Livestock Policy
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Coordinators J.-F. Tourrand, CIRAD-GREEN, Univ Montpellier, MAAF, Montpellier, France / UFSM-PPGZ, Santa Maria-RS, Brazil P. D. Waquil, UFRGS-PGDR, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil M.-C. Maraval, CIRAD, DIST, F-34398 Montpellier, France M. T. Sraïri, Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine (IAV), Rabat, Morocco L. G. Duarte, Université de Brasília (UnB), PPG MADER-FUP, Brasília-DF, Brasil G. V. Kozloski, UFSM-PPGZ, Santa Maria-RS, Brazil CIRAD - French Agricultural Research Center for International Development Electronic book published under the Creative Commons Licence ‘Attribution 4.0 International’ (CC BY 4.0) How to cite this ebook: Tourrand J.‐F., Waquil P.D., Maraval M.‐C., Sraïri M.T., Duarte L.G., Kozloski G.V. (Coord.), 2020. Livestock Policy. CIRAD, Montpellier, France, DOI: 10.19182/agritrop/00143 How to cite a chapter: Authors’ names, 2020. Chapter title. In: Tourrand et al. (Coord.), Livestock Policy. CIRAD, Montpellier, France, DOI: 10.19182/agritrop/00143 Publisher: CIRAD Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France www.cirad.fr ISBN CIRAD: 978‐2‐87614‐762‐1 EAN CIRAD: 9782876147621 Legal Deposit: December 2020 Foreword Bernard Hubert1 I would like to thank the editors who invited me to write a brief foreword to their book which will constitute a significant contribution to the current situation of livestock husbandry in many parts of the world, enlightened by a long-term view, which is fundamental to understanding where we are and where we come from. I appreciate it all the more because I know personally almost all of the authors even if I am neither an animal nor a political scientist. However, I have been interested for decades in livestock farming practices across the world from the ecological and social sciences points of view. Thus I will not repeat here what the editors present very well in the introduction, as they draw attention to the major points in the 22 situations that constitute the book. I strongly encourage anyone to start by reading the introduction before entering the fascinating narratives from all over the world. For me, livestock farming is not an activity like any other. It has relied on human-animal relationships as an inseparable pair since the earliest days of domestication in order to transform some elements (mainly plants!) of the environment into resources for humans (meat, milk, eggs, fibers, labor force, mobility, etc.)… and this depending only on solar energy! This is why it has been multifunctional since the beginning, including the so-called cultural aspect… and mainly ignored today. It has been reduced to specific targets, because of the commoditization – among others – of animal products and the mar- ketization in a global world, as it is developed in the book. However, it relies also on the increase in a technological vision of the relationships with the living world, in order to dominate it as well as to protect humans from its disorders and to emphasize its exploitation as a reserve of goods. One illustration is the renamed ‘animal production’ once called ‘animal sciences’ departments in research and higher education bodies. Although it is not explicitly documented in the book, you can find the increasing role of technology in the main changes that have occurred in livestock farming in relation to changes in public policies. The techno-scientific way of thinking has progressively dominated our views on food, energy, ‘natural re- sources’ (renewable or not), and the elements, living or not, involved in those issues. It has led to a whole framework of normalization and prescriptions that are the tools, not only to implement these policies but also to design them, as a dominant way of thinking! One of the last illustrations, clearly highlighted in the book, is the rise of veganism. On one hand it is completely contradictory. For the sake of animals, veganism denies the long history of human-animal relationships which have led to the diversity of domestic breeds, actual cultural productions from people fashioning the living world according to a variety of situations and interactions. On the other hand, it advocates for more technology to produce ‘meat’ without animals, from cells or soybeans or whatever else. And who are the main companies committed to these innovations? No longer the agrofood indus- try, but the digital and web giants, those who have altered our lives so much in the last years! Fortunately, and thanks to Mongolia, 2026 could be the International Year of Rangelands and Pastoralists! 