Weedbusters! Recording Form

Appendix 1: Volunteer invasive plant recording sheet

Your name: Date:

Weedbusters! Recording form

Species: Surveyed? Yes / No Buds Open Seeds Flowering? Ripe Unripe flowers present? Control Hand-pulling Digging Herbicide techniques: Disposal: Left on site Incineration Other: How many people How much Survey: involved? time did you Control: spend? No. of individual Did you take Population Size plants or stems photographs? 1 m X m 2 m X m 3 m X m 4 _ m X m 5 m X m

If possible, please include a GPS reading (in decimal degrees, WGS1984)

Population Location details or other notes

1 2 3 4 5 Appendix 2: Eradication effort scoring system

Stage 1: Decision tree, adapted from Panetta & Timmins 2004 Areas of relevance to the prioritisation used here are highlighted in red

Stage 2: Calculation of eradication impedance scores, adapted from Panetta & Timmins 2004

Category Score Explanation 1 Number of populations 0 Only 1 population known 3 2 or 3 populations known 6 >3 populations known 2 Ease of access 0 All populations accessible by road 3 Some populations only accessed off-road or on islands served by the FIG Air Service 6 Some populations on remote islands not served by the FIG Air Service 3. Length of conspicuous 0 Small populations (c. 1m square) detectable from >100m stage in most habitats for more than 3 months 3 Small populations detectable 1-3 months 6 Small populations detectable <1 month 12 Small populations never easily detectable 4. Conspicuous stage prior 0 Plant is conspicuous before reproduction or plant does not to reproduction produce propagules 3 Plant is not conspicuous before reproduction 5. Distinctive features 0 Plants have distinctive features 3 Plants may be easily confused with similar more common species 6. Vegetative 0 Plants never or rarely reproduce by vegetative fragmentation fragmentation 3 Plants frequently reproduce by vegetative fragmentation 7. Time to first 0 Plants mature after >2 yrs reproduction 2 Plants mature in 2nd year 4 Plants mature in 1st year 6 >1 generation per year 8. Longevity of seedbank 0 Transient <1 year; or plants not known to produce propagules in the Falklands 2 Short-term persistent 1-5 yrs 4 Long-term persistent 5-20 yrs 6 Seedbank >20 yrs 9. Number of controls Number of controls estimated to be needed to kill the most persistent individuals 10. Propagule dispersal 0 All dispersal to new sites is likely to be via anthropogenic vectors, including via livestock 3 Dispersal to new sites likely via both anthropogenic and natural vectors 6 Dispersal to new sites likely to be via natural vectors, especially birds or wind.

Notes on the calculation of eradication impedance scores

1. Number of populations Where complete data were unavailable, number of populations was estimated as being equal to the number of 1km grid squares the species is known to be present in.

4. Conspicuous stage prior to reproduction Note that this is largely confounded with the score for length of conspicuous stage, as a score of 3 is applicable for all species scoring 12 for length of conspicuous stage, but is applicable for only 1 species scoring less than 12.

6. Vegetative fragmentation This character may be more significant for aquatic species which are frequently invasive. However, no introduced aquatic species have yet been reported from the Falklands. Only three species score 3 for this question.

8. Longevity of seedbank Data are not available from the Falklands, so data from the Ecological Flora of the British Isles (http://www.ecoflora.co.uk) were used. Where data were unavailable, annual or biennial species were scored 4 and perennial species were scored 2.

Calculation of net area Detailed data on the net area of infestation were only available for a few species. Where data were absent, an estimate was made based on either the author’s knowledge of any sites he had visited, or on a conservative figure of 0.01 ha for each 1km grid square the species had been recorded in.

Eradication effort scores for weed species

uction Eradication Net I x A = impedance Area Eradication

Family Species Common name (I) (A) Effort (E)

Risk Risk assessment Numberof populations Easeof access Lengthof conspicuous stage Conspicuousprior toreproduction Distinctive features Vegetative fragmentation Timeto first reprod Longevityof seedbank Numberof controls Propagule dispersal Amaranthaceae Atriplex prostrata Common Orache 12 0 0 12 3 3 0 4 4 1 0 27 0.01 0.27 Apiaceae Anthriscus cf. sylvestris Cow Parsley 15 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 8 0.01 0.08 Apiaceae Conium maculatum Hemlock 16 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 1 0 10 0.02 0.2 Apiaceae Heracleum sphondylium Hogweed 7 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 2 0 11 0.03 0.33 Aspleniaceae Asplenium scolopendrium Hart's-tongue 12 3 3 12 3 0 0 0 0 1 6 28 0.01 0.28 Asteraceae Anthemis arvensis Corn Chamomile N A 0 0 3 0 3 0 4 4 1 0 15 0.01 0.15 Asteraceae Anthemis cotula Stinking Chamomile N A 0 0 3 0 3 0 4 6 1 0 17 0.01 0.17 Asteraceae Carduus tenuiflorus Slender Thistle 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 1 3 10 0.01 0.1 Asteraceae Senecio jacobaea European Ragwort 18 3 0 3 0 3 0 2 4 1 3 19 0.02 0.38 Asteraceae Silybum marianum Milk Thistle 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 6 11 0.01 0.11 Asteraceae Sonchus oleraceus Smooth Sow-thistle 15 3 6 3 0 3 0 6 4 1 6 32 0.03 0.96 Asteraceae Tussilago farfara Colt's foot 16 0 0 6 3 0 0 2 2 6 0 19 0.01 0.19 Boraginaceae Myosotis arvensis Field Forget-me-not 13 6 0 3 0 3 0 6 4 1 0 23 1 23 Brassicaceae Cardamine hirsuta Wavy Bitter-cress 12 3 0 12 3 3 0 6 4 1 0 32 1.25 40 Brassicaceae Erysimum cheiranthoides Treacle Mustard 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 1 0 9 0.01 0.09 Brassicaceae Sinapis alba White Mustard 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 1 0 9 0.01 0.09 Brassicaceae Sisymbrium officinale Hedge Mustard 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 1 0 9 0.01 0.09 Caryophyllaceae Cerastium glomeratum Sticky Mouse-ear 12 3 3 12 3 3 0 6 4 1 0 35 0.25 8.75 Caryophyllaceae Sagina filicaulis Annual Pearlwort N A 0 0 12 3 3 0 6 2 1 0 27 0.01 0.27 Caryophyllaceae Silene latifolia White Campion 13 0 6 3 0 0 0 2 4 1 0 16 0.01 0.16 Cyperaceae Carex flacca Glaucous Sedge 14 6 0 12 3 3 0 2 4 3 0 33 2 66 Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense Field Horsetail 15 3 0 12 3 0 0 0 0 9 0 27 0.25 6.75 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia helioscopia Sun Spurge 14 0 6 6 0 0 0 6 4 1 0 23 0.01 0.23 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia peplus Petty Spurge 14 3 0 6 0 0 0 6 4 1 0 20 0.02 0.4 Euphorbiaceae Mercurialis annua Annual Mercury 12 0 0 12 3 0 0 6 4 1 0 26 0.01 0.26 Fabaceae Trifolium arvense Hare's-foot Clover 12 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 4 1 0 12 0.01 0.12 Fabaceae Trifolium campestre Hop Trefoil 12 0 0 12 3 3 0 4 4 1 0 27 0.01 0.27 Fabaceae Trifolium fragiferum Strawberry Clover 12 0 0 12 3 3 0 4 0 1 0 23 0.01 0.23 Fabaceae Trifolium striatum Knotted Clover N A 0 0 12 3 3 0 4 6 1 0 29 0.01 0.29 Fabaceae Vicia sativa Common Vetch 12 3 0 12 3 0 0 4 4 1 0 27 0.02 0.54 Fabaceae Vicia sepium Bush Vetch 12 0 0 12 3 0 0 4 4 1 0 24 0.01 0.24 Gentianaceae Centaurium pulchellum Lesser Centaury 13 0 0 3 0 3 0 4 4 1 0 15 0.01 0.15 Geraniaceae Geranium pusillum Small-flowered 12 0 0 12 3 0 0 6 4 1 0 26 0.01 0.26 Geraniaceae Geranium robertianum HerbCrane's Robert-bill 13 3 3 3 0 3 0 6 4 1 0 23 0.02 0.46 Iridaceae Sisyrinchium californicum Californian Yellow- N A 0 0 3 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 9 1 9 Juncaceae Juncus articulatus Jointedmaiden Rush 14 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 3 0 12 0.03 0.36 Juncaceae Juncus bufonius Toad Rush 13 6 0 12 3 0 0 6 4 1 0 32 0.25 8 Juncaceae Juncus effusus Soft Rush 12 6 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 3 0 15 0.5 7.5 Juncaceae Luzula multiflora subsp. Heath Wood-rush 10 6 0 12 3 3 0 2 4 1 0 31 0.01 0.31 Lamiaceae Lamiumcongesta amplexicaule Henbit Dead-nettle 13 3 0 3 0 3 0 6 4 1 0 20 0.03 0.6 Lamiaceae Lamium purpureum var. Red Dead-nettle 12 3 6 3 0 3 0 6 4 1 0 26 0.03 0.78 Lamiaceae Prunellapurpureum vulgaris Selfheal 13 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 4 1 0 10 0.01 0.1 Onagraceae Chamerion angustifolium Rosebay Willowherb 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 3 0 7 0.04 0.28 Onagraceae Epilobium ciliatum N A 0 0 3 0 3 0 6 2 2 3 19 0.25 4.75 Onagraceae Epilobium hirsutum Great Willowherb 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 3 0 7 0.04 0.28 Onagraceae Epilobium obscurum Short-fruited 12 0 0 3 0 3 0 4 2 2 3 17 0.01 0.17 Orobanchaceae Euphrasia confusa EuropeanWillowherb Eyebright 13 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 2 1 0 10 20 200 Orobanchaceae Parentucellia viscosa Yellow Bartsia 12 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 2 1 0 10 0.04 0.4 Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata Yellow-sorrel 15 0 0 3 0 0 0 6 2 3 0 14 1 14 Papaveraceae Papaver lecoqii Yellow-juiced Poppy 13 6 0 3 0 0 0 6 6 1 0 22 0.25 5.5 Plantaginaceae Cymbalaria muralis Ivy-leaved Toadflax 11 0 0 12 0 0 3 4 0 2 0 21 0.04 0.84 Plantaginaceae Plantago coronopus Buck's-horn Plantain 14 3 0 12 3 0 0 6 4 1 0 29 0.02 0.58 Plantaginaceae Plantago major Greater Plantain 16 3 0 12 3 0 0 4 6 1 0 29 0.2 5.8 Plantaginaceae Veronica agrestis Green Field 13 6 3 12 3 3 0 6 4 1 0 38 0.25 9.5 Plantaginaceae Veronica arvensis WallSpeedwell Speedwell 13 6 3 12 3 3 0 6 2 1 0 36 0.25 9 Plantaginaceae Veronica officinalis Heath Speedwell 12 3 0 3 0 0 0 4 4 2 0 16 1.5 24 Poaceae Avena fatua Wild-oat 13 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 4 1 0 12 0.01 0.12 Poaceae Bromus catharticus 11 3 0 12 3 3 0 4 2 1 0 28 0.02 0.56 Poaceae Bromus erectus Upright Brome 13 0 0 12 3 3 0 4 2 1 0 25 0.01 0.25 Poaceae Bromus sterilis Barren Brome 13 0 0 12 3 0 0 4 0 1 0 20 0.01 0.2 Poaceae Cynosurus echinatus Rough Dog's-tail 12 3 0 12 3 0 0 4 2 1 0 25 0.01 0.25 Poaceae Elymus farctus Sand Couch 13 0 0 12 3 3 0 4 4 3 0 29 0.01 0.29 Poaceae Hordeum comosum Hairy Barley 12 3 0 3 0 0 0 4 2 1 0 13 0.01 0.13 Poaceae Hordeum murinum Wall Barley 12 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 2 1 0 10 0.01 0.1 Poaceae Phalaris canariensis Canary-grass 11 0 0 12 3 0 0 4 2 1 0 22 0.01 0.22 Poaceae Puccinellia glaucescens Saltmarsh-grass 10 0 0 12 3 3 0 4 2 1 0 25 0.01 0.25 Poaceae Trisetum spicatum N A 0 0 12 3 3 0 4 0 1 0 23 0.01 0.23 Poaceae Triticum aestivum Wheat 7 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 0 1 0 8 0.01 0.08 Polygonaceae Persicaria maculosa Redshank 13 0 0 3 0 0 0 6 6 1 0 16 0.01 0.16 Polygonaceae Polygonum arenastrum N A 0 0 12 3 3 0 6 4 1 0 29 0.01 0.29 Polygonaceae Polygonum aviculare Commo n Knotgrass 12 3 0 3 0 0 0 6 4 1 0 17 0.01 0.17 Polygonaceae Rumex acetosella subsp. Round-seeded 10 6 0 12 3 3 0 2 4 1 3 34 0.01 0.34 Polygonaceae Rumexpyrenaiceus cf. hydrolapathum Sheep's Sorrel N A 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 3 3 11 0.01 0.11 Polygonaceae Rumex x propinquus Hybrid Dock N A 6 0 0 0 3 0 2 6 2 3 22 25 550 Portulacaceae Claytonia perfoliata Winter Purslane 12 3 0 3 0 0 0 4 2 1 0 13 0.04 0.52 Ranunculaceae Ranunculus sceleratus Celery-leaved 12 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 4 1 3 15 0.04 0.6 Rosaceae Potentilla anserina SilverweedButtercup 13 6 3 3 0 0 0 2 4 2 0 20 20 400 Rubiaceae Galium aparine Cleavers 14 3 0 12 3 0 0 6 2 1 0 27 0.02 0.54 Urticaceae Urtica dioica Stinging Nettle 13 6 0 0 0 3 0 4 0 2 0 15 0.25 3.75 Violaceae Viola tricolor Heartsease/ Wild 11 0 0 3 0 0 0 6 4 1 0 14 0.02 0.28 Pansy

Eradication effort scores for cultivated species

atures

Eradication Net I x A = impedance Area Eradication

Family Species Common name (I) (A) Effort (E)

Risk Risk assessment Numberof populations Easeof access Lengthof conspicuous stage Conspicuousprior toreproduction Distinctivefe Vegetative fragmentation Timeto first reproduction Longevityof seedbank Numberof controls Propaguledispersal Amaryllidaceae Allium schoenoprasum Chives 7 3 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 10 0.01 0.1 Amaryllidaceae Allium triquetrum Three-cornered Garlic 13 6 6 3 0 0 0 2 0 3 0 20 0.25 5 Apiaceae Levisticum officinale Lovage 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0.01 0.02 Araliaceae Hedera helix Common Ivy 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 6 0.25 1.5 Asparagaceae Hyacinthoides x Hybrid Bluebell 13 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 15 0.03 0.45 Asparagaceae Muscarimassartiana armeniacum Grape-hyacinth 12 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 9 0.01 0.09 Asparagaceae Polygonatum x hybridum Solomon's-seal N A 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 5 0.01 0.05 Asteraceae Anthemis punctata Sicilian Chamomile N A 0 6 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 9 0.01 0.09 Asteraceae Calendula officinalis Pot Marigold 11 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 0 1 0 8 0.01 0.08 Asteraceae Centaurea cyanus Cornflower 12 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 4 1 0 12 0.01 0.12 Asteraceae Chrysanthemum x Shasta Daisy 12 3 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 9 0.01 0.09 Asteraceae Tanacetumsuperbum parthenium Feverfew 13 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 6 0.01 0.06 Berberidaceae Berberis ilicifolia Darwin's Barberry N A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 9 0.01 0.09 Brassicaceae Armoracia rusticana Horseradish 10 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 9 0.01 0.09 Brassicaceae Brassica napus subsp. Swede 11 3 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 1 0 12 0.25 3 Brassicaceae Brassicarapifera oleracea Cabbage 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 0 5 0.01 0.05 Brassicaceae Brassica rapa subsp. rapa Turnip 11 3 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 1 0 12 0.25 3 Brassicaceae Erysimum cheiri Wallflower 13 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 6 0.01 0.06 Brassicaceae Hesperis matronalis Dame's-violet 14 3 0 3 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 11 0.25 2.75 Brassicaceae Raphanus sativus Radish 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 1 0 9 0.01 0.09 Campanulaceae Campanula rotundifolia Harebell 11 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 4 1 0 10 0.01 0.1 Capryfoliaceae Valerianella locusta Lamb's Lettuce 13 0 0 3 0 0 0 6 4 1 0 14 0.01 0.14 Caryophyllaceae Agrostemma githago Corn Cockle 11 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 2 1 0 10 0.01 0.1 Caryophyllaceae Cerastium tomentosum Snow in Summer N A 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 0 1 0 8 0.01 0.08 Caryophyllaceae Silene dioica Red Campion 13 3 6 3 0 0 0 2 4 1 0 19 0.01 0.19 Caryophyllaceae Silene uniflora Sea Campion 9 3 6 3 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 15 0.02 0.3 Celastraceae Maytenus magellanica Pickwood 14 3 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 11 0.01 0.11 Crassulaceae Sedum acre Biting Stonecrop 16 6 6 3 0 0 3 2 0 2 0 22 0.06 1.32 Crassulaceae Sedum forsterianum Rock stonecrop 9 3 0 3 0 0 3 2 0 1 0 12 0.02 0.24 Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris dilatata Broad Buckler-fern 9 3 6 12 3 0 0 0 0 1 6 31 0.01 0.31 Ericaceae Erica arborea Tree Heather N A 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 7 0.01 0.07 Escalloniaceae Escallonia sp. Escallonia N A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.01 0.01 Fabaceae Cytisus scoparius Common Broom 18 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 7 0.01 0.07 Fabaceae Lupinus arboreus Tree Lupin 15 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 5 0.02 0.1 Lamiaceae Mentha spicata Spearmint 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 0.01 0.03 Lamiaceae Mentha x villosa Apple-mint 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 0.01 0.03 Malvaceae Sidalcea malviflora Sidalcea 10 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 0.01 0.04 Onagraceae Fuchsia magellanica Fuchsia 10 3 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 17 0.01 0.17 Papaveraceae Papaver lecoqii Yellow-juiced Poppy N A 6 0 3 0 0 0 6 6 1 0 22 0.25 5.5 Papaveraceae Platystemon californicus Cream-cups Poppy N A 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 2 1 0 10 0.01 0.1 Pinaceae Picea sitchensis Sitka Spruce N A 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 7 0.07 0.49 Pinaceae Pinus contorta Lodgepole Pine N A 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 7 0.08 0.56 Plantaginaceae Digitalis purpurea Foxglove N A 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 1 0 10 0.03 0.3 Plantaginaceae Veronica x franciscana Hebe N A 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 5 0.01 0.05 Plumbaginaceae Armeria maritima Thrift N A 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 0.04 0.16 Polygonaceae Rumex acetosa Common Sorrel N A 3 3 3 0 0 0 2 4 3 3 21 0.04 0.84 Portulacaceae Calandrinia menziesii Felton's Flower N A 0 6 3 0 3 0 4 2 1 0 19 0.01 0.19 Rosaceae Cotoneaster x suecicus Cotoneaster N A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.01 0.01 Rosaceae Malus domestica Apple 8 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 5 0.01 0.05 Rosaceae Prunus sp. Plum N A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 7 0.01 0.07 Rosaceae Rosa canina Dogrose 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 9 0.01 0.09 Rosaceae Rosa rubiginosa Sweetbriar 15 3 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 18 0.05 0.9 Rosaceae Rosa rugosa Japanese Rose 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 9 0.02 0.18 Rosaceae Sorbus aucuparia Rowan 15 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 11 0.02 0.22 Salicaceae Salix cinerea Grey Willow 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0.01 0.02 Sapindaceae Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 8 0.01 0.08 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga x urbium London Pride N A 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 0 1 0 8 0.01 0.08 Solanaceae Solanum tuberosum Potato 11 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 9 0.01 0.09 Violaceae Viola x wittrockiana Pansy 6 3 0 3 0 0 0 4 4 1 0 15 0.01 0.15 Xanthorrhoeaceae Phormium tenax New Zealand Flax 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0.01 0.06

