Useful Information Pertaining to the True System of Heating And
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
AD m,k v # % OFFICES M®. S©5 W. MABISOH STPfflEET, C1IICA®®, IU1NOIS. ,NFOR1M PERTAINING TO THE *o* TRUE SYSTEM OF HEATING AND VENTILATION OF BUILDINGS, INVENTED BY IRA J. ORDWAY. AND VENTILATING FURNACES APPARATUS * MANUFACTURED BY THE (©HIGAGO IDEATING AND UeNTILATING COMPANY. OCTOBER, 1885. No. 205 W. Madison Street, Chicago, Illinois. IRA J. ORDWAY, President. O. H. MANNING, Secretary. A. J. STONE, Treasurer. DIRECTORS. J. H. BRADSHAW. DAVID WHITEFORD. A. J. STONE. 0. H. MANNING. IRA J. ORDWAY. Copyrighted, 1885, By The Chicago Heating and Ventilating Company. Chicago. .MU N. 0. Mo° te ‘ A careful perusal of the following pages, we trust, will enable the reader to arrive at such conclusions in regard to the heating and the ventilation of buildings, as will, if put into practice, greatly promote health and comfort. Persons of sound judgment cannot fail to understand the natural laws which govern the warming of our habi- tations, and the quality of air necessary to sustain life in the fullness of all its powers, if they will carefully ex- amine the subject, and correctly reason upon it. Such radical changes from former methods as are advocated in this work, may receive criticism and opposition; but if, at the same time, they lead to investigation, there will be obtained a clearer knowledge of the true system of heating and ventilation; therefore, it is wished that the statements herein presented may be not only read, but patiently studied, by those who may receive this circular. IRA J. ORDWAY, President of the Chicago Heating and Ventilating Company. This cut represents our furnace as designed for school-houses and other public buildings. Its novel features cannot fail to attract general attention. Four fifteen-inch heating-flues, constructed in the form of a triangle, traverse three sides of the combustion-chamber.i An mmense volume of air enters at the bottom of these, passing over their inner lxeating-surfaces, is warmed and then sent into the rooms, thus rapidly changing the air-supply. The idea ofconstructing this salamander-heater, was suggested by the steam-boilers manufactured by the Babcock and Wilcox Co., 30 Cortland St., New- York. These boilers are constructed also on the heating-flue plan. To Mr. Babcock, the President of this Company, we are indebted for practical suggestions and much other valuable aid. We wmuld advise any parties who are interested in generating steam to be used as power, to visit the works of the South-Side Street Car Co., in Chicago, where they will find these boilers producing the steam for moving the Cable Cars of that Co. Pullman’s works, the American Glucose Co., and many other largemanufactories use the world-renowned Babcock and Wilcox Boilers. to the laws and the products ofrespiration, its adequate control in the houses, stores, workshops, and public edifices of the peo- company of eight business and scientific men lately ple, and its proper heating by the most efficient and economical * n Chicago to discuss the necessity of applying means. As undoubtedly many other persons are desirous of some new and approved methods of heating and obtaining such information, the attempt is by the publi- ventilation to private residences and public buildings. It was made, cation of this circular, to furnish them with some valuable items stated by them that many people, particularly in our villages upon these subjects. and cities, are beginning to realize how uncomfortable and un- healthy is the prevailing use of the radiation of heat, pro- duced generally by stoves and sometimes by steam-coils or ra- diators set in the rooms to be warmed, with no special arrange- COMPOSITION AND OFFICE OF ORDINARY AIR. ments for the constant supply of fresh air and the constant re- moval of foul air from these rooms. There were noticed some defects in the present systems of heating by furnaces and steam- ITE asser^on hardly needed that air is a material boilers located in air-chambers below the rooms to be warmed,— substance, usually seven hundred and seventy-three such as raising the air to a higher temperature than is needed, V times lighter, at the surface of the earth, than water of the improper distribution of the warm air, the consequent bank- the same volume. It presses with the weight of nearly fifteen ing of this air on the side of a room opposite the wind, the oc- pounds upon every square inch at that surface, and has the casional descent of cold air in an outgoing-flue and in fact most ready capacity of expansion by heat and of contraction by through the register into the furnace, and the failure of many cold. devices for conveying away completely the carbonic acid and Ordinary air is composed of nearly 2,100 parts of oxygen, the other impurities contained in the air of our buildings. 