1 INRAE‐Ecodéveloppement, Avignon, France; [email protected] At the time of publishing this book, it is necessary to thank the projects, and indirectly the institutions, that have participated in its writing through funding and/or any other support, as well as the colleagues, other than the authors, who have helped to conceive and structure it. Among the projects, we should mention without being exhaustive, UFSM‐PPGZ (CAPES‐UFSM‐ PVE132/2017, UFSM‐PPGZ/BR), MOUVE (ANR‐10‐STRA‐005, INRA/FR), CAPES‐PVE (298115, UFRGS‐PGDR/BR), ECOTERA (ANR‐13‐AGRO‐0003, CIRAD‐GREEN/FR), ARIMNet (FP7‐KBBE‐ 219262, INRA/FR‐EU), CAPES‐PRINT (745377P, UFSM‐PPGZ/BR), NEXUS (CNPq, NEXUS‐ PAMPA‐2017, UFSM/BR), HIGHLANDS (H2020/MSCA/RISE‐872328, IGF/AT‐EU). We would also like to thank Pr Marianne Schmink and Pr Pierre Valarié, both retired and from the University of Florida (LATAM/USA) and CNRS (CEPEL/FR), respectively, for their scientific and methodological support during the launch of the book project. We finally wish to acknowledge all the authors’ unfailing patience and collaboration through‐ out the long gestation of the book. Contents Foreword 3 B. Hubert Contents 5‒6 Introduction 7‒13 J.‐F. Tourrand, P.D. Waquil, M.‐C. Maraval, M.T. Sraïri, L.G. Duarte, G.V. Kozloski (Coordinators) Livestock policy in Special Areas, Alberta, Canada 15‒24 P. Strankman United States of America’s Dairyland 25‒32 S.E. Lloyd Livestock policy in the Brazilian Amazonia colonization 33‒46 V. Vaz, S. Carvalho, A. Bendahan, R. Poccard‐Chapuis, L.G. Duarte, J.‐F. Tourrand Livestock farming and public policies in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 47‒57 C.M. Ribeiro, P.D. Waquil Livestock public policies in Uruguay 58‒66 H. Morales, M.I. Moraes, M.F. de Torres, A. Saravia, J.‐F. Tourrand Sheep policy in the colonization of Argentine Patagonia 67‒78 F.R. Coronato, J.‐F. Tourrand Policy and livestock in the Andes: Recent history in Ancash, Peru 79‒89 L. Oscanoa, J. Recharte History of livestock policy in Mozambique 90‒97 C.J. Quembo, J.A. Mateus Libombo Jr. Livestock development policy analysis in Benin 98‒108 B.G. Comlan Assogba, I. Alkoiret Traoré Livestock policies in Senegal from 1960 to 2012 109‒123 Effects and impacts on pastoral systems in the Sahel zone A. Faye 5 Public interventions regarding pastoral activities 124‒133 in the argan‐tree area in Morocco: continuity and changes J.‐P. Dubeuf, T. Linck, S. Chatibi Public policies and their effects on the livestock subsector 134‒148 in the Gharb plain, Northwestern Morocco M.T. Sraïri Overview on livestock policies in the Bedouin area 149‒161 Northwestern coast zone of Egypt I. Daoud, M.A. Zaher Osman, V. Alary, J.‐F. Tourrand Challenges facing agropastoral systems in the Arab dry region: 162‒175 case study of Lebanon M.G. Chedid, L.S. Jaber, S.K. Hamadeh Livestock and animal sectors in Brittany 176‒186 A look at three‐quarters of a century of change J. Lossouarn Livestock policy in Norway 187‒198 A. Hegrenes, L.J. Asheim Livestock policies in Switzerland 199‒211 M. Zumbrunnen, H. Joerg, B. Reidy Livestock systems in the midst of History’s upheavals in Kazakhstan 212‒224 G. Konuspayeva, B. Faye Qilian Mountains, Gansu Province, China: Tibetan Plateau biome 225‒236 Xiao Jing Qi, Ruijun Long, Luming Ding, Tingting Yang, B. Hubert, J.‐F. Tourrand Livestock development, land‐use reforms and the disinterest 237‒246 for pastures in the Northern highlands of Vietnam G. Duteurtre, J.‐D. Cesaro, Le Thi Thanh Huyen, S. Ives Livestock policy in Indonesia: Case of the dairy subsector 247‒256 P. Sembada, G. Duteurtre, C.‐H. Moulin Socioecological system approach to incorporating biodiversity 257‒271 in landscape change R. Beilin, L. Wedderburn 6 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en Introduction J.-F. Tourrand1, P.D. Waquil2, M.-C. Maraval3 M.T. Sraïri4, L.G. Duarte5 and G.V. Kozloski6 Two questions were at the origin of this book. Firstly, why should animal breeding face severe bashing for its environmental impacts since the beginning of the millen‐ nium and for its inhuman animal‐human partnership, above all from the veganism, after it has withstood decades of criticisms for its negative social effects and its part in food safety crises, among others? Secondly, why do public policies appear as the main drivers and factors of change in the animal production sector, especially in the past decades with the demands from the environmental lobby? To understand better the processes that have occurred in the livestock sector and to sketch out evolutionary scenarios for the future, established experts have de‐ scribed and explained the breeding history for their respective regions trying to identify the main phases and factors of change, on the long term, for more than fifty years. Twenty‐two study regions were selected in twenty countries, reflecting the wide diversity of agricultural potentials at a global scale. Each chapter covers one region whose location is shown in a world map (see next page). Crossing the information from the twenty‐two case studies revealed three main findings. Firstly, public policies have been essential drivers of the dynamics of the livestock sector in almost all the cases, both in the past and today.