Eradication effort scores for high risk widespread species

Eradication Net I x A = impedance Area Eradication

Family Species Common name (I) (A) Effort (E)

Eradication effort scores for agricultural and planted species (not fully evaluated)

Eradication Net I x A =

getative impedance Area Eradication

Family Species Common name (I) (A) Effort (E)

Risk Risk assessment Numberof populations Easeof access Lengthof conspicuous stage Conspicuousprior toreproduction Distinctivefeatures Ve fragmentation Timeto first reproduction Longevityof seedbank Numberof controls Propagule dispersal Asteraceae Cichorium intybus N A N A 0 3 0 0 0 2 2 1 3 11 N A Fabaceae Lotus corniculatus Bird's -foot-trefoil 11 6 0 3 0 0 0 N A 2 N A N A 11 N A

Fabaceae Lotus pedunculatus Greater Bird's-foot- 12 6 0 3 0 0 0 N A 2 N A N A 11 N A Fabaceae Medicago sativa Lucernetrefoil 11 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 4 1 N A 10 0.01 0.1 Fabaceae Trifolium aureum Golden Clover 12 3 0 3 0 0 0 4 6 1 N A 17 0.01 0.17 Fabaceae Trifolium hybridum Alsike Clover 11 6 0 3 0 3 0 2 2 N A N A 16 N A Fabaceae Trifolium pratense Red Clover 11 6 0 3 0 0 0 2 2 N A N A 13 N A Fabaceae Vicia hirsuta Hairy Tare 12 0 0 12 0 0 0 4 4 1 N A 21 0.01 0.21 Fagaceae Castanea sativa Sweet Chestnut N A N A 6 0 0 0 0 0 N A N A N A 6 N A Fagaceae Quercus robur Pedunculate Oak N A N A 6 0 0 0 0 0 N A N A N A 6 N A Grossulariaceae Ribes nigrum Black Currant 10 N A 0 0 0 3 0 0 N A N A N A 3 N A Grossulariaceae Ribes rubrum Red Currant 9 N A 0 0 0 3 0 0 N A N A N A 3 N A Myrtaceae Eucalyptus gunnii Eucalyptus 11 N A 6 0 0 0 0 0 N A N A N A 6 N A Nothofagaceae Nothofagus betuloides Southern Beech 9 N A 6 0 0 0 0 0 N A N A N A 6 N A Papaveraceae Platystemon californicus Cream-cups Poppy 12 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 2 1 N A 10 0.01 0.1 Pinaceae Pinus cf. echinata N A N A 0 0 0 3 0 0 N A N A N A 3 N A Pinaceae Pinus cf. muricata N A N A 0 0 0 3 0 0 N A N A N A 3 N A Pinaceae Pinus contorta Lodgepole Pine 13 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 N A 1 N A 7 0.08 0.56 Pinaceae Pinus radiata Monterey Pine 12 N A 0 0 0 3 0 0 N A N A N A 3 N A Pinaceae Pinus sylvestris Scots Pine 12 N A 0 0 0 3 0 0 N A N A N A 3 N A Poaceae Arrhenatherum elatius False Oat-grass 14 3 3 12 3 3 0 4 2 1 N A 31 0.03 0.93 Poaceae Avena sativa Oat 11 3 0 3 0 0 0 4 N A 1 N A 11 N A Poaceae Festuca ovina Sheep's Fescue 12 3 0 12 3 3 0 2 4 2 N A 29 0.02 0.58 Poaceae Festuca pratensis 11 3 0 12 3 3 0 2 2 2 N A 27 0.03 0.81 Poaceae Lolium multiflorum Italian Rye-grass 12 0 0 12 3 3 0 4 4 1 N A 27 0.01 0.27 Poaceae Phalaris arundinacea Reed Canary-grass 14 3 0 12 3 3 0 2 2 N A N A 25 N A Poaceae Phalaris arundinacea var. Gardeners' Garters 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 N A N A 4 N A Rosaceae Sorbuspicta aria Whitebeam 10 N A 6 0 0 0 0 0 N A N A N A 6 N A Salicaceae Salix schwerinii N A N A 6 0 0 3 0 0 N A N A N A 9 N A Salicaceae Salix viminalis Common Osier N A N A 6 0 0 3 0 0 N A N A N A 9 N A Salicaceae Salix x rubra Green-leaved Willow N A N A 0 0 0 3 0 0 N A N A N A 3 N A

Species present in five or more 10km grid squares (not evaluated)

Family Species Common name Family Species Common name Adoxaceae Sambucus nigra f. nigra Elder Lamiaceae Mentha x piperita Peppermint Adoxaceae Sambucus nigra cv. 'Aureomarginata' Gold-edged Elder Papaveraceae Fumaria muralis Fumitory Adoxaceae Sambucus nigra f. laciniata Cut-leaved Elder Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolata Ribwort Plantain Amaranthaceae Atriplex patula Spear-leaved Orache Plantaginaceae Veronica serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved Speedwell Amaryllidaceae Narcissus sp. Daffodil Poaceae Agrostis capillaris Common Bent Asteraceae Bellis perennis Daisy Poaceae Agrostis stolonifera Creeping Bent Asteraceae Crepis capillaris Smooth Hawks-beard Poaceae Aira caryophyllea Silver Hair-grass Asteraceae Gnaphalium luteoalbum Jersey Cudweed Poaceae Aira praecox Early Hair-grass Asteraceae Hypochaeris radicata Cat's-ear Poaceae Alopecurus geniculatus Marsh Foxtail Asteraceae Leontodon hispidus Rough Hawkbit Poaceae Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet Vernal-grass Asteraceae Leucanthemum vulgare Oxeye Daisy Poaceae Bromus hordeaceus Soft Brome Asteraceae Matricaria discoidea Pineappleweed Poaceae Cynosurus cristatus Crested Dog's-tail Asteraceae Senecio sylvaticus Heath Ragwort Poaceae Dactylis glomerata Cock's-foot Asteraceae Senecio vulgaris Groundsel Poaceae Elymus repens Common Couch Asteraceae Tanacetum vulgare Tansy Poaceae Festuca rubra Red Fescue Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale agg. Dandelion Poaceae Holcus lanatus Yorkshire Fog Asteraceae Tripleurospermum inodorum Scentless Mayweed Poaceae Hordeum jubatum Foxtail Barley Boraginaceae Myosotis discolor Changing Forget-me-not Poaceae Leymus arenarius Lyme-grass Brassicaceae Capsella bursa-pastoris Shepherd's-purse Poaceae Lolium perenne Perennial Rye-grass Brassicaceae Cochlearia officinalis English Scurvygrass Poaceae Phleum pratense Timothy Capryfoliaceae Lonicera periclymenum Honeysuckle Poaceae Poa annua Annual Meadow-grass Caryophyllaceae Cerastium fontanum Common Mouse-ear Poaceae Poa pratensis Smooth Meadow-grass Caryophyllaceae Sagina procumbens Procumbent Pearlwort Poaceae Poa trivialis Rough Meadow-grass Caryophyllaceae Spergula arvensis Corn Spurrey Poaceae Vulpia bromoides Squirreltail Fescue Caryophyllaceae Stellaria media Chickweed Polygonaceae Rheum x hybridum Rhubarb Cupressaceae Cupressus macrocarpa Monterey Cypress Polygonaceae Rumex acetosella ssp. acetosella Sheep's Sorrel Fabaceae Trifolium dubium Lesser Trefoil Ranunculaceae Ranunculus repens Creeping Buttercup Fabaceae Trifolium repens White Clover Rosaceae Aphanes arvensis Parsley-piert Geraniaceae Erodium cicutarium Common Storks-bill Rosaceae Rubus idaeus Raspberry Geraniaceae Geranium molle Dove's-foot Cranes-bill Rubiaceae Galium saxatile Heath Bedstraw Grossulariaceae Ribes uva-crispa Gooseberry Salicaceae Populus x canescens Grey Poplar Grossulariaceae Ribes magellanicum Magellanic Currant Urticaceae Urtica urens Small Nettle Juncaceae Luzula campestris Field Wood-rush Violaceae Viola arvensis Field Pansy Lamiaceae Lamium purpureum var. hybridum Cut-leaved Dead-nettle Appendix 3: Calendar of early intervention control actions

Species Location Control Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Field Horsetail Herbicide C (Equisetum Stanley C C or flame S arvense) Perennial Digging C Stinging Nettle Stanley or C S (Urtica dioica) herbicide Cow Parsley Stanley & Digging C (Anthriscus C Fitzroy S sylvestris) Coltsfoot C (Tussilago Stanley Herbicide C S farfara) Rosebay Cape C (Chamerion Pulling C Pembroke S angustifolia) Great Willowherb C Stanley Pulling C (Epilobium S hirsutum) Jointed Rush Digging C (Juncus Stanley or C S articulatus) herbicide Soft Rush Digging or C Stanley C Juncus effusus Herbicide S Heath Speedwell C Veronica Stanley Herbicide C S officinalis Celery-leaved Buttercup C Stanley Pulling C (Ranunculus S sceleratus) European Eyebright Cape Pulling C C S (Euphrasia Pembroke confusa) Yellow Bartsia Cape (Parentucellia Pulling C C S Pembroke viscosa) Buck’s-horn Plantain C Stanley Pullling C C (Plantago S coronopus) Hemlock C (Conium Fitzroy Pulling C S maculatum) Procumbent Pulling or Yellow-sorrel*1 digging C Stanley C (Oxalis S corniculata) Petty Spurge*12 Pulling C (Euphorbia Stanley C C S peplus)

Hogweed Digging C (Heracleum Stanley C S sphondylium) Greater Plantain Digging MPA & C (Plantago major) or C Stanley S herbicide Small-flowered Cranesbill C Darwin Pulling C (Geranium S pusillum) Great Water Digging C Dock (Rumex Darwin or C S hydrolapathum) herbicide Heart’s-ease C MPA Pulling C C (Viola tricolor) S Cleavers (Galium C Stanley Pulling C aparine) S Henbit (Lamium C Stanley Pulling C C amplexicaule) S C = Control; S = Survey

After a whole year with no plants or seedlings being found, the number of control visits for that species can be reduced. Each site should be surveyed annually for at least three years after the last plant or seedling is found.

Appendix 4

Creation of a Risk Assessment Protocol for Cultivated Species in the Falkland Islands

Andrew Budden November 2012

Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

1. Overview This work was undertaken to strengthen the biosecurity measures in place within the Falkland Islands, following on from a previous Risk Assessment implemented by Whitehead (2008). The aim was to switch the focus from species that have already established in the wild to those that are currently being cultivated within gardens on the islands.

Early detection and eradication of invasive species means that time and resources can be used more effectively and it is often too late for feasible control once an invasive species is already widespread and established. Many species are first introduced to a new area through gardens, from which they escape cultivation and spread.

It therefore stands to reason that by better understanding what species are in cultivation and predicting how likely they are to escape and have negative impacts on natural areas will strengthen biosecurity in the Falklands. By targeting undesirable species, through restricting trade and control strategies, their establishment can be halted before they get out of control and eliminate the need for costly control, which may ultimately prove fruitless.

This study was undertaken to pinpoint potentially invasive species that are currently in cultivation on the islands and highlight those where more information is needed. The aim was to generate a process that is objective and easily repeatable by non-experts so that it could be used to assess imported plant matter by biosecurity officers. Consequently, it would also need to avoid being excessively time consuming so that it can be realistically implemented and officers would be readily use it.

Additionally, by better understanding the flora of gardens in the Falkland Islands there is an opportunity to educate businesses and gardeners about the species that are undesirable due to the risk they pose to the environment and conversely those that will have little or no impact. Offering suitable alternatives to invasive species for them to grow in their gardens will mean that they are more likely to cooperate with any legislation that may be implemented due to this work.

Ultimately the Risk Assessment procedure aims to inform legislation and prioritise work before control is impractical. Stopping those species that are predicted to spread and have negative impacts before it is too late is crucial in protecting natural areas and biodiversity within the Falkland Islands.

Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

2. Analysis of Existing Falkland Islands Risk Assessment An understanding of previous work that had been carried out to assess the risk of introduced species in the Falkland Islands becoming invasive underpinned the process of generating a new Risk Assessment procedure. Elements that were particularly successful could be incorporated into the new protocol and weaknesses could be addressed. It would also give an insight into the type of questions that would need to be answered in order and their value in distinguishing between invasive species and those that are unlikely to be a threat.

Whitehead (2008) & Hartikainen (2009) had already implemented a Risk Assessment of introduced species on the Falkland Islands. The species assessed were predominantly based on an existing report by Varnham (2005) and included introduced flora and fauna. The questions, responses and justifications for each of the plant species in the Risk Assessment were analysed in order to highlight strengths and weaknesses that could influence the generation of a process targeted towards garden plants.

Lack of data, uncertainty and subjectivity Initial work focussed on the ability of the assessor to give a referenced justification for the score awarded and the general topics covered by the questions. Areas where there was no justification for a score, uncertainty contained in the justification or a contradiction between the score and justification were highlighted and the percentage of responses where this was the case calculated for each question (Table 1).

Looking at the answers to questions Table 1: Breakdown of the ability of the assessor to answer a question and the topics covered by the questions in the existing and justifications highlighted the high Falkland Islands Risk Assessment (Whitehead, 2008). degree of uncertainty inherent in the process, as many scores were either Entries based on assumptions or had no Question Lacking Major Themes of Question justification entered. There were also Number Data (%) contradictions in the score awarded 1 0 Distribution and Control and the justification. This was 2 88.2 Distribution and Spread especially so for the ninth question, 3 2.7 Invasiveness which asked about effective control 4 3.2 Spread methods, where species that had “no control action undertaken so far or 5 3.7 Establishment planned for the future” entered, scored 6 8.0 Impacts (Conservation) a mark that corresponded to 7 47.6 Impacts (Human & Economic) “moderately effective with low 8 78.1 Impacts (Economic) ecological impact” control available. 9 51.9 Control 10 19.8 Control Principal Component Analysis All 30.3 Despite the potential problems identified above, the previous work was successful in highlighting the species that had impacted the Falkland Islands in a negative way so, in order to understand the influence individual questions had on discriminating between invasive and non-invasive species, a Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was undertaken on the results. This also enabled us to investigate how the questions worked in combination to build up a profile of the species and to highlight groupings of species that had similar profiles. Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

The PCA showed that the species that scored 15 and above on the assessment process and were therefore classified as invasive have similar scoring profiles (Figure 1).

Figure 1: PCA displaying the different profiles of species according to their scores in the existing Falkland Islands Risk Assessment (Whitehead, 2008).

Knowledge of the species that have definitely been invasive in the Falkland Islands was used to separate the assessed species into invasive and non-invasive sets. A Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis was performed (Figure 2) to build a model that showed what questions had the biggest influence on separating invasive species from those that were not of concern. Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

Figure 2: Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis results displaying the influence that different questions had on the prediction of invasive species. Those that are closer to the point labelled $M5.DA(2) had the greatest impact on differentiating the species.

When the results were further investigated by discriminant analysis, it showed that the third and fourth questions were constant and displayed no variability for invasive species. These questions were about whether the species has been recorded as being invasive elsewhere and whether it is able to be spread across the Falklands and for all of these species they displayed the same response for both categories.

The questions that discriminated between non-invasive and invasive species the most were the final three: “Has the species caused economic losses?”; “Are there effective control methods?” and “Are there factors that may hinder control?” These questions are all concerned with the perception of the species by society and it is unsurprising that they had the most influence. There is an underlying theme in all three questions relating to the need for them to have already been perceived as being invasive for the answers to be affirmative. In essence, these questions were all asking whether the weight of opinion was negative towards them and hence, whether they had already been discovered to be problematic.

Conclusion The previous assessment’s success was primarily based on existing evidence of a species causing problems on the Falkland Islands and whether there were any existing strategies to control it. A focus on control would not be possible for the new protocol, as it aims to highlight species that threaten to cause harm to natural areas on the islands before they have become widespread. As the majority of species to be assessed have not significantly escaped from gardens to date, this information is lacking and the new assessment needs to predict the likelihood of the species becoming widespread and pinpoint traits that would threaten the native flora and fauna.

Additionally, nearly a third of all responses had uncertainty attached to them and this has significant implications on the overall strength of any assessment. Having questions that are difficult to quantify or have a large degree of subjectivity attached to them reduces the consistency of any assessment and increases the time needed to complete it. By focussing the questions on elements that are easier to answer, such as traits and characteristics of a given species, a new assessment should be more robust. This can be made easier by building the process around carefully selected resources that are trusted and encompass the majority of species to be assessed. Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

3. Initial Data Gathering The analysis of the previous Falkland Islands Risk Assessment highlighted the need to keep uncertainty in responses to a minimum. With this in mind, it was important to investigate what questions were being asked in other assessments and what resources were available to build up a profile of the species being assessed. Ultimately, having a comprehensive set of questions that covered all aspects of invasiveness would be futile if an assessor would struggle to satisfactorily answer them or if it took too long to generate responses.

The work began to focus on the information that was available and that would be used to inform the assessment process. The resources selected to be taken forward would underpin the subsequent creation of a protocol, so it was key to ensure that they are reliable and robust.

Which data are useful? A collection of questions that were used in other Risk Assessments was generated to give a better impression of what topics previous work covered and what areas were believed to be most important when assessing species. Questions were drawn from four different Risk Assessment publications and the broad topic that the question covered and number of possible answers was recorded (Table 2).