7,900 parts of nitrogen, and three parts of carbonic acid, in every These men admitted that, while they had carefully observed 10,000 parts. To these must be added varying quantities of some phases ofthe subject, they had yet to learn some important watery vapor, organic matter, and other chemical compounds facts concerning the properties of the atmosphere, its relations scarcely discernible. day, will become so vitiated by his respiration and the exhala- Relation of Oxygen to Respiration. tions of his skin, that it will prove highly deleterious. General Morin, a French authority of great weight, insists that this The chief office of the atmosphere as related to human beings amount should range from 29,640 to 50,880 cubic feet, accord- is to furnish largely the oxygen needed for the purpose of sus- ing to the character of the work performed in the buildings ven- taining their lives. To them having the respiratory process in tilated. Dr. Billings, in his admirable treatise on The Princi- a very active condition, the absence of this element, as is well ples of Ventilation and Heating, states: —“ I would advise known, results in their death in a few minutes; and the supply that heating-surface, foul and fresh air-flues and registers be of it below the normal standard results in their languor, sleep- provided for an air-supply of one eubic foot per second per head iness, and injury to the vital organs. Air enters through the for rooms which are to be occupied constantly. When the room lungs directly into the blood, in which it is carried to all parts of is to be occupied but three or four hours at a time, and is thor- the body, uniting with the waste particles of the latter, and for- oughly aired in the interval, theamount may be reduced to 2,500 ming such excretions as carbonic acid and water. By these com- cubic feet per hour, or three-quarters of a foot per second. ” binations, it maintains the constant temperature of the body At least 300 cubic feet of well-ventilated space are required per at about 100° Fahr. individual in a common lodging or tenement-house; 250 cubic feet in a school-room; 600 cubic feet in an ordinary workshop; and 1,000 cubic feet in a hospital ward. Amount of Pure Air for an Adult Man. An adult little or no breathes from man, performing labor, Purifying Effects of Fresh Air thirteen to fifteen times a minute, admitting into his lungs, at each inspiration, nearly 30 cubic inches of air. Thus, there Another important office of fresh air consists in its purifying pass through his lungs 604,800 cubic inches, or 350 cubic feet, of agency. It aids in destroying, by oxidation, the noxious gases air in 24 hours, yielding up to his blood, during that time, and vapors found in our buildings, and emanating from numerous about 10,000 grains, or 1 3-7 lbs. avoirdupois, of oxygen. This sources. This action is accelerated by the influence of heat and amount is greater by 2,000 grains than the solid dry food by the formation of regular currents in the atmosphere. It is required to support his life and to maintain his strength during also assisted very materially by direct sunlight. It is greatly the same time. According to the lowest reliable estimates, less retarded by the removal of the oxygen, as the consequence of than 23,000 cubic feet of pure air, supplied to this man per the repeated breathing of the confined air of a room. amount of cheerfulness, activity, and lively interest, which per- IMPURE AIR AND ITS INJURIOUS EFFECTS. vades it.” Such foul air is also a frightful source of weak or diseased 'yfliskipiife eyes, caused by the rush of blood to the brain, and of nervous once respired loses five per cent of its oxygen, i. e., headaches, dyspepsia, sleeplessness, scrofula, and consumption. < there are exhausted about 100 parts of the 2,100 of These results are so obvious that they need only be mentioned. oxygen in 10,000 parts of pure air; and it gains 5 per From two-thirds to three-fourths of our diseases are occasioned cent of carbonic acid. In other words, a cubic foot of ordinary directly or indirectly by foul air. Death by quick asphyxiation air contains less than a cubic inch of the latter gas; but when is produced by breathing air which contains ten per cent of car- breathed a single time, it contains upwards of 70 cubic inches. bonic acid. Of the 350 cubic feet of air passing through the lungs of an av- erage-sized man in 24 hours, 17 cubic feet are converted into this Decaying Animal Matter.