs in the diversity set. – All involving BSs during HO • Anchor BS: – The MS is registered, synchronized, performs ranging and monitors the downlink (DL) for control information. – For FBSS supporting MS, this is the serving BS that is designated to transmit/receive data to/from the MS at a given frame – Play the role of active BS, serving BS and Target BS. NCHU CSE WMAN - 44 ID Terms Defined in 802.16e • Paging Controller ID (48-bit : MAC address of BS) – is a logical network identifier – For the serving BS or other network entity retaining MS service and operational information – For administering paging activity for the MS while in Idle Mode – Paging Controller ID = BSID when BS is Paging Controller • Paging Group ID (16-bit : ) – One or more logical affiliation grouping of BSs • Serving BSID (48-bit) (24 : operator ID) – Used for Handover • HOID (8-bit) – Handover Transaction ID • Service Level Prediction Index (2-bit) – Predict capability of supporting service flows • Power_Saving_Class (6-bit) – Associate with sleep parameters • Power Saving Class Type (2-bit) – Associate with QoS bahavior • SLPID (10-bit) – Used for traffic indication (directed or bit-mapping) – max. 1024 MS in sleep mode in one BS NCHU CSE WMAN - 45 ID Terms Defined in 802.16e

• SPID (2-bit) – Subpacket ID used in HARQ

• Temp BSID (3-bit) – BS index in BS_NBR-ADV List – Diversity Set Member ID – Used for MDHO and FBSS – Also used for fast Anchor BS selection feedback

• MBS_Zone ID

NCHU CSE WMAN - 46 Resource Frequency Assignment

• frequency assignment (FA) index – is used in combination with operator specific configuration information provided to the MS – outside the scope of this standard

• frequency assignment (FA) – a logical assignment of downlink – DL center frequency and channel bandwidth programmed to the BS

NCHU CSE WMAN - 47 Mobile WiMAX Roadmap

Mobile WiMAX Release 2.0 Certification

WiMAX Forum Mobile WiMAX Release 1.5 Certification Certification Mobile WiMAX Release 1 Certification (W1 & W2)

Network WiMAX Network WiMAX Network WiMAX Network Specifications Release 1.0 Release 1.5 Release 2.0

Air Interface WiMAX System Profile WiMAX System Profile WiMAX System Profile Profile Release 1.0 (TDD) Release 1.5 Release 2.0 (TDD & FDD) Specifications Wave 1 and Wave 2 (TDD & FDD) WiMAX Forum

MAC/PHY IEEE802.16 Standards (802.16e-2005 +Cor2 IEEE802.16m IEEE802.16REV2 In IEEE 802.16g) IEEE802.16

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

NCHU CSE WMAN - 50 Worldwide License and License Exempt Band

Note : 700MHz allocated for DTV broadcasting is now considered used by 16e WMAN NCHU CSE WMAN - 52