Table 2: Topics covered by other Risk Assessments and the number of questions concerned with each topic

Number of Questions Covering Topic in Risk

Assessment

Total

Thomas, Thomas, 2010

Kato et Kato et al, 2006 Whitehead,2008 Topic Morse et al,2004 Climate/ Habitat 4 1 2 4 11 Control 3 4 1 7 15 Dispersal Vectors 3 2 3 10 18 Economic Impact 0 0 0 3 3 Invasion History 9 1 5 2 17 Plant Traits/ Life 30 1 8 1 40 History Risk Assessment 0 5 1 6 12 Country Focus Species Impact 0 6 1 11 18

The questions dealt with a wide range of topics covering the subject of invasive species. Kato et al (2006) focussed in particular on the plant itself and its traits and life history, whereas others had a much broader outlook. For the new Risk Assessment to be successful, it would be important to find data sources that covered as many of the categories as possible. However, for some it would prove difficult to do this as the species have not invaded the Falkland Islands yet (Risk Assessment Country Focus) or they are hard to quantify (Dispersal Vectors).

Compiling the species list A list of cultivated species found through surveys in the Falklands was examined (Lewis, 2009). It was initially populated with 492 species, but this was reduced by removing two groups of species. Records that were only identified to the generic level would be impossible to assess accurately and by removing these, the list was reduced by 88 records. Additionally, 37 vegetable and crop species were removed from the list. It was decided that even if these species were predicted to be invasive, public opinion would be strongly against any control measures and these species are not a priority for Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species assessment at this stage. With the list of species to assess reduced to 367, the focus of work switched to finding reliable and comprehensive resources of information about the species.

Selecting data sources Existing known invasive species present in the Falklands were researched to build up a profile of them and attempt to find similarities. The information was collated from journal articles, internet resources and literature. The aim was for the search to be relatively quick and attempts were made to ensure the integrity of the data by focussing on accurate and established resources only. However, a lack of consistent information made it difficult to compare the species as there was a lack of standardisation between resources, meaning that the profiles were often patchy. Also for some of the species a trusted resource was often lacking and this made it impossible to build a profile with any certainty.

The inability to build satisfactory profiles of existing invasive species in the Falklands highlighted the difficulties of researching species to a good enough standard to implement an assessment. This would be further complicated by the fact that there were many horticultural taxa included on the species list and it was likely that there would be a limited amount of data on elements such as species impact and dispersal vectors. It was decided to instead focus on using horticultural resources to attempt to build up a sufficiently detailed profile of the species.

The first resource that was investigated was the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) Plant Selector (http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/), which contains profiles of over 5000 garden species and cultivars. The profiles consist of a short introductory passage about the species followed by details of what conditions it can tolerate, its growth form, and size that it can reach. The reputation of the RHS meant that this was a trusted and respected resource, so the Plant Selector was consulted to see how many of the species on the list were covered, with profiles being found for 211.

The European Garden Flora (Cullen et al., 2011) was also consulted and this was found to have many of the missing species listed. However, closer inspection of the listings showed that it was more concerned with identification of species and there was a lack of information about the ecology and growing conditions of the species. It was therefore decided to discount this as a resource and to instead focus on creating an assessment protocol based on the species that were listed on the RHS Plant Selector.

Invasion history was one of the topics that regularly featured in previous Risk Assessments, as if a species has a track record of being invasive in a given region there is a better chance that it will do so in the target region. There CABI Invasive Species Compendium (ISC) (http://www.cabi.org/ISC/) lists 4543 plant species that have been found to be invasive and this gave a comprehensive source for establishing the invasion history. Additionally, weed lists from Australia (http://www.weeds.org.au/docs/weednet6.pdf), USA (http://plants.usda.gov/java/noxComposite) and New Zealand (Howell, 2008 (http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/science-and- technical/drds292.pdf )) would enable the profiling of species to reflect the regional variations of invasibility and establish whether invasive species in the Falkland Islands would have similarities with those of other nations.

Introduced species in Australia and New Zealand were more likely to establish when there were native congeners present (Diez et al., 2009) and there is also a risk of hybridization between native and introduced congeners (Whitney & Gabler, 2008). A list of the native genera present in the Falklands was generated in order to establish whether this would be a factor and to allow rapid assessment.

Conclusions In order to compile a Risk Assessment it is necessary to not simply ask the correct questions that cover as many aspects of invasion as possible, but also to ensure that there are enough resources available to provide answers for a majority of the species to be assessed. This is particularly vital when generating the protocol as the responses to the questions will underpin the model used for assessment. There is a need to ensure that the resources are reliable and that they provide data in a standard format to limit the amount of subjectivity and individual interpretation that can potentially bias the outputs. Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

By ensuring a standardised pool of resources for the assessment process, subsequent analysis and data collection will be quicker and it will enable the creation of distinct categories that can be answered with certainty for each species. The work to understand the general format of other Risk Assessments means that the new framework will cover the standard topics that have previously been thought to be important when assessing invasion risk.

4. Creation of an Assessment Protocol for Species Research into the previous Falkland Islands Risk Assessment and other assessments had resulted in a suite of data resources needed to create profiles of the species that had been identified in gardens. It was now necessary to decide how to quantify the information present on species and subsequently how to analyse this. The analysis of species data would then enable the creation of an assessment protocol that could be used to establish the risk posed by cultivated species of escape, establishment and negative environmental effects.

The use of multivariate analysis to understand the existing Risk Assessment had shown its value for generating outputs from large datasets, so it was decided to use this to produce a model that would highlight invasive species.

Creating a spreadsheet of relevant data Species traits and tolerances were evaluated using the details listed on the RHS Plant Selector and followed the same categorisation that this resource used. Table 3 contains a list of the categories used for the assessment and the individual elements are contained in Appendix 2. A species was awarded a score of 1 if the trait or tolerance was present on its factsheet and a 0 if it was not.

Alongside enumerating the various relevant categories on a species listing, key words in the written description of the species were picked out and assigned a score. For example, if a species was spiny or described as vigorous in the text, it would score and these traits would contribute to generating the species profile. The only categories where species Table 3: Categories and scoring used for traits described on RHS Plant did not score a 1 or 0 were Selector for the Risk Assessment concerned with the size of the plant and the ability of the species to Plant Type tolerate a broad range of conditions. Habit The height and spread factors Toxicity quantified these traits in metres and Score 1 if factor is listed on profile, score 0 Hardiness the time to height was measured in if not years. The broad tolerance factor Sunlight was introduced as it was noticed Plant Health that some species were listed as Soil Drainage persisting on all soil types and Range score from minimum and maximum acidity and when subject to both Size as listed on Plant Selector sheltered and exposed conditions. It Soil Acidity Score 1 if factor is listed on profile, score 0 was recognised that a large degree Soil Type if not. If all factors score 1, also score 1 for of resilience and habitat variability Exposure ‘Any’ element could be a key element in a species’ ability to successfully invade, so it Broadness of Sum of ‘Any’ scores for Soil Acidity, Soil was deemed important to quantify. tolerance Type & Exposure This was done by totalling up the Relevant phrases picked out of text. Score Other factors number of times the species scored 1 if present for all elements in the Genus present aforementioned categories to give a in Falklands? Score 1 if genus is native to Falklands score from 0-3. It was hoped that by Presence on recording the number of listings for invasive list Score 1 if present on list an individual species on the RHS Plant Selector an indication of the variability of the species would be obtained. Variation within the phenotype of a species can be dramatic (Drenovsky et al., 2012) and can facilitate invasions by enabling species to better adapt to their new surroundings. Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

In addition to classifying the species using their profiles, invasiveness elsewhere was quantified. This was done using a number of different resources to establish whether outcomes were dependent on the invasive species list used. The Noxious Weed List for Australian States and Territories (http://www.weeds.org.au/docs/weednet6.pdf), USDA Federal and State Noxious Weed List (http://plants.usda.gov/java/noxComposite) and Consolidated List of Environmental Weeds in New Zealand (Howell, 2008 (http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/science-and-technical/drds292.pdf )) were all consulted and if a species was present on the list it would score a point in the same fashion as the traits and tolerances scoring. Also, species were searched for on the collated list of invasive species to see if they were present on this. If the species was present and had caused problems in an area that had a similar climate to the Falkland Islands it scored 3 and if there was no climate match it scored 2. As there is often correlation between invasive species from the same genus (Diez et al., 2009), if the genus was present on the list but the species in particular was not the species scored 1. Species that did not have any match on the list scored 0. The number of accepted species names listed on the Plant List (http://www.theplantlist.org/) for each genus and the proportion of invasive species within the genus were also recorded.

Finally, if a species had a congener native to the Falkland Islands it scored 1. This was seen as an important factor for the ability of a species to invade. Also related native species on the Falkland Islands are more likely to hybridize with introduced species and this would have a conservation impact along with facilitating the invasion process (Whitney & Gabler, 2008).

Creating a Model for Prediction Eleven species that had previously been shown to be invasive in the Falkland Islands were included in the species list and these are detailed in Appendix 1. These species would enable the creation of a model by classifying them as invasive and using this classification to give an impression of the elements that invasive species had in common, hence picking out these traits from species that were to be assessed.

A Principle Components Analysis was carried out on the species to establish whether there were any patterns forming and what factors were most prevalent in establishing whether a species would be invasive (Figure 3). This was followed up by a Discriminant Analysis with species that were invasive in the Falklands classed as a discrete group. Subsequently, the 50 species that were most distinct from the invasive group were classed as non-invasive (Figure 4). This was used to generate a model to predict invasive species with species that did not fall into either of the aforementioned categories being judged as unknowns and the assessment focussing on profiling where in the continuum these species fell (Figure 5). Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

(a)

(b)

Figure 3: Outputs from PCA assessing species, where (a) shows the species differences with invasive species coloured red and (b) shows the loading plot and the influence of traits on the dataset.

Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

Figure 4: Training set used for Discriminant Analysis, where invasive species are coloured red and those selected as non- invasive are coloured green

Figure 5: Discriminant Analysis with unknowns (coloured blue) added into the dataset. From this it was able to establish where on the invasive continuum the unknown species would fall.

Adjustments and Additions to the Model The outputs from the model were examined and interpreted using existing knowledge to establish how effective the model actually was at predicting invasive species. Certain species of concern were found to be predicted as being non-invasive while those that were unlikely to cause a problem were being flagged up as invasive. Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

One area of concern was that the type of plant had a very strong effect on the prediction of whether a species was invasive, with shrubby species generally being predicted as invasive. Examining the original species used to typify a Falkland Islands invasive species, it was discovered that the majority of them were in fact shrubs and this explained the bias. It was of concern that this was the case as it was not just shrubs that were causing problems on the Islands.

Table 4: Known invasive The reason that it was mostly shrubs that were used as invasive species added into model species was due to the fact that many of the non-shrubs were generally accepted to be garden weed species and hence were not Ammophila arenaria listed on the RHS Plant Selector. To counter this, ten further Cerastium fontanum invasive species were classified and added into the dataset (Table Cirsium vulgare 4). The classification of these species was completed using a range of literature about them, but underpinning this was the need Galium saxatile to follow the categories already set out using the Plant Selector. Pilosella officinarum Rumex acetosella Additionally, there was concern that a cultivar of Hebe x Rumex crispus franciscana was used in the model creation as a non-invasive Rumex longifolius species, as H. x franciscana poses a hybridisation risk and has successfully naturalised in the Falklands. Examination of the Rumex obtusifolius listings for this cultivar hinted that its tolerances were not suited to Sagina procumbens establishment in the area, but to counteract this, a profile was also added for Hebe x franciscana.

The invasive lists also seemed to have a very strong influence on the outputs of the model, with species that appeared on all of them needing only this factor to classify them as invasive and species that did not appear on any, but that could potentially have serious impacts, being ignored. It was decided to remove these from the dataset to be used in multivariate analysis, as it could easily be the case that an invasive species could be missed simply because it has not received any recognition to date or that data is deficient. It was decided that a total of the number of the four invasive lists that a species appeared on could be added on to the end of the output of the assessment, with those species appearing on all lists being flagged up, as this is something that will need consideration when quantifying the risk of a species.

Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

5. Outputs from Risk Assessment and Use of the Protocol The predictions from the model gave a numerical ranking for each species, where the higher a species scored, the less likely it is to be invasive. This output was combined with the total number of occurrences a species had on the invasive species lists and whether there were native congeners in the Falkland Islands (Table 5). It was decided to highlight native congeners, due to the significant risk it could pose to native flora through hybridisation. A change in the tolerances of a species could result through hybridisation, so this could also result in the change of the profile and it was deemed necessary to be aware of this.

There has been no rigid cut-off point whereby if a species scores beneath a certain amount it should be rejected for import into the country, more a continuum of invasive risk. This is due to the difficulty of giving a definitive answer about the risk of a species and concerns about what happens once a species is classified as either invasive or non-invasive. By having an output like this, awareness about potential problems is raised and this means that further monitoring can be implemented.

Keeping a fluid assessment process means that feedback can occur within the model and the model will be able to cope with this. As more information is gathered and species are showing the early signs of causing a significant problem, the model can be strengthened. This will also allow the Risk Assessment to be adjusted to mitigate for changing environmental conditions that may be brought about by climate change or establishment of shrubby species providing more cover for species that cannot cope with exposure.

Additionally, by removing the rigid categorisation of species and not strictly legislating against species it is more likely that good relationships can be built with residents and biosecurity officers. Part of the struggle with global biosecurity is a lack of cooperation from people who feel it is their right to grow whatever they want on their land and a lack of appreciation on their part as to the damage they could potentially cause to the natural environment. If instead a species that gets flagged up through the assessment process as possessing an undesirable profile is allowed into the country, but with information about the problem of invasive species and the need to monitor its growth, it is hoped that there will be a greater awareness of the early stages of invasion thus facilitating a rapid intervention.

Identification of pathways for invasion is a key factor in protecting against the establishment of invasive species that have escaped from gardens. By being aware of the species that have been designated a risk by the assessment they can be eradicated before they pose a problem. This information can then be used to inform legislation, resulting in bans from import for those species that consistently escape.

It is hoped that by adopting the strategies outlined in this report that invasive species can be removed before they are beyond control. This will help protect native species and habitats and prevent significant changes to the natural areas of the Falkland Islands. More data is needed to better understand the issue of invasive species on the islands, but this assessment provides an important initial step towards this.

Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

Table 3: Output from Risk Assessment, ranking species in order from those that are lower risk (higher values) to those that are high risk (lower values). Along with the ranking, the table also includes how many of the four invasive lists the species is present on and whether there are any native congeners.

Genus Invasive native Species Ranking Lists Total to FI Eucalyptus gunnii 1.2133 1 n Antirrhinum majus 1.19468 0 n Araucaria araucana 1.1523 0 n Tulbaghia violacea 1.15184 0 n Eucalyptus dalrympleana 1.13707 0 n Pelargonium crispum 1.13631 1 n Cordyline australis 1.13007 1 n Cerinthe major 1.07116 1 n Begonia rex 1.0679 0 n Allium tuberosum 1.06547 0 n Embothrium coccineum 1.03978 1 n Lavatera trimestris 1.0389 0 n Dianthus barbatus 1.02478 1 n Pittosporum tobira 1.01973 0 n Ceanothus thyrsiflorus 1.01721 0 n Amaranthus caudatus 1.01662 0 n Pinus nigra subsp. laricio 1.01519 1 n Libertia grandiflora 1.01486 0 n Tropaeolum majus 1.01108 2 n Pinus pinaster 1.0059 2 n Pinus sylvestris 1.00556 2 n Callistemon citrinus 0.999503 0 n Cupressus macrocarpa 0.994372 1 n Larix decidua 0.989134 1 n Abutilon vitifolium 0.981115 0 n Cyclamen hederifolium 0.970881 1 n Eucalyptus coccifera 0.967884 0 n Asarina procumbens 0.964524 0 n Ageratum houstonianum 0.96371 1 n Salix alba 0.962318 0 n Arbutus unedo 0.953786 0 n Pinus muricata 0.938962 1 n Leptospermum scoparium 0.93091 1 n Lilium 'Star Gazer' 0.930309 0 n Acer pseudoplatanus 0.927166 3 n Prunus cerasus 0.923279 0 n Hebe salicifolia 0.922626 0 y Fatsia japonica 0.92108 1 n Cistus x argenteus 'Peggy Sammons' 0.900755 0 n Phlox drummondii 'Phlox of Sheep' 0.89283 0 n Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

Genus Invasive native Species Ranking Lists Total to FI Lobularia maritima 0.872968 1 n Betula pendula 0.87295 2 n Eucalyptus pauciflora subsp. niphophila 0.872878 0 n Nerium oleander 0.866117 2 n Helianthus annuus 0.863972 2 n Cedrus atlantica Glauca Group 0.85825 0 n Acer palmatum 0.851437 0 n Anethum graveolens 0.850715 0 n Pinus mugo 'Pumilio Group' 0.842628 1 n Pinus mugo 0.835759 1 n Anemone coronaria 0.831506 0 n Hosta sieboldiana 0.829129 0 n Prunus avium 0.82428 2 n Sisyrinchium striatum 0.820231 1 y Lavandula stoechas 0.817199 2 n Hosta undulata var. univittata 0.809363 0 n Betula pubescens 0.803203 0 n Cortaderia richardii 0.79749 2 y Cosmos bipinnatus 0.793956 0 n Griselinia littoralis 0.793852 0 n Nerine bowdenii 0.792682 0 n Quercus ilex 0.789998 0 n Sorbus aucuparia 0.779564 3 n Leucanthemella serotina 0.775438 1 n Dryopteris dilatata 0.772564 0 n Lobelia tupa 0.771812 0 y Lavandula angustifolia 'Hidcote' 0.767153 1 n Laurus nobilis 0.764574 1 n Lewisia cotyledon 0.762925 0 n Dorotheanthus bellidiformis 0.756172 0 n Meconopsis cambrica 0.753428 1 n Melissa officinalis 0.75025 2 n Lavandula angustifolia 0.737164 0 n Crambe cordifolia 0.732809 1 n Ribes nigrum 0.730073 1 n Quercus robur 0.728789 1 n Petroselinum crispum 0.726565 0 n Phormium tenax 0.725707 1 n Castanea sativa 0.721757 0 n Gypsophila paniculata 0.721229 2 n Papaver nudicaule 0.709832 1 n x Cuprocyparis leylandii 0.709733 0 n Aconitum napellus 0.709515 0 n Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

Genus Invasive native Species Ranking Lists Total to FI Papaver orientale 0.696938 0 n Escallonia 'Apple Blossom' 0.691952 0 n Cynara cardunculus 0.691459 3 n Santolina chamaecyparissus 0.690553 0 n Calendula officinalis 0.689064 1 n Anthemis punctata subsp. cupaniana 0.687502 1 n Coreopsis grandiflora 0.680622 1 n Centranthus ruber 0.680599 1 n Centranthus ruber 'Albus' 0.680599 1 n Angelica archangenlica 0.680505 0 n Jasminum nudiflorum 0.673997 0 n Geranium maderense 0.671034 1 n Hebe x franciscana 'Silver Queen' 0.669528 0 y Thymus vulgaris 0.669511 0 n Ribes rubrum 0.666286 0 n Lupinus arboreus 0.663841 1 n Colchicum speciosum 0.660007 0 n Leontodon hispidus 0.65911 1 n Tagetes erecta 0.653269 0 n Levisticum officinale 0.64966 1 n Gilia capitata 0.644856 1 n Buddleja globosa 0.641318 0 n Centaurea cyanus 0.641251 0 n Vaccinium corymbosum 0.637677 2 n Verbena bonariensis 0.634216 0 n Sedum spectabile 0.633067 0 n Syringa pubescens subsp. microphylla 0.631567 0 n Jasione laevis 0.629968 0 n Muscari armeniacum 0.627916 0 n Sorbus aria 0.624348 0 n Coriandrum sativum 0.614175 0 n Euphorbia myrsinites 0.612875 2 n Leucanthemum x superbum 0.609502 0 n Olearia macrodonta 0.60915 1 n Crataegus monogyna 0.60698 3 n Cistus laurifolius 0.603623 0 n Rhododendron yakushimanum 0.600019 0 n Lychnis coronaria 0.598123 0 n Origanum vulgare 0.597891 1 n Juniperus horizontalis 0.596276 0 n Camellia japonica 0.590316 0 n Echium vulgare 0.588524 4 n Asplenium scolopendrium 0.580901 0 y Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

Genus Invasive native Species Ranking Lists Total to FI Doronicum pardalianches 0.579565 1 n Rosmarinus officinalis 0.569801 0 n Monarda didyma 0.566911 1 n Sambucus racemosa 0.566217 0 n Lunaria annua 0.557204 1 n Sedum spathulifolium 0.556659 0 n Hydrangea macrophylla 0.556156 1 n Salvia officinalis 0.552193 0 n Lobelia erinus 0.547277 0 y Fragaria ananassa 0.546425 0 n Chamaecyparis lawsoniana'Elwoodii' 0.545619 1 n Aster alpinus 0.539996 0 n Anaphalis triplinervis 0.524385 0 n Heuchera sanguinea 0.522112 1 n Erica arborea 0.521326 1 n Borago officinalis 0.520724 1 n Silybum marianum 0.51943 4 n Leucanthemum vulgare 0.518877 4 n Kirengeshoma palmata 0.518763 0 n Buxus sempervirens 0.517606 0 n Agrostemma githago 0.517402 2 n Chamaecyparis pisifera 'Boulevard' 0.507987 0 n Eschscholzia californica 0.505461 1 n Artemisia abrotanum 0.501618 0 n Sorbus cashmiriana 0.497962 0 n Cotoneaster simonsii 0.490913 2 n Tanacetum parthenium 0.489204 0 n Malva moschata 0.488122 1 n Geranium pyrenaicum 0.483016 1 n Fuchsia magellanica 0.477932 2 n Campanula rotundifolia 0.477599 1 n Lysimachia punctata 0.47393 1 n Crocosmia 'Lucifer' 0.471521 0 n Caltha palustris 0.470485 0 n Spiraea japonica 'Anthony Waterer' 0.469689 2 n Hebe 'Red Edge' 0.466705 0 y Digitalis purpurea 0.465499 2 n Allium schoenoprasum 0.464829 0 n Geum 'Lady Stratheden' 0.464658 0 n Rumex acetosa 0.464365 1 y Polemonium caeruleum 0.460821 1 n Clarkia amoena 0.457174 1 n Rubus fruticosus 0.450567 4 y Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

Genus Invasive native Species Ranking Lists Total to FI Armoracia rusticana 0.449766 1 n Potentilla nepalensis 'Miss Willmott' 0.447353 0 n Lonicera nitida 0.445801 1 n Hypericum olympicum 0.442235 0 n Lonicera pileata 0.440565 1 n Cotoneaster x suecicus 0.440351 1 n Ajuga reptans 0.438709 2 n Limnanthes douglasii 0.438474 1 n Saponaria ocymoides 0.435439 0 n Spiraea douglasii 0.431526 0 n Potentilla fruticosa 0.427558 1 n Saponaria officinalis 0.425206 2 n Hebe x franciscana 0.425027 0 y Hypericum 'Hidcote' 0.422184 0 n Sambucus nigra f. lacinata 0.410797 2 n Sambucus nigra f. porphyrophylla 0.410797 2 n Cortaderia selloana 0.405101 3 y Rubus loganobaccus 0.402905 0 y Aquilegia vulgaris var. stellata 0.401949 0 n Geranium pratense 0.397944 1 n Primula denticulata 0.397682 0 y Ribes sanguineum 0.392185 0 n Geranium robertianum 0.391832 2 n Briza maxima 0.389877 1 n Aruncus dioicus 0.389743 0 n Mentha spicata 0.38674 2 n Cornus alba 'Sibirica' 0.38268 1 n Ribes uva-crispa 0.380578 1 n Buddleja davidii 0.379708 3 n Lonicera fragrantissima 0.378619 1 n Ruta graveolens 0.373171 0 n Buxus sempervirens 'Elegantissima' 0.372641 0 n Oxalis adenophylla 0.371996 1 y Arrhenatherum elatius 0.371099 2 n Cytisus scoparius 0.368082 4 n Aucuba japonica 0.363639 0 n Linaria purpurea 0.35915 1 n Omphalodes verna 0.344581 1 n Rosa spinosissima 0.344518 0 n Polygonatum x hybridum 0.342932 0 n Phuopsis stylosa 0.342765 0 n Vitis vinifera 0.338886 2 n Juniperus x pfitzeriana 'Pfitzeriana Aurea' (J. X media on list) 0.33719 0 n Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

Genus Invasive native Species Ranking Lists Total to FI Escallonia rubra 0.336825 1 n Achillea ptarmica 0.331351 1 n Hypochaeris radicata 0.330379 2 y Rubus idaeus 0.324474 2 y Primula auricula 0.323766 0 y Geum 'Mrs J. Bradshaw' 0.323212 0 n Mahonia aquifolium 0.322772 0 n Tanacetum coccineum 0.321485 0 n Aquilegia vulgaris var. stellata 'Nora Barlow' 0.315766 0 n Aquilegia vulgaris var. vulgaris 0.315766 1 n Carex pendula 0.311948 1 y Bellis perennis 0.310386 1 n Centaurea nigra 0.291741 2 n Alchemilla mollis 0.288712 1 n Viburnum tinus 'Eve Price' 0.280387 0 n Erica cinerea 0.277624 0 n Jasminum officinale 0.266623 1 n Pachysandra terminalis 0.266307 0 n Soleirolia soleirolii 0.264517 0 n Armeria maritima 0.260557 1 y Viola cornuta 0.246971 0 y Geranium sanguineum var. striatum 0.232515 0 n Stachys byzantina 0.203197 1 n Euonymus fortunei 0.202992 0 n Ilex aquifolium 0.202783 2 n Juncus effusus 0.196656 1 y Prunella vulgaris 0.191222 2 n Centaurea montana 0.181322 1 n Iris pseudacorus 0.173549 3 n Digitalis x mertonensis 0.167637 1 n Phalaris arundinacea var. picta 0.163713 2 n Rosa rugosa 0.158957 2 n Achillea millefolium 0.135462 1 n Cerastium tomentosum 0.133098 1 y Cirsium vulgare 0.126654 1 n Berberis thunbergii f. atropurpurea 0.12164 2 n Berberis darwinii 0.116847 3 n Viola riviniana 0.116159 0 y Rumex longifolium 0.115112 1 y Cerastium fontanum 0.100981 2 y Hedera helix 0.0983178 4 n Rosa canina 0.093022 1 n Rosa glauca 0.0875165 0 n Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

Genus Invasive native Species Ranking Lists Total to FI Rosa rubiginosa 0.0863974 2 n Ammophila arenaria 0.0621045 2 n Ulex europaeus 0.0536023 4 n Ulex gallii 0.0536023 0 n Vinca major 0.0421143 3 n Calluna vulgaris 0.0412272 3 n Pilosella officinarum (Hieracium pilosella) 0.0377925 4 y Lonicera periclymenum 0.030938 0 n Sagina procumbens 0.0214726 1 n Berberis thunbergii 0.0135543 2 n Clematis 'Jackmanii' 0.005678 0 n - Lathyrus odoratus 0.0309984 0 n Galium saxatile -0.113948 1 y Lathyrus latifolius -0.155156 1 n Hedera colchica -0.180749 1 n Rumex obtusifolium -0.21606 1 y Rumex crispus -0.217171 2 y Rumex acetosella -0.27548 2 y

Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

References Cullen, J., Knees, S., Cubey, H., S. (eds) (2011), The European Garden Flora: A manual for the identification of plants cultivated in Europe, both out-of-doors and under glass. Vols 1–5, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521761673 (5 volume set). Diez, J.M., Williams, P.A., Randall, R.P., Sullivan, J.J., Hulme, P.E. & Duncan, R.P. (2009) Learning from failures: testing broad taxonomic hypotheses about plant naturalization, Ecology Letters, 12, 1174-1183. Drenovsky, R.E. et al. (2012) A functional trait perspective on plant invasion, Annals of Botany, 110, 141-153. Hartikainen, M. (2009) South Atlantic Invasive Species Project: Risk Assessment. RSPB Report Kato, H. et al. (2006) Effectiveness of the Weed Risk Assessment System for the Bonin Islands, In: Assessment and Control of Biological Invasion Risks, eds: Koike, F. et al., IUCN. Lewis, R. (2009) Introduced Vascular Plants in the Falkland Islands, Interim Report, South Atlantic Invasive Species Project. Morse, L.E., J.M. Randall, N. Benton, R. Hiebert, and S. Lu. 2004. An Invasive Species Assessment Protocol: Evaluating Non-Native Plants for Their Impact on Biodiversity. Version 1. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Thomas, S. (2010) Horizon-scanning for invasive non-native plants in Great Britain. Natural England Commissioned Reports, Number 053. Varnham, K. (2005) Non-native species in UK Overseas Territories: a review. JNCC Report 372. Peterborough, United Kingdom. Whitehead, J. (2008) Priorities for Control: A Risk Assessment of Introduced Species on the Falkland Islands, RSPB Report. Whitney, K.D. & Gabler, C.A. (2008) Rapid evolution in introduced species, ‘invasive traits’ and recipient communities: challenges for predicting invasive potential, Diversity and Distributions, 14, 569-580.

Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

Appendix 1 Species list compiled through garden surveys, identifying those used in the Risk Assessment process and the categories, if any, assigned to them in the creation of the discriminant analysis. Species not used in the Risk Assessment are listed according to the reason why they were included.

Species Not Assessed and Assessed Species Reason for

and Categories Exclusion

invasive

Crop

Assessed

Noton RHS

ImpreciseName FalklandsInvasive

Species Classifiedas non Abies sp. • Abutilon vitifolium (Cav.) G.Don • • Acacia sp. • Acer palmatum Thunb. • Acer pseudoplatanus L. f. pseudoplatanus • • Achillea millefolium L. • • Achillea millefolium L. 'Summer Pastels' • Achillea ptarmica L. • Aconitum napellus L. • Adenophora lillifolia Schur • Agapanthus sp. • Ageratum houstonianum Mill. • Ajuga reptans L. • Alchemilla mollis (Buser) Rothm. • Allium cepa L. • Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum G. Don • Allium fistulosum L. • Allium porrum L. • Allium sativum L. • Allium tuberosum Rottl. ex Spreng. • • Allium cf. hollandicum R.M.Fritsch • Alstroemeria haemantha x ligtu 'Ligtu Hybrids' • Alyssum saxatile L. • Amaranthus caudatus L. • • Amaranthus sp. • Amberboa cf. moschata • Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

invasive

Crop

Assessed

Noton RHS

ImpreciseName FalklandsInvasive

Species Classifiedas non Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link • • Anaphalis cf. triplinervis Benth. ex Hance • Anemone coronaria L. • Anemone sp. • Anethum graveolens L. • Angelica archangelica L. • Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis • Anthyllis cf. vulneraria L. • Antirrhinum majus L. • • Apium graveolens L. • Aquilegia sp. • Aquilegia vulgaris L. var. stellata 'Nora Barlow' • Aquilegia vulgaris L. var. stellata Schur • Aquilegia vulgaris L. var. vulgaris • Araucaria araucana (Molina) K.Koch • • Arbutus cf. unedo L. • • Armeria latifolia Willd. • Artemisia abrotanum L. • Aruncus dioicus (Walter) Fernald • Arundinaria sp. • Asarina procumbens Mill. • • Asparagus officinalis L. subsp. officinalis • Aster alpinus L. • Aucuba japonica Thunb. • Begonia sp. 'Rex Group' • • Begonia sp. 'Semperflorens Group' • Berberis aggregata C.K. Schneid. • Berberis sp. • Berberis thunbergii DC. • • Berberis thunbergii DC. f. atropurpurea • Berberis wilsoniae Hemsl. • Berberis darwinii Hook. • • Bergenia sp. • Beta vulgaris L. subsp. cicla (L.) W.D.J. Koch • Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris • Betula pendula Roth • • Betula pubescens Ehrh. • • Borago officinalis L. • Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

invasive

Crop

Assessed

Noton RHS

ImpreciseName FalklandsInvasive

Species Classifiedas non Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. 'Red Mustard Greens' • Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L. • Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. • Brassica oleracea L. var. gemmifera (DC.) Zenker • Brassica oleracea L. var. oleracea • Brassica oleracea L. var. viridis L. • Brassica oleracea L. var. viridis L. 'Ornamental Cabbage' • Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis (L.) P.Hanelt • Brassica rapa L. subsp. nipposinica (Bailey) P.Hanelt • Brassica rapa L. subsp. pekinensis (Lour.) Hanelt • Briza maxima L. • Buddleja davidii Franch. • Buddleja globosa C.Hope • Buxus sempervirens L. • Buxus sempervirens L. 'Elegantissima' • Callistemon cf. citrinus (Curtis) Skeels • • Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull • • Caltha palustris L. • Camellia japonica L. • Campanula medium L. • Campanula sp. • Canna sp. • Capsicum annuum L. • Carex sp. • Carex cf. pendula Huds. • Ceanothus thyrsiflorus Eschsch. • • Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Manetti Glauca Group • • Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Manetti 'Glauca Pendula' • Celmisia sp. • Centaurea montana L. • Centaurea nigra L. • Centranthus ruber (L.) DC. • Centranthus ruber (L.) DC. 'Albus' • Cerastium fontanum Baumg. • • Cerinthe major L. • • Chaenomeles sp. • Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Parl. 'Elwoodii' • Chamaecyparis pisifera (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl. 'Boulevard' • Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

invasive

Crop

Assessed

Noton RHS

ImpreciseName FalklandsInvasive

Species Classifiedas non Chrysanthemum 'F1 Autumn Glory' • Chrysanthemum tricolor Andrews • Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. • • Cistus laurifolius L. • Cistus sp. • Cistus x argenteus Dansereau 'Peggy Sammons' • • Clarkia amoena (Lehm.) A. Nelson & J.F. Macbr. • Clematis sp. • Clematis cf. 'Jackmanii' • Clematis cf. tangutica Korsh. • Colchicum cf. speciosum Steven • Colutea x media Willd. • Convolvulus tricolor L. • Cordyline australis (G.Forst.) Endl. • • Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet • Coriandrum sativum L. • Cornus alba L. 'Sibirica Variegata' • Cortaderia sp. • Cortaderia cf. jubata (Lemoine ex Carrière) Stapf • Cortaderia cf. richardii (Endl.) Zotov • Cortaderia cf. selloana (Schult. & Schult.f.) Asch. & Graebn. • Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. • Cotoneaster sp. • Cotoneaster cf. simonsii Hort. ex Baker • Crambe cordifolia Steven • Crambe tatarica Sebeók • Crataegus cf. monogyna Jacq. • Crataegus cf. x media Bechst. • Crocosmia 'Lucifer' • Crocosmia sp. • Crocus sp. • Cucumis melo L. • Cucumis sativus L. • Cucurbita pepo L. • Cucurbita sp. • Cucurbita cf. maxima • Cupressus macrocarpa • • Cyclamen hederifolium Aiton • • Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

invasive

Name

Crop

Assessed

Noton RHS

Imprecise FalklandsInvasive

Species Classifiedas non Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus (L.) Benth. • Cyperus sp. • Cytisus sp. • Dahlia sp. • Datura cf. stramonium L. • Daucus carota L. • Delosperma sp. • Delphinium sp. • Dianthus barbatus L. • • Dianthus sp. • Dianthus aff caryophyllus L. • Dianthus aff plumarius L. • Dianthus aff plumarius L. 'Mrs. Sinkins' • Diascia sp. • Digitalis x mertonensis Buxton & Darlington • Diplotaxis sp. • Dipsacus fullonum L. • Doronicum cf. pardalianches L. • Dorotheanthus belldiformis N.E.Br. • Dwarf conifer • Echium vulgare L. 'Blue Bedder' • Elodea canadensis Michx. • Embothrium coccineum J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. • • Erica cinerea L. • Erigeron glaucus Ker Gawl. • Eruca sativa (L.) Mill. • Erysimum hieraciifolium L. • Escallonia rubra Pers. • Escallonia cf. 'Appleblossom' • Eschscholzia californica Cham. • Eucalyptus sp. • Eucalyptus cf. bicolor A.Cunningham ex Hook. • Eucalyptus cf. coccifera Hook.f. • Eucalyptus cf. dalrympleana Maiden • • Eucalyptus cf. globulus Labill. • Eucalyptus cf. nitens (H.Deane & Maiden) Maiden • Eucalyptus cf. pauciflora Sieber ex Spreng. subsp. niphophila • Maiden & Blakely Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

invasive

Crop

Assessed

Noton RHS

klandsInvasive

ImpreciseName Fal

Species Classifiedas non Eucalyptus cf. perriniana F.Muell. ex Rodway • Eucalyptus cf. stellulata Sieber ex DC. • Eucalyptus gunnii • • Euonymus cf. fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz. • Euphorbia myrsinites L. • Euphorbia sp. • Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinners • Fallopia baldschuanica (Regel) Holub • Fatsia japonica Decne. & Planch. • • Filipendula sp. • Foeniculum vulgare Mill. • Forsythia 'Fiesta' • Fragaria ananassa Duchesne • Freesia sp. • Fuchsia magellanica 'Alba' • Fuchsia sp. • Fuchsia magellanica Lam. • • Galium saxatile L. • • Gaultheria shallon Pursh • Gazania sp. • Geranium maderense Yeo • Geranium pratense L. • Geranium pyrenaicum Burm. f. • Geranium sp. • Geranium cf. sanguineum L. var. striatum • Geum 'Lady Strathenden' • Geum 'Mrs Bradshaw' • Geum sp. • Geum cf. coccineum Lindl. 'Cooky' • Gilia capitata Sims • Gilia tricolor Benth. • Gladiolus sp. • Griselinia littoralis Raoul • Gunnera cf. tinctoria (Molina) Mirb. • Gypsophila elegans M.Bieb. • Gypsophila paniculata L. • Hebe odora Cockayne • Hebe salicifolia (G.Forst.) Pennell • Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

invasive

Crop

ndsInvasive

Assessed

Noton RHS

ImpreciseName Falkla

Species Classifiedas non Hebe sp. • Hebe sp. 'Red Edge' • Hebe sp. 'Rosie' • Hebe x franciscana (Eastw.) Souster 'Silver Queen' • Hedera helix L. subsp. helix • • Hedera cf. colchica (K.Koch) K.Koch • Helianthus annuus L. • • Helichrysum bracteatum (Vent.) Andrews • Hemerocallis sp. • Heuchera sanguinea Engelm. • Heucherella cf. tiarelloides Wehrh. • Hippeastrum cf. vittatum Herb. • Hosta sp. • Hosta cf. sieboldiana • Hosta cf. undulata var. univittata • Humulus lupulus L. • Humulus lupulus L. 'Primadonna' • Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. • Hypericum 'Gladys Brabazon' • Hypericum androsaemum L. • Hypericum calycinum L. • Hypericum olympicum L. • Hypericum perforatum L. • Hypericum sp. • Hypericum cf. 'Hidcote Variegated' • Hypochaeris radicata • • Iberis umbellata L. • Ilex aquifolium L. • Ilex sp. • Ilex cf. 'Conaf' • Incarvillea delavayi Bureau & Franch. • Iris sp. • Iris cf. germanica L. • Iris cf. pseudacorus L. • Iris cf. xiphium L. • Isatis tinctoria L. • Jasione cf. laevis Lam. • Jasminum nudiflorum Lindl. • Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

invasive

Crop

Assessed

Noton RHS

ied as ied non

ImpreciseName FalklandsInvasive

Species Classif Jasminum officinale L. • Juniperus horizontalis Moench • Juniperus sp. • Juniperus x media V.D.Dmitriev 'Pfizeriana Aurea' • Kirengeshoma palmata Yatabe • Knautia sp. • Kniphofia sp. • Kniphofia x praecox Baker • Laburnum anagyroides Medik. • Lactuca sativa L. • Lamium galeobdolon (L.) Crantz subsp. montanum (Pers.) • Hayek 'Florentinum' Larix decidua Mill. • • Lathyrus latifolius L. • Lathyrus odoratus L. • Laurus nobilis L. • • Lavandula angustifolia Mill. • Lavandula angustifolia Mill. 'Hidcote' • Lavandula stoechas L. • Lavatera arborea L. • Lavatera trimestris L. • • Lepidium sp. • Lepidium cf. sativum L. • Leptospermum sp. • Leptospermum cf. lanigerum (Aiton) Sm. • Leptospermum cf. scoparia J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. • • Leucanthemella cf. serotina (L.) Tzvelev • Lewisia cf. cotyledon (S.Watson) B.L.Rob. • Libertia cf. grandiflora (R.Br.) Sweet • • Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk. • Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk. 'Aureum' • Lilium 'Casablanca' • Lilium 'Stargazer' • • Lilium sp. • Limnanthes douglasii R.Br. • Limonium sinuatum (L.) Mill. • Linaria purpurea (L.) Mill. • Linaria repens (L.) Mill. • Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

invasive

Crop

Assessed

Noton RHS

ImpreciseName FalklandsInvasive

Species Classifiedas non Linum perenne L. • Lobelia erinus L. • Lobelia tupa L. • Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. • Lonicera fragrantissima Lindl. & Paxton • Lonicera involucrata (Richardson) Banks ex Spreng. • Lonicera nitida E.H.Wilson • Lonicera pileata Oliv. • Lunaria annua L. • Lupinus nootkatensis Donn ex Sims • Lupinus x regalis (Hort.) Bergmans • Lychnis coronaria (L.) Desr. • Lysimachia cf. punctata L. • Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt. • Malva moschata L. • Malva sylvestris L. • Matthiola incana (L.) W.T.Aiton • Matthiola longipetala (Vent.) DC. • Meconopsis cambrica Vig. • Melanoselinum decipiens (Schrad. & J.C.Wendl.) Hoffm. • Melissa officinalis L. • Mentha aquatica L. • Mentha cervina L. • Mentha x gracilis Sole 'Variegata' • Mimulus guttatus DC. • Mimulus moschatus Dougl. ex Linl • Monarda aff citriodora Cerv. ex Lag. • Monarda cf. didyma L. • Myosotidium hortensium (Decne.) Baill. • Myosotis cf. sylvatica Hoffm. • Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc. • Nemesia caerulea Hiern • Nemesia sp. • Nerine bowdenii W.Watson • Nerium oleander L. • • Nicotiana alata Link & Otto • Nigella papillosa G.López 'Midnight' • Nigella sp. • Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

invasive

Crop

Assessed

Noton RHS

ImpreciseName FalklandsInvasive

Species Classifiedas non Nothofagus sp. • Nymphaea sp. • Oenothera sp. 'Apricot Delight' • Oenothera sp. 'Silky Orchid' • Olea europaea L. • Olearia sp. • Olearia x haastii Hook.f. • Olearia cf. macrodonta Baker • Omphalodes verna Moench • Opuntia sp. • Origanum vulgare L. • Ornithogalum cf. thyrsoides Jacq. • Oxalis adenophylla Gill. • Oxalis articulata Savign. • Oxalis incarnata L. • Oxalis tuberosa Molina • Oxalis valdiviensis Barnéoud • Pachysandra terminalis Siebold & Zucc. • Paeonia sp. • Papaver 'The Falklands' • Papaver nudicaule L. • Papaver orientale agg. L. • Papaver orientale agg. L. 'Beauty of Livermore' • Papaver somniferum L. • Pastinaca sativa L. subsp. sativa • Pelargonium x domesticum L.H.Bailey • Pelargonium x hortorum L.H.Bailey • Pelargonium cf. crispum (P.J.Bergius) L'Hér. • • Penstemon sp. 'Pad Parradia' • Perovskia atriplicifolia Benth. • Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss • Petunia sp. • Phaseolus vulgaris L. • Philadelphus sp. • Phlox drummondii Hook. 'Phlox of Sheep' • • Phlox drummondii Hook. 'Vegas Lights' • Phlox sp. • Phormium sp. • Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

invasive

RHS

Crop

Assessed

Noton

ImpreciseName FalklandsInvasive

Species Classifiedas non Phuopsis stylosa (Trin.) Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks. • Pilosella officinarum • • Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold subsp. laricio (Poir.) Maire • • Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold subsp. nigra • Pinus pinaster Aiton • • Pinus sp. • Pinus cf. mugo Turra • • Pinus cf. mugo Turra 'Pumilo' • • Pinus muricata • • Pinus sylvestris • • Pisum sativum L. • Pittosporum crassifolium Banks & Sol. ex A.Cunningham • Pittosporum tobira [Dryand.] • • Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC. 'Party Poppers' • Polemonium caeruleum L. • Polemonium pauciflorum S.Watson • Polypodium sp. • Populus x generosa A. Henry • Potamogeton sp. • Potentilla fruticosa L. • Potentilla nepalensis Hook. 'Miss Willmott' • Potentilla sp. • Primula Section Proliferae • Primula auricula L. • Primula denticulata Sm. • Primula viali Delavay ex Franch. • Primula x polyantha Mill. • Prunella grandiflora (L.) Scholler 'Freelander' • Prunus armeniaca L. • Prunus avium (L.) L. • • Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb • Prunus sp. • Prunus cf. cerasus L. • • Pyracantha sp. • Quercus ilex L. • • Reseda luteola L. • Rhododendron sp. • Rhododendron cf. yakushimanum Nakai • Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

invasive

Crop

Assessed

Noton RHS

ImpreciseName

sifiedas non FalklandsInvasive

Species Clas Ribes alpinum L. • Ribes sanguineum Pursh • Rosa canina agg. • • Rosa glauca Pourr. • Rosa mollis Sm. • Rosa multiflora Thunb. • Rosa rugosa Thunb. f. alba (Rob.) F.Seym. • Rosa rugosa Thunb. f. alba (Rob.) F.Seym. 'Blanche Double • de Coubert' Rosa sp. • Rosa x dumalis Bechst. • Rosa aff virginiana Mill. • Rosa cf. spinosissima L. • Rosa rugosa Thunb. • • Roscoea beesiana Cowley & C.Whitehouse 'Alba' • Rosmarinus officinalis L. • Rubus fruticosus agg. 'Merton Thornless' • Rubus fruticosus agg. L. • Rubus laciniatus Willd. • Rubus loganobaccus L.H.Bailey • Rudbeckia 'Marmelade' • Rudbeckia sp. • Rumex scutatus L. • Rumex acetosella • Rumex crispus • • Rumex longifolius • • Rumex obtusifolius • • Ruta graveolens L. • • Sagina procumbens • • Salix alaxensis Coville • Salix alba L. • • Salix atrocinerea Brot. • Salix caprea L. • Salix commutata Bebb • Salix discolor Muhl. • Salix lapponum L. • Salix purpurea x viminalis • Salix sp. • Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

invasive

Crop

Assessed

Noton RHS

ImpreciseName FalklandsInvasive

Species Classifiedas non Salix x rubra Huds. • Salvia nemorosa L. • Salvia officinalis L. • Sambucus nigra L. 'Luteovariegata' • Sambucus nigra L. f. porphyrophylla E.C. Nelson • Sambucus racemosa L. • Sanguisorba minor Scop. • Santolina chamaecyparissus L. • Santolina sp. • Saponaria ocymoides L. • Saponaria officinalis L. • Saxifraga aff exarata • Saxifraga aff exarata 'Mossy Mixed' • Sedum rupestre L. • Sedum sp. • Sedum spathulifolium Hook. • Sedum spectabile Boreau • Sempervivum sp. • Senecio sp. • Sisyrinchium striatum Sm. • Sisyrinchium cf. bermudiana L. • Solanum lycopersicum L. • Solanum melongena L. • Soleirolia soleirolii (Req.) Dandy • Solidago sp. • Sorbus cashmiriana Hedl. • Sorbus sp. • Sorbus aucuparia • • Spinacia oleracea L. • Spiraea douglasii Hook. • Spiraea japonica 'Anthony Waterer' • Spiraea sp. • Spiraea cf. 'Arguta' • Sprekelia formosissima (L.) Herb. • Stachys byzantina K.Koch • Symphytum sp. • Syringa pubescens • Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

invasive

Crop

Assessed

Noton RHS

ImpreciseName

sifiedas non FalklandsInvasive

Species Clas Syringa pubescens Turcz. subsp. microphylla (Diels) • M.C.Chang & X.L.Chen Syringa sp. • Tagetes erecta L. • Tagetes sp. • Tamarix sp. • Tanacetum coccineum (Willd.) Grierson • Thymus sp. • Thymus vulgaris L. • Thymus cf. 'Fragrantissimus' • Tragopogon porrifolius L. • Tricyrtis sp. • Trillium cuneatum Raf. • Tropaeolum majus L. • • Tulbaghia violacea Harv. • • Tulipa sp. • Typhonium venosum (Dryand. ex Aiton) Kunth • Ulex gallii Planch. • Ulex europaeus • • Ulmus glabra Huds. • Vaccinium cf. corymbosum L. • Verbascum thapsus L. • Verbascum aff nigrum L. • Verbena bonariensis L. • Veronica cf. spicata L. • Viburnum tinus L. 'Eve Price' • Vicia faba L. • Vinca major L. • • Viola riviniana 'Purpurea' • Viola aff cornuta L. • Vitis vinifera L. • Weigela sp. • x Cupressocyparis leylandii (A.B.Jacks. & Dallim.) Dallim. • Zantedeschia sp. 'Schnaizaiacaer' • Zea mays L. • Zinnia sp. •

Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

Appendix 2 Table showing full list of questions and categories covered by assessment. Category Factor Tree Shrub (or rose) Herbaceous perennial Conifer Plant Type Annual/biennial Bulb Climber Grass-like Aquatic Columnar/upright Bushy Clump forming Mat forming Trailing Habit Spreading/branched Climbing Tufted Pendulous/weeping Suckering Toxicity Toxic H4 H3 Hardiness Intermediate H3/4 H1+3 Intermediate H2/3 Min Ultimate Height Max Ultimate Height Min Ultimate Spread Size Max Ultimate Spread Min Time to Ultimate Height Max Time to Ultimate Height Sheltered Exposure Exposed Either Full Sun Sunlight Part Shade Full Shade Well drained Soil Drainage Moist but Well drained Poorly drained Acid Soil Acidity Neutral Appendix 4: Risk assessment of cultivated species

Alkaline Any Chalk Clay Soil Type Sand Loam Any Pests Health Disease Fast growing Vigorous Spreading Self sowing (seeds freely) Spines Stoloniferous Slow growing Robust Other factors Forming extensive colonies Rhizomatous Compact

Dioecious (male/female plants only) Resistant to browsing Variable Can be invasive Broad Sum of Either score in Exposure, Any score in Soil tolerance Acidity and Any score in Soil Type On ISC list (3 spp with climate match, 2 spp. without climate match, 1 genus match, 0 No)

Invasiveness On Australian Noxious Weed List On USDA List On NZ List FI species Genus native to FI

Appendix 5: Checklist and atlas

Appendix 5: Extract from ‘A Checklist and Atlas of the Falkland Islands Flora’ (Upson, R. & Lewis, R. 2013)

Checklist of introduced species

Family Species Common name Family Species Common name Sambucus nigra Gnaphalium Adoxaceae Variegated Elder Asteraceae Jersey Cudweed cv. 'Marginata' luteoalbum Sambucus nigra f. Common Cat's- Adoxaceae Cut-leaved Elder Asteraceae Hypochaeris radicata laciniata ear Sambucus nigra f. Adoxaceae Elder Asteraceae Leontodon hispidus Rough Hawkbit nigra Leucanthemum Amaranthaceae Atriplex patula Common Orache Asteraceae Oxeye Daisy vulgare Spear-leaved Leucanthemum x Amaranthaceae Atriplex prostrata Asteraceae Shasta Daisy Orache superbum Chenopodium Amaranthaceae Fat Hen Asteraceae Matricaria discoidea Pineappleweed album Allium Orange Amaryllidaceae Chives Asteraceae Pilosella aurantiaca schoenoprasum Hawkweed Three-cornered Mouse-ear- Amaryllidaceae Allium triquetrum Asteraceae Pilosella officinarum Garlic hawkweed Amaryllidaceae Narcissus sp. Daffodil Asteraceae Senecio squalidus Oxford Ragwort Anthriscus Apiaceae Cow Parsley Asteraceae Senecio sylvaticus Heath groundsel sylvestris Senecio vulgaris var. Apiaceae Conium maculatum Hemlock Asteraceae hibernicus Heracleum Senecio vulgaris var. Apiaceae Hogweed Asteraceae Groundsel sphondylium vulgaris Levisticum Apiaceae Lovage Asteraceae Silybum marianum Milk Thistle officinale Araliaceae Hedera helix Ivy Asteraceae Sonchus asper Prickly Sow-thistle Hyacinthoides x Smooth Sow- Asparagaceae Hybrid Bluebell Asteraceae Sonchus oleraceus massartiana thistle Muscari Tanacetum parthenium Asparagaceae Grape-hyacinth Asteraceae Golden Feverfew armeniacum cv. 'Aureum' Polygonatum x Asparagaceae Solomon's-seal Asteraceae Tanacetum vulgare Tansy hybridum Asplenium Aspleniaceae Hart's-tongue Fern Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale Dandelion scolopendrium Tripleurospermum Scentless Asteraceae Achillea millefolium Yarrow Asteraceae maritimum subsp. Mayweed inodorum Asteraceae Anthemis arvensis Corn Chamomile Asteraceae Tussilago farfara Colt's foot Stinking Holly-leaved Asteraceae Anthemis cotula Berberidaceae Berberis ilicifolia Chamomile Barberry Anthemis punctata Sicilian Asteraceae Berberidaceae Berberis microphylla Calafate subsp. cupaniana Chamomile Field Forget-me- Asteraceae Bellis perennis Daisy Boraginaceae Myosotis arvensis not Calendula Changing Forget- Asteraceae Pot Marigold Boraginaceae Myosotis discolor officinalis me-not Carduus Early Forget-me- Asteraceae Slender Thistle Boraginaceae Myosotis ramosissima tenuiflorus not Asteraceae Centaurea cyanus Cornflower Brassicaceae Armoracia rusticana Horseradish Brassica napus subsp. Asteraceae Cichorium intybus Chicory Brassicaceae Swede rapifera Asteraceae Cirsium arvense Creeping Thistle Brassicaceae Brassica oleracea Cabbage Brassica rapa subsp. Asteraceae Cirsium vulgare Spear Thistle Brassicaceae Turnip rapa Smooth Hawks- Capsella bursa- Asteraceae Crepis capillaris Brassicaceae Shepherd's-purse beard pastoris Appendix 5: Checklist and atlas

Brassicaceae Cardamine hirsuta Hairy Bitter-cress Fabaceae Cytisus scoparius Broom Cochlearia English Brassicaceae Fabaceae Lotus corniculatus Bird's-foot-trefoil officinalis Scurvygrass Introduced Greater Bird's- Brassicaceae Erophila verna Fabaceae Lotus pedunculatus Whitlowgrass foot-trefoil Erysimum Brassicaceae Treacle Mustard Fabaceae Lupinus arboreus Tree Lupin cheiranthoides Brassicaceae Erysimum cheiri Wallflower Fabaceae Medicago sativa Lucerne Hesperis Brassicaceae Dame's-violet Fabaceae Trifolium arvense Hare's-foot Clover matronalis Nasturtium Brassicaceae Water-cress Fabaceae Trifolium aureum Golden Clover officinale Brassicaceae Raphanus sativus Radish Fabaceae Trifolium campestre Hop Trefoil

Brassicaceae Sinapis alba White Mustard Fabaceae Trifolium dubium Lesser Trefoil Sisymbrium Brassicaceae Hedge Mustard Fabaceae Trifolium fragiferum Strawberry Clover officinale Campanula Campanulaceae Harebell Fabaceae Trifolium hybridum Alsike Clover rotundifolia Lonicera Caprifoliaceae Honeysuckle Fabaceae Trifolium pratense Red Clover periclymenum Valerianella Caprifoliaceae Lamb's Lettuce Fabaceae Trifolium repens White Clover locusta Agrostemma Caryophyllaceae Corn Cockle Fabaceae Trifolium striatum Knotted Clover githago Cerastium Common Mouse- Caryophyllaceae Fabaceae Ulex europaeus Gorse fontanum ear Cerastium Caryophyllaceae Sticky Mouse-ear Fabaceae Vicia cracca Tufted Vetch glomeratum Cerastium Caryophyllaceae Snow in Summer Fabaceae Vicia hirsuta Hairy Tare tomentosum Caryophyllaceae Sagina filicaulis Annual Pearlwort Fabaceae Vicia sativa Common Vetch Sagina Procumbent Caryophyllaceae Fabaceae Vicia sepium Bush Vetch procumbens Pearlwort Caryophyllaceae Silene dioica Red Campion Fabaceae Ulex europaeus Gorse

Caryophyllaceae Silene uniflora Bladder Campion Fabaceae Vicia cracca Tufted Vetch

Caryophyllaceae Spergula arvensis Corn Spurrey Fabaceae Vicia hirsuta Hairy Tare

Caryophyllaceae Stellaria alsine Bog Stitchwort Fabaceae Vicia sativa Common Vetch

Caryophyllaceae Stellaria media Chickweed Fabaceae Vicia sepium Bush Vetch Maytenus Celastraceae Pickwood Fagaceae Castanea sativa Sweet Chestnut magellanica Crassulaceae Sedum acre Biting Stonecrop Fagaceae Quercus robur Pedunculate Oak Sedum Common Storks- Crassulaceae Rock stonecrop Geraniaceae Erodium cicutarium forsterianum bill Cupressus Dove's-foot Cupressaceae Monterey Cypress Geraniaceae Geranium molle macrocarpa Cranes-bill Small-flowered Cyperaceae Carex flacca Glaucous Sedge Geraniaceae Geranium pusillum Crane's-bill Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris dilatata Broad Buckler-fern Geraniaceae Geranium robertianum Herb Robert Magellanic Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense Field Horsetail Grossulariaceae Ribes magellanicum Currant Ericaceae Calluna vulgaris Heather Grossulariaceae Ribes nigrum Black Currant

Ericaceae Erica arborea Tree Heath Grossulariaceae Ribes rubrum Red Currant

Escalloniaceae Escallonia sp. Escallonia Grossulariaceae Ribes uva-crispa Gooseberry Euphorbia Sisyrinchium Euphorbiaceae Sun Spurge Iridaceae Yellow-eyed grass helioscopia californicum Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia peplus Petty Spurge Juncaceae Juncus articulatus Jointed Rush

Euphorbiaceae Mercurialis annua Annual Mercury Juncaceae Juncus bufonius Toad Rush Appendix 5: Checklist and atlas

Green Field Juncaceae Juncus effusus Soft Rush Plantaginaceae Veronica agrestis Speedwell Juncaceae Luzula campestris Field Wood-rush Plantaginaceae Veronica arvensis Wall Speedwell Luzula multiflora Dense-headed Juncaceae Plantaginaceae Veronica officinalis Heath Speedwell subsp. congesta Heath Wood-rush Lamium Thyme-leaved Lamiaceae Henbit Dead-nettle Plantaginaceae Veronica serpyllifolia amplexicaule Speedwell Cut-leaved Dead- Lamiaceae Lamium hybridum Plantaginaceae Veronica x franciscana Hybrid Boxwood nettle Lamium Thrift (Cultivated Lamiaceae Red Dead-nettle Plumbaginaceae Armeria maritima purpureum var. Forms) purpureum Lamiaceae Mentha spicata Spearmint Poaceae Agrostis capillaris Common Bent

Lamiaceae Mentha x piperita Peppermint Poaceae Agrostis stolonifera Creeping Bent

Lamiaceae Mentha x villosa Apple-mint Poaceae Aira caryophyllea Silver Hair-grass

Lamiaceae Prunella vulgaris Selfheal Poaceae Aira praecox Early Hair-grass

Malvaceae Sidalcea malviflora Greek Mallow Poaceae Alopecurus geniculatus Marsh Foxtail

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus gunnii Cider Gum Poaceae Ammophila arenaria Marram Nothofagus Anthoxanthum Sweet Vernal- Nothofagaceae Southern Beech Poaceae betuloides odoratum grass Chamerion Rosebay Onagraceae Poaceae Arrhenatherum elatius False Oat-grass angustifolium Willowherb Onagraceae Epilobium hirsutum Great Willowherb Poaceae Avena fatua Wild-oat Epilobium Short-fruited Onagraceae Poaceae Avena sativa Oat obscurum Willowherb Fuchsia Onagraceae Fuchsia Poaceae Bromus catharticus Rescue Brome magellanica European Orobanchaceae Euphrasia confusa Poaceae Bromus condensatus Upright Brome Eyebright Parentucellia Orobanchaceae Yellow Bartsia Poaceae Bromus hordeaceus Soft Brome viscosa Oxalidaceae Oxalis articulata Pink-sorrel Poaceae Bromus sterilis Barren Brome Procumbent Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata Poaceae Cynosurus cristatus Crested Dog's-tail Yellow-sorrel Common Papaveraceae Fumaria muralis Poaceae Cynosurus echinatus Rough Dog's-tail Ramping-Fumitory Papaver dubium Long-headed Papaveraceae Poaceae Dactylis glomerata Cock's-foot subsp. dubium Poppy Papaver dubium Yellow-juiced Papaveraceae Poaceae Elymus repens Common Couch subsp. lecoqii Poppy Platystemon Cream-cups Fine-leaved Papaveraceae Poaceae Festuca filiformis californicus Poppy Sheep's Fescue Pinaceae Picea sitchensis Sitka Spruce Poaceae Festuca pratensis Meadow Fescue

Pinaceae Pinus contorta Lodgepole Pine Poaceae Festuca rubra Red Fescue

Pinaceae Pinus echinata Shortleaf Pine Poaceae Holcus lanatus Yorkshire Fog

Pinaceae Pinus muricata Bishop Pine Poaceae Hordeum jubatum Foxtail Barley

Pinaceae Pinus radiata Monterey Pine Poaceae Hordeum murinum Wall Barley

Pinaceae Pinus sylvestris Scots Pine Poaceae Leymus arenarius Lyme-grass Ivy-leaved Perennial Rye- Plantaginaceae Cymbalaria muralis Poaceae Lolium perenne Toadflax grass Phalaris arundinacea Reed Canary- Plantaginaceae Digitalis purpurea Foxglove Poaceae var. arundinacea grass Plantago Buck's-horn Phalaris arundinacea Plantaginaceae Poaceae Gardeners-garters coronopus Plantain var. picta Plantago Plantaginaceae Ribwort Plantain Poaceae Phalaris canariensis Canary-grass lanceolata Plantaginaceae Plantago major Greater Plantain Poaceae Phleum pratense Timothy Annual Meadow- Plantaginaceae Plantago media Hoary Plantain Poaceae Poa annua grass Appendix 5: Checklist and atlas

Smooth-stalked Poaceae Poa pratensis Solanaceae Solanum tuberosum Potato Meadow-grass Puccinellia Glaucous Perennial Poaceae Urticaceae Urtica dioica glaucescens Saltmarsh-grass Stinging-nettle Annual Stinging- Poaceae Triticum aestivum Wheat Urticaceae Urtica urens nettle Poaceae Vulpia bromoides Squirreltail Fescue Violaceae Viola arvensis Field Pansy Persicaria Heartsease/ Wild Polygonaceae Redshank Violaceae Viola tricolor maculosa Pansy Polygonum Polygonaceae Knotgrass Violaceae Viola x wittrockiana Pansy aviculare Polygonaceae Rheum x hybridum Rhubarb Xanthorrhoeaceae Phormium tenax New Zealand Flax

Polygonaceae Rumex acetosa Sorrel Rumex acetosella Polygonaceae Sheep's Sorrel subsp. acetosella Rumex acetosella Round-seeded Polygonaceae subsp. pyrenaiceus Sheep's Sorrel Polygonaceae Rumex crispus Curled Dock

Polygonaceae Rumex longifolius Northern Dock Broad-leaved Polygonaceae Rumex obtusifolius Dock Rumex x Polygonaceae Hybrid Dock propinquus Calandrinia Portulacaceae Felton's Flower menziesii Portulacaceae Claytonia perfoliata Spring beauty Creeping Ranunculaceae Ranunculus repens Buttercup Ranunculus Celery-leaved Ranunculaceae sceleratus Buttercup Rosaceae Aphanes arvensis Parsley-piert Cotoneaster x Rosaceae Cotoneaster suecicus Rosaceae Malus domestica Apple

Rosaceae Potentilla anserina Silverweed

Rosaceae Prunus domestica Plum

Rosaceae Rosa canina Dog-rose

Rosaceae Rosa rubiginosa Sweet-briar

Rosaceae Rosa rugosa Japanese Rose

Rosaceae Rubus idaeus Raspberry

Rosaceae Sorbus aria Whitebeam

Rosaceae Sorbus aucuparia Rowan

Rubiaceae Galium aparine Cleavers

Rubiaceae Galium saxatile Heath Bedstraw Populus x Salicaceae Grey Poplar canescens Salicaceae Salix cinerea Grey Willow

Salicaceae Salix gmelinii Gmelin's Willow

Salicaceae Salix viminalis Osier Green-leaved Salicaceae Salix x rubra Willow Acer Sapindaceae Sycamore pseudoplatanus Appendix 5: Checklist and atlas

Species of Uncertain status

Family Species Common name Amaryllidaceae Narcissus pseudonarcissus Daffodil Asparagaceae Hyacinthoides non-scripta English Bluebell Asteraceae Senecio jacobaea European Ragwort Caryophyllaceae Silene latifolia White Campion Caryophyllaceae Stellaria graminea Lesser Stitchwort Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris filix-mas Male-fern Fabaceae Glycyrrhiza astragalina Fabaceae Ulex gallii Western Gorse Gentianaceae Centaurium pulchellum Lesser Centaury Juncaceae Luzula multiflora subsp. multiflorum Onagraceae Epilobium ciliatum x obscurum Hybrid Willowherb Onagraceae Epilobium tetragonum Square-stalked Willowherb Onagraceae Fuchsia 'Corallina' Large-flowered Fuchsia Pinaceae Pinus nigra subsp. nigra Austrian Pine Poaceae Elymus farctus Sand Couch Poaceae Festuca ovina Sheep's Fescue Poaceae Festuca rubra subsp. commutata Poaceae Hordeum comosum Hairy Barley Poaceae Lolium multiflorum Italian Rye-grass Poaceae Poa trivialis Rough-stalked Meadow-grass Poaceae Stipa neaei Saxifragaceae Saxifraga x urbium London Pride

Excluded species

Asteraceae Achillea tomentosa Sneezewort Asteraceae Senecio viscosus Sticky Groundsel Berberidaceae Berberis darwinii Darwin's Barberry Brassicaceae Cardamine flexuosa var. flexuosa Wavy Bitter-cress Caryophyllaceae Silene vulgaris Bladder Campion Fabaceae Medicago arabica Fabaceae Medicago lupulina Papaveraceae Fumaria officinalis Common Fumitory Poaceae Alopecurus pratensis Salicaceae Populus alba White Poplar Appendix 5: Checklist and atlas

6. Introduced and invasive plant species

6.1 Invasive species Invasive species are widely recognised as being one of the most significant threats to global biodiversity, and these impacts are particularly strong on islands, due to high levels of endemism, small areas of habitat and low species richness. The impacts of invasive plants within the Falklands have received more attention in recent years, especially following the three-year South Atlantic Invasive Species Project 2006-2009. Invasive species impacts are now recognised by the Falkland Islands Government as one of the highest priorities for biodiversity and also a significant threat to agriculture. These concerns have led to a number of actions over recent years which have targeted introduced plant species for surveys, research, biosecurity and control. Consequently, our knowledge of the introduced flora has increased considerably in recent years and work is ongoing, so our knowledge is likely to continue to increase over the next few years. (references?)

6.2 Status of introduced flora

6.2.1 Summary: 248 introduced taxa are included, including 241 species and nothospecies, six additional infraspecific taxa and one spontaneous hybrid between two introduced species.

Together, these species cover 152 genera from 52 families. Of these, 23 families are only represented in the Falklands by introduced species.

The most species-rich families are Poaceae (34 species plus one subsp.), and Asteraceae (31 species plus one subsp.). Table 7 summarises the plant families represented by 10 or more introduced species.

Table 7: Plant families represented by five or more introduced taxa in the Falkland Islands Family Number of taxa Poaceae 35 Asteraceae 32 Fabaceae 19 Brassicaceae 15 Rosaceae 11 Plantaginaceae 11 Caryophyllaceae 11

Of these 248 taxa, seven are not resolved to species level.  Four taxa cannot be determined to species level with 100% confidence, because no fertile specimens are available, though vegetative material has been determined with some confidence. These are indicated by ‘cf.’ before the species epithet in the checklist and comprise Pinus cf. echinata, Pinus cf. radiata, Prunus cf. domestica and Rumex cf. hydrolapathum.  One taxon, Sidalcea cf. malviflora cannot be confirmed as it is likely to be a garden-origin taxon, possibly including complex hybridisation in its origins.  Two taxa have not been resolved beyond genus level. Narcissus sp. includes at least three different cultivars, each of which probably has different, potentially complex hybrid origins. Escallonia sp. includes a single plant, probably originating from cultivated material, for which only a single vegetative voucher is available.

Appendix 5: Checklist and atlas

An additional 22 species of uncertain status are listed separately and ten previously recorded species are excluded from the checklist. Two native species may also be present as both native and introduced genotypes. These are discussed in section 5.3.2.

6.2.2 Changes since Broughton & McAdam (2002b) This checklist recognises a much larger introduced flora than previous checklists. Broughton & McAdam (2002b) recognised 180 introduced taxa, so his checklist represents a gross increase of 68 taxa or 38%.

However, this figure masks two differences between the two checklists. Firstly, this checklist has a broader remit, including casual and persisting species, not just naturalised species; and secondly, some previously accepted species have been excluded or relegated to uncertain status. Therefore a straight comparison of taxon totals does not give a complete picture.

To summarise all changes:  77 additional taxa have been recorded.  11 taxa previously on the checklist are now regarded as being of uncertain status.  Elymus repens var. aristata is no longer considered distinct from the type variety and is now included only as a synonym.  Medicago sativa, which was tentatively included by Moore (1968) but excluded by Broughton & McAdam (2002) has been reinstated.  One species (Calandrinia menziesii) was formerly believed to be endemic but is now known to be introduced.  Seven taxa have been redetermined. The new determinations are included in this checklist and four of the previous determinations have been excluded, whilst three are listed as being of uncertain status pending further research.  21 taxa were not recorded during surveys by Broughton & McAdam (2002) and 14 of these were noted as possibly locally extirpated. Eight of these species have subsequently been recorded since 2008, though in most cases it is not clear whether these were present but unrecorded in 2002, have re-established from a buried seedbank, or are re-introductions.  13 taxa recorded during surveys by Broughton & McAdam (2002) have not been recorded since and may now be locally extirpated.  Armeria maritima was previously recorded as native, but due to taxonomic changes native plants are now considered to be A. curvifolia. However, A. maritima has recently been recorded as an introduced species as individuals of this species have naturalised from cultivation in gardens along the seafront in Stanley. See also section 5.3.2.  Previous records of Atriplex prostrata are now known to refer to A. patula. However, a single small population of A. prostrata was discovered at MPA. This was controlled and is now believed to be locally extirpated.  Epilobium ciliatum and Plantago maritima may both be present as native and introduced genotypes. This is discussed further in sections 3.3.1 and 3.2.6 respectively. Due to uncertainty about their status, these have not been included as introduced taxa in these analyses.

Taking these factors into account, only 171 introduced taxa recorded prior to 2002 are retained on the checklist and consequently this checklist represents a net increase of 77 taxa or 45%.

6.2.3 Verification of records 228 of these introduced taxa are represented by verified voucher specimens of wild-collected material deposited in either international herbaria or the Falkland Islands National Herbarium. 20 taxa are recorded only from observations, though some of these are probably escapes from cultivation and are represented in herbaria by cultivated material from the Falklands. These 20 taxa have been retained on the checklist as they are morphologically distinctive and unlikely to have been misidentified, though it has not been possible to fully verify such records. 11 of these may now be locally extirpated, making future verification impossible.

Appendix 5: Checklist and atlas

6.2.4 Status of introduced taxa

Extirpated taxa 63 taxa (25%) may no longer be present in the Falklands, with 28 taxa classified as ‘possibly extirpated’ and 35 as ‘probably extirpated. It is never possible to be confident that a species is completely extirpated, as many areas remain unsurveyed and many species can persist unseen in the soil seedbank for many years. This fact is emphasised by the rediscovery of eight taxa previously believed extirpated and it is likely that some of the species described here as possibly or probably extirpated will be refound in the future. In particular, some taxa are still present in cultivation in the Falklands and may recolonise in the future.

Most of these putatively extirpated species probably died out through natural processes, but at least eight species (Berberis ilicifolia, Epilobium hirsutum, Rumex x propinquus, Cymbalaria muralis, Oxalis corniculata, Carduus tenuiflorus, Urtica dioica, Chamerion angustifolium) were deliberately removed from all known sites as a precautionary action to reduce the impacts of invasive plants. However, as with all other putatively extirpated species, these may still be present in other locations or in the soil seedbank and ongoing monitoring is recommended.

Naturalised status 163 are naturalised, 24 are persisting after cultivation, 28 taxa are casual, and four taxa are both casual and persisting. Insufficient data were available to assign 29 taxa to a category. It should be noted that these assignments represent a snapshot in time, looking at an ongoing process of establishment and extirpation. Species regarded here as casual or persistent may become naturalised in the future, whilst others may die out.

Of the taxa assigned to a category, the vast majority, 74%, are considered to be naturalised. However, this high figure may be misleading as there are other factors to consider.

Firstly, in this checklist a broad definition of naturalised has been used to include any taxon which reproduces unaided, either vegetatively or sexually, including some populations that may turn out to be short-lived, and which might under other circumstances might be considered ‘casual’.

Secondly, casual taxa are usually present in very small numbers for a very short time period, making it unlikely that they will be recorded during botanical surveys and casual taxa are probably under- represented on this checklist. It is likely that additional species have been present as casual individuals or populations, but these were transitory and died out before being recorded.

Naturalised taxa 163 taxa (74% of the taxa assigned to a category) are naturalised, covering species which have been observed to reproduce unaided. Most have been observed to reproduce sexually, though a few species have only been observed to reproduce vegetatively. These include Epilobium hirsutum and Chamerion angustifolia which each established in single locations, where they spread by creeping rhizomes over several square metres. However, no seedlings of either were recorded, perhaps due to lack of cross-pollination in these strongly out-crossing species. Populations of Salix and Populus species are mostly clones of a single sex, so despite some spreading vegetatively by suckers or layering, they are unable to reproduce sexually. Rosa rugosa is known from a single location, where it is spreading vigorously via suckers, however it is capable of sexual reproduction and is likely to spread further afield through bird-dispersed seeds in future.

Casual taxa 32 taxa (15% of the taxa assigned to a category) are casual, covering species which have not been observed to reproduce unaided and including those classed as either casual or casual and persisting. Examples of this category include:  Triticum x aestivum and Chenopodium album have rarely been recorded growing from spilt, imported chicken-feed, but have not been observed to reproduce.  Atriplex prostrata has been recorded once on a disturbed road verge at Mount Pleasant Airbase. Around six plants were found within 1x1m and this species has not been refound in subsequent surveys. Appendix 5: Checklist and atlas

 Several ornamental cultivated taxa have been recorded in the vicinity of Stanley, apparently growing from dumped garden waste.

Taxa which persist after cultivation 28 taxa (13% of the taxa assigned to a category) are persisting after cultivation, covering species which were originally planted, but are found away from habitation and including those classed as either persisting or casual and persisting. This category includes three distinct suites of species:  Ornamental shrubs such as cultivars of Sambucus nigra and plants grown for food, such as Rheum x hortorum and Ribes uva-crispa. These are often found persisting in gardens long after cultivation has ceased and are associated with houses or settlements which are no longer inhabited. They are also occasionally found in cemeteries located outside of settlements.  Conifers including several Pinus spp. which are occasionally planted for windbreaks and hedges outside of settlements, mostly to offer shelter to livestock.  Trees and shrubs found in forestry plantations. A few small areas of plantation forest exist in the Falklands, including Hill Cove, Keppel Island and Port Howard. The plantation on Keppel Island is the most species rich plantation recorded and several tree species such as Quercus robur, Salix gmelinii, and Castanea sativa are only known from this location.  Berberis ilicifolia has been recorded from two mature plants on a hillside behind Stanley. These plants may have originally been planted in this location, but they have since been removed.

6.2.5 Species of uncertain status 22 taxa are listed as being of uncertain status. In addition, introduced genotypes of two putatively native species (Epilobium ciliatum and Plantago maritima) may be present alongside the native genotypes, but are not included here.  Two species (Stipa neaei and Glycyrrhiza astragalina) are only known from vouchers at CGE collected by Darwin. There are grounds to suspect that these are mislabelled and were collected on mainland South America. Hooker, who was in close communication with Darwin, has labelled one of these vouchers to this effect.  10 species were present on previous published checklists but are possible misidentifications, where no vouchers exist but morphologicaly similar species are known to be present  Stellaria graminea and Festuca ovina are only known from unpublished checklists and it has not yet been possible to either confirm or contradict these records, though they may be misrecords for S. alsine and F. filiformis respectively.  Saxifraga x urbium is known only from photographs taken by a local resident. Further survey is needed to confirm the identity and location.  Records of Dryopteris filix-mas and Silene latifolia may refer to cultivated plants but this is unresolved.  Ulex gallii has been recorded from cultivated plants at a commercial nursery and this species may have been planted at other locations for hedging and stock shelter, or may have naturalised from planted bushes.  One herbarium voucher has been determined as a possible hybrid of Epilobium ciliatum x obscurum, though this is not confidently determined.  Luzula multiflora subsp. multiflora has been reported, but is very similar to other introduced Luzula taxa and further studies are required.  The taxonomy of Festuca rubra remains unresolved, with some authors (eg. Stace, 2010) accepting several subspecies, but other authors (eg Cope 2012) do not recognise these. F. rubra ssp. commutata is regarded as a taxon of uncertain status until the taxonomy has been resolved and all records are here included in F. rubra s.l.  Pinus nigra has been reported as being planted in shelterbelts, but no field records or vouchers exist yet.

It is likely that additional pasture, windbreak and forestry species have been cultivated either recently or historically, and may also have naturalised. A thorough search of published and grey literature relating to agricultural improvement would be useful to identify such species.

Appendix 5: Checklist and atlas

6.2.6 Excluded species 10 taxa are excluded from the checklist.  Four taxa which were included by Broughton & McAdam (2002) but herbarium material has been redetermined and all recent field records support this.  Four taxa were tentatively included by Moore (1968) but excluded by Broughton & McAdam (2002) and recent surveys have not recorded these taxa.  Two taxa which were included on unpublished checklists and are now known to be misidentifications.

6.3 Origins of introduced flora

It is rarely possible to be certain of the origin of introduced plants. A few intentional introductions have been recorded historically, such as Ulex europaeus, Ammophila arenaria and some pasture species, but most introductions are undocumented, or at least any records which do exist have not yet been adequately researched. It is particularly unusual to have documented evidence of accidental introductions, though Plantago major is reported as establishing at MPA at the time of construction of a paved footpath in the 1990s and it is likely that seeds were introduced with imported building materials.

For some species, it is possible that there has been more than one introduction event, so there may be two or more points of entry into the Falklands and different genotypes may be present, further confusing the understanding of how these species arrived in the Falklands.

Understanding the pathways that lead to the intentional and accidental introduction of new species is important for managing and preventing the introduction of potentially invasive species and more research is needed to better understand these pathways.

Whilst the UK and southern South America are the most likely sources for many introduced plants and the Falklands retain significant trade and communications with these regions, however other pathways for introduction from other regions are also possible. For example, before construction of the Panama Canal, ships from many locations travelling between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans often stopped in the Falklands. To this day, yachts continue to visit the Falklands from many areas of the world. Whilst these are typically smaller in volume so represent a less likely pathway for introduction, the possibility cannot be entirely discounted.

6.3.1 Pathways of introduction There are many potential routes through which non-native plants may become introduced to the Falklands. These can broadly be divided into intentional introductions and accidental introductions. The former includes species intentionally cultivated for a range of purposes, including ornament, agriculture, domestic food production and forestry. The latter includes a wide range of ways in which propagules such as seeds, spores or plant fragments may be imported as contaminants of a wide range of imported goods, such as the footwear of passengers, construction materials and road vehicles. Accidentally imported species are more likely to include those regarded as ‘weeds’, though it is important to remember that any one species may be imported multiple times, sometimes through different pathways or from different source regions.

Accidental introduction Just over half the taxa (132 taxa or 53%) are ‘weedy’ species which are not cultivated in the Falklands. There is a very wide range of potential pathways through which plant propagules may be accidentally introduced to the Falklands. Little is known about the relative importance of these different pathways and it is rarely possible to attribute a particular introduction to a particular pathway.

Intentional introduction Just under half the taxa assigned to a cultivation category (116 taxa or 47%) are also found in cultivation in the Falklands. Of these, 78 taxa (31%) are cultivated as ornamental or lawn species in Appendix 5: Checklist and atlas the Falklands, 22 taxa (9%) are cultivated for food and 36 taxa (14%) are cultivated for agriculture (including pasture, fodder, windbreaks, forestry and erosion control). This indicates that intentional and accidental introduction pathways are both likely to be significant contributors to the introduced flora of the Falklands.

In order to better understand the role of different pathways of intentional introduction, it will be necessary to understand the levels of introduction of cultivated taxa and to compare the rates at which these have become established outside of cultivation. For example, it is to be expected that the level of propagule pressure will influence the success with which a species becomes established, so pasture species sown on large scales are likely to produce large quantities of seeds, rhizomes and other propagules and may be more likely to become established than species only grown in gardens. Likewise, species which are widely planted in gardens are probably more likely to become naturalised than those which are rare in cultivation.

Further information on the rates of intentional introductions is needed to better understand the contributions of these pathways to the introduced flora.

6.3.2 UK The majority of introduced species, 209 taxa or 84% are native to, or widely naturalised in the UK and were probably introduced from the UK, either intentionally or unintentionally. However, it is important to note that many European species are also naturalised in southern South America, so some of the species may have reached the Falklands indirectly via links with South America.

Intentional introduction Of these, 209 taxa, 82 are found in cultivation in the Falklands and were probably originally intentionally introduced to the Falklands for use in gardens, pastures, fodder, shelter or forestry.

30 taxa are not native to or widely naturalised in the UK, but are in cultivation both in the Falklands and the UK and are probably escapes from cultivation. This includes S. californicum which was probably an accidental introduction from material cultivated in the UK and is not yet known in cultivation in the Falklands. In addition, whilst the genus Escallonia is native to southern South America, it is probably only present in the Falklands from cultivars developed in European or North American gardens, so is not a direct introduction from South America.

It seems likely that most cultivated taxa originate from cultivated material sourced from the UK. However, it should be noted that some cultivated plants are also imported from southern South America, so even taxa which were originally brought into cultivation in the UK may have arrived in the Falklands via cultivation in southern South America.

In addition, some pasture species which originate in the UK or elsewhere have been grown widely in other locations and agricultural seeds may have been imported from areas such as New Zealand or Australia.

6.3.3 Southern South America Only nine taxa or 3.6% are native to southern South America and were probably introduced directly from there to the Falklands.

It should also be noted that whilst these are few in number, they include a relatively high proportion of species which are potentially invasive, notably the shrubby species Berberis microphylla, Ribes magellanica and Fuchsia magellanica, though the latter two species are currently only spreading in areas free from grazing. There is anecdotal or circumstantial evidence that these may have been introduced initially to Keppel Island in the C19th by indigenous Fuegian people resident at the missionary society that was based there.

The XXX taxa which are native to southern South America and are currently regarded as probably native to the Falklands are not included here, though further research may indicate that some of these are introduced.

Appendix 5: Checklist and atlas

6.4 Patterns in the distribution and abundance of introduced plants There are some clear patterns in the distributions of introduced plants, with greatest abundance and species richness in anthropogenic and disturbed habitats, especially in settlements, improved pastures and reseeds, as well as areas which are most heavily impacted by grazing such as neutral grassland (greens).

6.4.1 Rare species Overall, most introduced taxa are currently relatively rare and very limited in their distributions. 63 taxa (25%) may already be locally extirpated, and a further 62 taxa (25%) are recorded from <3 10km grid squares, so just over half of all recorded taxa have a very narrow distribution or may even be extirpated.

In particular, Stanley and MPA are among the most species-rich sites for introduced plants. They are probably also the most important sites for the establishment of species newly arriving in the Falklands, reflecting the high levels of human activity at these sites, especially the transport and importation of people and goods.

Most (75 taxa, or 97%) of the 77 taxa recorded for the first time since 2002 occur in four or fewer 10km grid squares. Of these recently recorded taxa, 34 are known only from Stanley (44%), five taxa are known only from MPA (6%), and one species is known from both sites. In total, 40 taxa (52%) are only recorded from these two sites.

However, it should be noted that these figures may be conservative, as there are many barriers to establishment at the earliest stages of a species arriving in a country. It is likely that many species have established and died out before being recorded, or are currently present in small numbers and have yet to be recorded. In addition, other species will have arrived as propagules, but these propagules have failed to find appropriate conditions to develop into mature plants.

There is also the chance that the high number of taxa recorded from Stanley to some extent reflects a bias in recording, as most botanists have been based in Stanley and other locations may be less well recorded. In particular, much of MPA and Mare Harbour remain poorly recorded and there are probably more species present which are as yet unrecorded.

6.4.2 Widespread and invasive species Very few species have yet colonised significant areas of less disturbed vegetation and only five taxa are present in more than a 100 10km grid squares (Cerastium fontanum, Poa pratensis, Sagina procumbens, Aira praecox and Rumex acetosella). However, several species are still apparently expanding their ranges and it is probably only a matter of time before a range of species which are well adapted to grazing, cool temperatures and the poor soils of heathland and acid grassland habitats are much more widespread unless significant action is taken to control them. These species include Galium saxatile, Pilosella officinarum, Pilosella aurantiacum, Veronica officinalis, Calluna vulgaris and Berberis microphylla.

As much of the land area of the Islands is currently grazed, grazing intolerant species are less likely to become widespread, however some species such as Ribes magellanicum and Fuchsia magellanica are widely grown in gardens and are already spreading in a few ungrazed locations and are likely to continue to spread in ungrazed islands or inaccessible locations such as cliffs.

6.5 The dynamics of the introduced flora

6.5.1 Increasing rate of species colonisation Fig. 1 shows a clear pattern that the number of recorded introduced species is increasing over time and the rate at which new species are recorded is also increasing. 92 taxa were reported by Moore in 1968, this rose to 171 taxa (92% increase) reported by Broughton & McAdam in 2002, rising again to 248 taxa (38% increase) in 2013. This indicates a rate of increase of 2.3 taxa/year between 1968 and 2002, rising to 7.0 taxa/year since 2002. However, it should be noted that additional factors may have Appendix 5: Checklist and atlas contributed to this apparently dramatic rise in numbers of species, including greater survey effort, the broader remit of this checklist and more effort invested in accurate species identification. For example, Rumex longifolius is known to have been present prior to 2002 and was seen by Broughton & McAdam, but was misidentified as the similar species R. crispus and R. obtusifolius, which are also present. However, this should be balanced against the fact that it is likely that many additional species are present in the Islands but remain overlooked or misidentified.

Despite these caveats, due to increasing economic activity within the Islands from the 1980s onwards, it is to be expected that the rate of species introduction should have risen in recent decades. The rate at which species arrive in a new country is strongly linked to the level of economic activity, as this reflects the level of communications with other parts of the world, increasing the rate at which people and goods arrive in the country and thus the size of the potential pathways for both accidental and intentional introductions. Increases in economic and military activity since the 1980s have led to increased levels of people and goods travelling to and from the islands. This provides new or increased pathways by which seeds and other propagules could ‘hitch-hike’ as accidental introductions to the islands. There are also likely to have been increases in the intentional introduction of pasture and shelterbelt species for agricultural improvement, as well as ornamental and productive species for domestic and commercial horticulture.

It is also possible that changes in the pattern of communication links since the 1980s may influence the range of species arriving in the Falklands. There are now more direct links with the UK, which which has a high diversity of temperate, weedy or heathland-adapted species which are likely to be able to establish in natural or disturbed habitats in the Falklands. Increased links with sites in Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia, such as flights and shipping from Punta Arenas and cruise ship tourists from Ushuaia also provides pathways for accidental introduction of species adapted to similar environmental conditions.

Fig. 1: Rate of increase in number of introduced taxa recorded

6.5.2 High rates of local extirpation The distribution patterns of rare described in section 6.4.1 indicate that most taxa become established initially in highly disturbed habitats associated with human activity and many species fail to establish, naturally die out or are intentionally extirpated at this stage. Thus there is a relatively high turnover of species at an early stage of establishment. Species may die out for a number of reasons, for example, if they are not suited to the climatic or edaphic conditions of the Falklands, do not happen to colonise appropriate suitable habitat, have limited genetic diversity (founder effects) or stochastic events lead to them dying out before they colonise further. Appendix 5: Checklist and atlas

Whilst many species unsuited to wider establishment in the Falklands could only ever be present as small, temporary populations, a species becoming locally extirpated at an early stage of colonisation does not necessarily mean that it could never have established more widely. This early stage is crucial in the establishment of a new species, with many barriers to the species surviving and spreading to a suitable habitat type, so this is the point at which targeted control action may be most effective at preventing the establishment and spread of introduced or potentially invasive species.

As with species establishment, extirpation is rarely documented, though there are a few exceptions, especially where extirpation has been achieved by deliberate control. This is the case for a number of species, including Carduus tenuiflorus, Chamerion angustifolia, Epilobium hirsutum and Atriplex prostrata. Muscari armeniacum was established in a single location on a roadside in sand dunes on Cape Pembroke but was not refound during resurvey a decade later and it is believed that erosion of the sand dunes was responsible for its local extirpation, though this cannot be confirmed. Some farmland weeds such as Agrostemma githago, Anthemis arvensis and Centaurea cyanus were last recorded in the mid 20th century and may only ever have established as temporary populations from seeds imported in hay or animal feed. The severe declines of these species in the UK during the latter half of the twentieth century due to improved seed cleaning and herbicides may have cut off the supply of seeds to the Falklands and they may be unlikely to recolonise from similar sources. However, A. githago and C. cyanus are both now cultivated for ornament in the Falklands and may recolonise from gardens in the future.

6.5.3 Barriers to establishment and spread The process of species establishment, with the greatest barriers at the earliest stages, is similar in many places around the world. The Falklands have a number of features that significantly slow down the rate at which plants spread into less disturbed habitats, after initial establishment.  The relatively limited range of habitats, with most of the islands covered with acid, nutrient-poor peat soils restricts growth rates and is unfavourable to most species, except those adapted to such conditions.  The cool, dry windy climate is an additional barrier, further reducing growth rates for most species.  The high levels of grazing across most of the islands act as a strong influence, though this may be more variable in its results. Grazing intolerant species are less likely to find ungrazed habitats to spread into, but some grazing-adapted species may benefit. For example, grazing of vigorous grasses can open up patches of bare soil which allow germination and development of unpalatable species such as Thistles (Cirsium spp.) and Hawkweeds (Pilosella spp.). Continued grazing pressure on the grasses then acts to increase the competitive advantage of these unpalatable species.

This range of factors has helped insulate much of the Falklands from some of the negative impacts of introduced plant species. Many species which are widespread and problematic in other parts of the world are unable to establish in the Falklands, with only a particular suite of species adapted to the specific conditions of the Falklands able to spread away from human-influenced sties into less disturbed habitats.

However, for the suite of species that can potentially colonise widely in the Falklands, the current situation suggests that these factors act to slow down rather than prevent the impacts of introduced species. With increasing rates of species introduction, it is only a matter of time before a much wider range of potentially problematic species are introduced and begin to spread. Meanwhile, several species are already starting to spread across less disturbed habitats. Whilst the rates at which these species spread may be lower than in many other countries, the process is inevitable and they will continue to spread until they occupy all suitable habitats.

Once a species is well established in multiple locations, it is likely to be impossible or prohibitively expensive to eradicate it or prevent spread to new locations. Where the aim is to reduce future impacts of introduced plants on the native floral, the best results are likely to come from targeting species at the early stages of colonisation.

Appendix 6: List of herbarium specimens collected

Herbarium vouchers DNA Collector No. Family Species date Location sample Lewis, R. 1400 Brassicaceae Erophila verna 13-Nov-11 Mount Pleasant Airport N Lewis, R. 1402 Iridaceae Crocus vernus 17-Oct-11 Stanley N Lewis, R. 1403 Amaryllidaceae Narcissus sp. 17-Oct-11 Stanley N Lewis, R. 1422 Apiaceae Anthriscus sylvaticus 04-Nov-11 Fitzroy Y Lewis, R. 1423 Rosaceae Sorbus acuparia 03-Nov-11 Teal Creek Y Lewis, R. 1424 Grossulariaceae Ribes nigrum 03-Nov-11 Teal Creek Y Lewis, R. 1427 Apiaceae Anthriscus sylvestris 09-Nov-11 Stanley Y Lewis, R. 1428 Brassicaceae Brassica rapa 08-Nov-11 Stanley Y Lewis, R. 1429 Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense 08-Nov-11 Stanley N Lewis, R. 1430 Rosaceae Prunus domestica 09-Nov-11 Mount Pleasant Airport Y Lewis, R. 1431 Asteraceae Senecio vulgaris var. hibernica 09-Nov-11 Mount Pleasant Airport Y Lewis, R. 1432 Boraginaceae Myosotis ramosissima 09-Nov-11 Mount Pleasant Airbase Y Lewis, R. 1433 Brassicaceae Erophila verna 09-Nov-11 Mount Pleasant Airbase Y Lewis, R. 1440 Grossulariaceae Ribes rubrum 11-Nov-11 Stanley Y Lewis, R. 1441 Grossulariaceae Ribes magellanicum 11-Nov-11 Stanley Y Lewis, R. 1442 Grossulariaceae Ribes nigrum 11-Nov-11 Stanley Y Lewis, R. 1443 Grossulariaceae Ribes magellanicum 11-Nov-11 Stanley Y Lewis, R. 1467 Amaryllidaceae Narcissus sp. Division 2 17-Nov-11 Stanley Y Lewis, R. 1468 Fabaceae Lupinus nootkatensis 17-Nov-11 Stanley Y Lewis, R. 1471 Brassicaceae Erophila verna 17-Nov-11 Mount Pleasant Airport Y Lewis, R. 1472 Boraginaceae Myosotis ramosissima 17-Nov-11 Mount Pleasant Airbase Y Lewis, R. 1473 Rosaceae Prunus spinosa 17-Nov-11 Fitzroy Y Lewis, R. 1474 Polygonaceae Rumex crispus 17-Nov-11 Mount Pleasant Airport Y Lewis, R. 1500 Poaceae Bromus hordeaceus 29-Nov-11 Fox Bay East Y Lewis, R. 1501 Polygonaceae Rumex crispus 29-Nov-11 Fox Bay East Y Lewis, R. 1502 Polygonaceae Fallopia convolvulus 29-Nov-11 Fox Bay East Y Lewis, R. 1503 Chenopodiaceae Atriplex sp. 29-Nov-11 Fox Bay East Y Lewis, R. 1504 Portulacaceae Claytonia perfoliata 29-Nov-11 Fox Bay East Y Lewis, R. 1510 Polygonaceae Polygonum aviculare 29-Nov-11 Fox Bay East Y Lewis, R. 1514 Asteraceae Tanacetum parthenium 'Aureum' 29-Nov-11 Fox Bay West Y Lewis, R. 1589 Amaryllidaceae Narcissus sp. Division 3 05-Dec-11 Port Howard Y Lewis, R. 1603 Geraniaceae Geranium sp. 06-Dec-12 Port Howard N Lewis, R. 1610 Oxalidaceae Oxalis articulata 17-Dec-11 Stanley Y Lewis, R. 1611 Plantaginaceae Veronica x franciscana 17-Dec-11 Stanley Y Lewis, R. 1612 Fabaceae Cytisus scoparius 18-Dec-11 Stanley Y Lewis, R. 1614 Fabaceae Lupinus arboreus 18-Dec-11 Stanley Y Lewis, R. 1615 Polygonaceae Polygonum aviculare 18-Dec-11 Stanley Y Lewis, R. 1616 Brassicaceae Brassica oleracea 18-Dec-11 Stanley Y Lewis, R. 1617 Rosaceae Potentilla x mixta 19-Dec-11 Stanley Y Lewis, R. 1650 Grossulariaceae Ribes magellanicum 27-Dec-11 Keppel Island Y Lewis, R. 1657 Asteraceae Cirsium arvense 03-Jan-12 Stanley Y Lewis, R. 1666 Plantaginaceae Veronica elliptica 11-Jan-12 Saunders Island Y Lewis, R. 1669 Onagraceae Epilobium obscurum 18-Jan-12 Mt Kent Y Lewis, R. 1682 Plantaginaceae Veronica elliptica 22-May-12 Stanley Y Lewis, R. 1683 Plantaginaceae Veronica x franciscana 22-May-12 Canache Y Lewis, R. 1684 Caryophyllaceae Sagina filicaulis 19-Jan-12 Fitzroy Y Lewis, R. 1686 Fabaceae Trifolium arvensis 19-Jan-12 Mount Pleasant Airport Y Lewis, R. 1688 Poaceae Festuca rubra 19-Jan-12 Mount Pleasant Airport Y Lewis, R. 1689 Asteraceae Crepis capillaris 19-Jan-12 Mount Pleasant Airport Y Lewis, R. 1691 Fabaceae Trifolium striatum 19-Jan-12 Mount Pleasant Airport Y Lewis, R. 1692 Plantaginaceae Plantago maritima 19-Jan-12 Mount Pleasant Airport Y

Lewis, R. 1699 Poaceae Agrostis capillaris 21-Jan-12 Weddell Island Y Lewis, R. 1700 Poaceae Poa pratensis 21-Jan-12 Weddell Island Y Lewis, R. 1701 Poaceae Elymus repens 21-Jan-12 Weddell Island Y Lewis, R. 1702 Pinaceae Picea sitchensis 21-Jan-12 Weddell Island Y Lewis, R. 1703 Salicaceae Salix sp. 21-Jan-12 Weddell Island Y Lewis, R. 1704 Scrophulariaceae Digitalis purpurea 21-Jan-12 Weddell Island Y Lewis, R. 1705 Caprifoliaceae Lonicera periclymenum 21-Jan-12 Weddell Island Y Lewis, R. 1707 Poaceae Arrhenatherum elatius var. elatius 21-Jan-12 Weddell Island Y Lewis, R. 1718 Asteraceae Tripleurospermum inodorum 22-Jan-12 Weddell Island Y Lewis, R. 1719 Poaceae Elymus repens 22-Jan-12 Weddell Island Y Lewis, R. 1720 Poaceae Bromus sterilis 22-Jan-12 Weddell Island N Lewis, R. 1722 Asteraceae Crepis capillaris 22-Jan-12 Weddell Island N Lewis, R. 1723 Plantaginaceae Veronica elliptica 22-Jan-12 Weddell Island Y Lewis, R. 1788 Asteraceae Cirsium arvense 30-Jan-12 Teal Creek Y Lewis, R. 1796 Poaceae Hordeum jubatum 30-Jan-12 Darwin Y Lewis, R. 1797 Resedaceae Reseda sp. 30-Jan-12 Darwin Y Lewis, R. 1798 Caryophyllaceae Stellaria alsine 31-Jan-12 Fox Bay Y Lewis, R. 1802 Asteraceae Cirsium arvense 02-Feb-12 Mt Alice Y Lewis, R. 1809 Polygonaceae Polygonum sp. 02-Feb-12 Fox Bay East N Lewis, R. 1810 Amaranthaceae Atriplex sp. 02-Feb-12 Fox Bay East N Lewis, R. 1811 Adoxaceae Sambucus racemosa 02-Feb-12 South Harbour Y Lewis, R. 1812 Poaceae Poa pratensis 02-Feb-12 South Harbour Y Lewis, R. 1813 Papaveraceae Papaver dubium 02-Feb-12 South Harbour Y Lewis, R. 1814 Solanaceae Datura sp. 02-Feb-12 South Harbour Y Lewis, R. 1815 Myrtaceae Leptospermum sp. 02-Feb-12 South Harbour Y Lewis, R. 1817 Poaceae Festuca rubra 02-Feb-12 Mt Alice Y Lewis, R. 1820 Poaceae Festuca rubra 02-Feb-12 Mt Alice Y Lewis, R. 1829 Onagraceae Epilobium ciliatum 06-Feb-12 Chartres Horse Paddock Y Lewis, R. 1836 Caryophyllaceae Stellaria alsine 06-Feb-12 Chartres Horse Paddock Y Lewis, R. 1851 Onagraceae Fuchsia magellanica 09-Feb-12 Shallow Bay Y Lewis, R. 1854 Nothofagaceae Nothofagus sp. 09-Feb-12 Shallow Bay Y Lewis, R. 1855 Poaceae Agrostis stolonifera 09-Feb-12 Shallow Bay Y Lewis, R. 1863 Fabaceae Trifolium hybridum 09-Feb-12 West lagoons Y Lewis, R. 1874 Plantaginaceae Veronica elliptica 11-Feb-12 Shallow Bay Y Lewis, R. 1877 Adoxaceae Sambucus nigra 12-Feb-12 Port Howard Y Lewis, R. 1878 Lamiaceae Mentha spicata 12-Feb-12 Port Howard Y Lewis, R. 1895 Poaceae Festuca rubra 14-Feb-12 Port Howard Y Lewis, R. 1896 Nothofagaceae Nothofagus sp. 14-Feb-12 Port Howard Y Lewis, R. 1897 Rosaceae Cotoneaster sp. 14-Feb-12 Port Howard Y Lewis, R. 1898 Rosaceae Cotoneaster sp. 14-Feb-12 Port Howard Y Lewis, R. 1899 Salicaceae Salix sp. 14-Feb-12 Port Howard Y Lewis, R. 1900 Salicaceae Salix sp. 14-Feb-12 Port Howard Y Lewis, R. 1901 Salicaceae Salix sp. 14-Feb-12 Port Howard Y Lewis, R. 1902 Salicaceae Salix sp. 14-Feb-12 Port Howard Y Lewis, R. 1903 Asteraceae Cirsium arvense 16-Feb-12 Cape Pembroke Y Lewis, R. 1906 Asteraceae Centaurea nigra 16-Feb-12 Stanley Y Lewis, R. 1912 Poaceae Elymus repens 18-Feb-12 Pebble Island Y Lewis, R. 1913 Lamiaceae Lamium amplexicaule 18-Feb-12 Pebble Island Y Lewis, R. 1948 Polygonaceae Polygonum aviculare 23-Feb-12 Pebble Island Y Lewis, R. 1949 Poaceae Agrostis stolonifera 23-Feb-12 Pebble Island Y Lewis, R. 1952 Poaceae Festuca rubra 23-Feb-12 Pebble Island Y Lewis, R. 1953 Rosaceae Rosa sp. 23-Feb-12 Pebble Island N Lewis, R. 1954 Lamiaceae Lamium sp. 18-Feb-12 Pebble Island Y Lewis, R. 1957 Amaranthaceae Chenopodium album 23-Feb-12 Pebble Island Y Lewis, R. 1959 Boraginaceae Myosotis arvensis 23-Feb-12 Pebble Island N Lewis, R. 1960 Poaceae Agrostis capillaris 23-Feb-12 Pebble Island N Lewis, R. 1961 Lamiaceae Lamium sp. 23-Feb-12 Pebble Island N Lewis, R. 1963 Papaveraceae Papaver somniferum 26-Feb-12 Stanley Y Lewis, R. 1967 Amaranthaceae Atriplex sp. 05-Mar-12 Port Howard N Lewis, R. 1979 Poaceae Festuca rubra 07-Mar-12 Narrows Island Y Lewis, R. 2003 Poaceae Festuca rubra 11-Mar-12 River Island Y

Lewis, R. 2030 Poaceae Poa pratensis 22-Mar-12 Mount Pleasant Airport Y Lewis, R. 2143 Poaceae Festuca sp. 30-Dec-12 Port Howard N Lewis, R. 2151 Poaceae Festuca cf. ovina 04-Jan-13 Stanley Y Lewis, R. 2152 Poaceae Festuca cf. pratensis 04-Jan-13 Stanley Y Lewis, R. 2153 Poaceae Bromus cf. catharticus 04-Jan-13 Stanley Y Lewis, R. 2154 Poaceae Puccinellia glaucescens 05-Jan-13 Stanley Y Lewis, R. 2155 Plantaginaceae Veronica cf. x franciscana 05-Jan-13 Stanley Y Lewis, R. 2156 Plantaginaceae Veronica cf. elliptica 05-Jan-13 Stanley Y Lewis, R. 2159 Sapindaceae Acer pseudoplatanus 05-Jan-13 Stanley Y Lewis, R. 2160 Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata 06-Jan-13 Stanley Y Lewis, R. 2165 Poaceae Hordeum murinum 11-Jan-13 Goose Green Y Lewis, R. 2166 Poaceae Festuca sp. 11-Jan-13 Saladero Y Lewis, R. 2167 Leguminosae Trifolium sp. 11-Jan-13 Saladero Y Lewis, R. 2168 Poaceae Agrostis sp. 11-Jan-13 Saladero Y Lewis, R. 2169 Leguminosae Trifolium sp. 11-Jan-13 Saladero Y Lewis, R. 2169 Leguminosae Trifolium sp. 11-Jan-13 Saladero Y Lewis, R. 2172 Poaceae Hordeum murinum 11-Jan-13 Saladero Y Lewis, R. 2174 Scrophulariaceae Linaria sp. 11-Jan-13 Saladero Y Lewis, R. 2175 Poaceae Festuca sp. 11-Jan-13 Saladero Y Lewis, R. 2176 Poaceae Festuca sp. 11-Jan-13 Saladero Y Lewis, R. 2179 Nothofagaceae Nothofagus sp. 11-Jan-13 Saladero Y Lewis, R. 2180 Pinaceae Pinus sp. 11-Jan-13 Saladero Y Lewis, R. 2181 Nothofagaceae Nothofagus sp. 11-Jan-13 Saladero Y Lewis, R. 2182 Pinaceae Pinus sp. 11-Jan-13 Saladero Y Lewis, R. 2187 Poaceae Festuca sp. 16-Jan-13 Keppel Island Y Lewis, R. 2190 Poaceae Festuca sp. 16-Jan-13 Keppel Island Y Lewis, R. 2205 Poaceae Catapodium rigidum 24-Jan-13 Mount Pleasant Airport N Lewis, R. 2207 Plantaginaceae Plantago media 15-Mar-13 Doctor's Creek Y Lewis, R. 2208 Onagraceae Epilobium cf. ciliatum 15-Mar-13 Doctor's Creek Y Lewis, R. 2209 Poaceae Deschampsia caespitosa 15-Mar-13 Doctor's Creek Y Lewis, R. 2220 Poaceae Festuca sp. 31-Mar-13 Mount Pleasant Airport Y Lewis, R. 2235 Polygonaceae Rumex sp. 10-Apr-13 Lake Sullivan Y Lewis, R. 1816a Poaceae Poa pratensis 02-Feb-12 Mt Alice Y Lewis, R. 1816b Poaceae Agrostis capillaris 02-Feb-12 Mt Alice N Lewis, R. 1852a Plantaginaceae Veronica x franciscana 09-Feb-12 Shallow Bay Y Lewis, R. 1852b Plantaginaceae Veronica x franciscana 09-Feb-12 Shallow Bay Y Lewis, R. 1853a Poaceae Festuca filiformis 09-Feb-12 Shallow Bay Y Lewis, R. 1853b Poaceae Poa pratensis 09-Feb-12 Shallow Bay Y Cockwell, G. 001 Plantaginaceae Plantago maritima 14-Mar-12 Chartres Horse Paddock N Harris, J. s.n. Polygonaceae Fallopia convolvulus Hill Head House N Morrison, M. s.n. Ericaceae Erica tetralix 10 -Mar-07 Stanley Common N

Unvouchered DNA samples

Collector No. Family Species date Location Lewis, R. 1723 Plantaginaceae Veronica elliptica 22-Jan-12 Weddell Island Lewis, R. 1834 Onagraceae Epilobium ciliatum 06-Feb-12 Chartres Horse Paddock Lewis, R. 1940 Plantaginaceae Veronica elliptica 22-Feb-12 Pebble Island Lewis, R. 1942 Plantaginaceae Veronica elliptica 22-Feb-12 Pebble Island Lewis, R. 1829b Onagraceae Epilobium ciliatum 06-Feb-12 Chartres Horse Paddock Lewis, R. 1829c Onagraceae Epilobium ciliatum 06-Feb-12 Chartres Horse Paddock Lewis, R. 1834c Onagraceae Epilobium ciliatum 06-Feb-12 Chartres Horse Paddock Lewis, R. 1834d Onagraceae Epilobium ciliatum 06-Feb-12 Chartres Horse Paddock Lewis, R. 1834e Onagraceae Epilobium ciliatum 06-Feb-12 Chartres Horse Paddock Stanworth, 3 Onagraceae Epilobium ciliatum 05-Jan-13 Shell Bay, Walker Creek A. Appendix 8 Draft Invasive Plants Strategy

Appendix 7: Prioritised shortlists of high risk and cultivated species

Widespread high risk species

Assessment Eradication impedance Net Area (ha) Eradication Effort Species Risk Achillea millefolium 15 20 NE NE Cirsium arvense 16 27 5 135 Cirsium vulgare 16 27 105 2835 Pilosella officinarum 15 26 63 1638 Sonchus asper 15 30 NE NE Berberis microphylla 19 21 2.5* 52.5 Calluna vulgaris 16 15 0.1 1.5 Ulex europaeus 18 21 NE NE Rumex crispus 15 31 5 155 Rumex obtusifolius 15 28 25 700 Rumex longifolius 18 20 5 100 Pilosella aurantiaca 15 26 3 78 Ammophila arenaria 15 22 NE NE Senecio squalidus 18 26 5 130 * This estimate is now known to be based on inaccurate data NE = Not estimated

Appendix 8 Draft Invasive Plants Strategy

Cultivated species prioritised for eradication of naturalised populations

(ha)

Risk Risk

Status

Control

Net Area Net Area

impedance Eradication Eradication Species Assessment Notes Anthemis punctata N A 9 0.01

Armeria maritima N A 4 0.04

Cytisus scoparius M P 18 7 0.01 Digitalis purpurea (M) P N A 10 0.03 Dryopteris dilatata 9 31 0.01

Fuchsia magellanica 10 17 0.01

Hedera helix 15 6 0.25

Lupinus arboreus (M) P 15 5 0.02 Rosa canina 15 9 0.01

Rosa rubiginosa (C) (M) (E) 15 18 0.05 Eradication at one location may be Rumex acetosa N A 21 0.04 impossible Sedum acre (C) (M) 16 22 0.06

Sedum forsterianum 9 12 0.02

Veronica x franciscana (M) P N A 5 0.01

Cultivated species prioritised for survey and research

Status Risk Assessment Eradication impedance Net Area (ha) Species Control Notes May never have been present E 14 8 0.01 Acer pseudoplatanus outside cultivation Agrostemma githago E 11 10 0.01

Allium schoenoprasum 7 10 0.01

Allium triquetrum 13 20 0.25

Armoracia rusticana 10 9 0.01

Berberis ilicifolia M E N A 9 0.01 Brassica napus subsp. 11 12 0.25 rapifera Brassica oleracea 11 5 0.01

Brassica rapa subsp. 11 12 0.25 rapa Calandrinia menziesii E N A 19 0.01

Calendula officinalis E 11 8 0.01

Campanula rotundifolia E 11 10 0.01

Appendix 8 Draft Invasive Plants Strategy

Centaurea cyanus E 12 12 0.01

Chrysanthemum x 12 9 0.01 superbum Cotoneaster x suecicus M E N A 1 0.01 Erica arborea E N A 7 0.01

Erysimum cheiri E 13 6 0.01

Escallonia sp. M E N A 1 0.01 Hesperis matronalis 14 11 0.25

Hyacinthoides x 13 15 0.03 massartiana Levisticum officinale M E 8 2 0.01 Malus domestica M P 8 5 0.01 Maytenus magellanica 14 11 0.01

Mentha spicata M P 13 3 0.01 Mentha x villosa M E 13 3 0.01 Muscari armeniacum M E 12 9 0.01 Papaver lecoqii N A 22 0.25

Phormium tenax 14 6 0.01

Picea sitchensis N A 7 0.07

Pinus contorta N A 7 0.08

Platystemon E N A 10 0.01 californicus Polygonatum x M E N A 5 0.01 hybridum Prunus sp. M P N A 7 0.01 Raphanus sativus E 10 9 0.01

Rosa rugosa M 17 9 0.02

Salix cinerea M 13 2 0.01

Saxifraga x urbium N A 8 0.01

Sidalcea malviflora E 10 4 0.01

May never have been present N/A N/A 13 19 0.01 Silene dioica outside cultivation May never have been present N/A N/A 9 15 0.02 Silene uniflora outside cultivation Solanum tuberosum 11 9 0.01

Sorbus aucuparia 15 11 0.02

Tanacetum parthenium M 13 6 0.01

Valerianella locusta E 13 14 0.01

Viola x wittrockiana 6 15 0.01