COMPREHENSIVE DISTRICT AGRICULTURE PLAN (C-DAP)
COMPREHENSIVE DISTRICT AGRICULTURE PLAN (C-DAP) FOR RASHTRIYA KRISHI VIKAS YOJANA OF XITH FIVE YEAR PLAN
Prepared by District Agriculture Officer Lunglei District
1
FOREWORD
The National Development Council has set the goal of 4 per cent growth in the 11th plan by reorienting strategies of Agricultural Development towards meeting the needs of farmers and appropriate use of natural resources. The state governments are motivated to concentrate on finding and evolving suitable strategies with innovative technologies and projects for rejuvenation of agriculture in the country. The need for integrated local area plans, based on specific endowments and needs of each area, was stressed from the beginning of planned development. However, despite several reports and studies, only sporadic efforts and isolated cases of such planning could be located. It has therefore been decided by the Govt. of India that the 'District Plan Process' should be an integral part of the process of preparation of State. GoI Introduced a new Additional Central Assistance scheme to incentivise States to draw up plans for their agriculture sector more comprehensively, taking agro-climatic conditions, natural resource issues and technology into account, and integrating livestock, poultry and fisheries more fully. I appreciate the Department of agriculture at the state level also at the district level for their effort and coordination for preparation of C-DAPs in an appropriate manner consulting with all line departments of the state. I also congratulate all implementing agencies of RKVY to work with commitment for achieving the common goals in general and to improve the agriculture economy of the state.
Date Director Department of Agriculture (Crop Husbandry)
2 CONTENT
Chapters Title Pages Chapter -I Introduction 1.1 Methodology Adopted for Preparation of District Agriculture Plan 1.2 Major Areas of Focus 1.3 Collection of Data 1.4 Formulation of District Planning Unit 1.5 Sensitization Workshop 1.6 Stages of District Planning 1.6.1 Preparatory Activities 1.7 Vision Statement 1.8 Priority setting for the district 1.9 Expected Outcome Chapter - II Lunglei District at a Glance 2.1 Culture 2.2 Economy Chapter - III SWOT Analysis of the District 3.1 Agricultural sector 3.2 Animal Husbandry 3.3 Horticulture 3.4 Fishery sector Chapter - IV Agriculture Status and Strategies for Development 4.1 Agro Ecological Situation (AES) Of Lunglei District 4.2 Demographic Overview 4.3 Agricultural Infrastructure/Institute in Lunglei District 4.4 Area and Production of Crops in the District 4.5 Present Status of Agriculture in Lunglei District
3 4.6 Farming in the Mountainous Area 4.7 Farming in the Valleys 4.8 Organic farming in Lunglei district 4.9 Notified Organic Crops 4.10 Cereal Crop Production System 4.11 Wet Rice Cultivation 4.12 Local Crop Variety 4.13 Indigenous Method of Rice Cultivation 4.14 Pulse Production System 4.15 Oilseed Production 4.16 Cash Crops 4.17 Crop Nutrient Management 4.18 Plant protection measures 4.18.1 Monitoring of pest 4.18.2 Local rat trap 4.18.3 Weed management in terrace rice cultivation 4.19 Irrigation 4.20 Crop intensity 4.21 Seed 4.22 Agro-based Industries 4.23 Shifting cultivation 4.24 Farming system 4.25 Agriculture Marketing Channel in Lunglei 4.26 Improvement and stabilization of agriculture marketing 4.26.1 Construction of road 4.26.2 Market yard 4.26.3 Cold storage
4 4.26.4 Processing unit 4.26.5 Export promotion CHAPTER V Allied Sector‟s Status and Proposed Strategies
5.1 Animal Husbandry 5.2 Cattle Production 5.1.1 Rearing System 5.1.2 Feeding Practice 5.1.3 Milk Marketing 5.1.3.1 Integrated Dairy Development Project (IDDP) 5.2 Pig Production 5.2.1 Housing Practice 5.2.2 Breeding practice 5.2.3 Feeding practice 5.2.4 Health care practice 5.2.5 Pig marketing 5.3 Poultry Production 5.3.1 Rearing system 5.3.2 Feeding practice 6 Horticulture 6.1 Fruit Development 6.2 Vegetables Development 6.3 Spices Development 6.4 Floriculture Development 6.5 Mushroom Development 6.6 Horticulture Potential Area Connectivity 6.7 Individual Water harvesting 7 SERICULTURE
5 8 Krishi Vigyan Kendra ( KVK) Lunglei District 9 SWOT Analysis
ii. CONTENTS OF TABLES
Sl No Titles Page nos 1 General information of lunglei district 2 Rainfall and Related Details 2a Spread of agro ecologial situation in the district
3 Representative village under each aes
4 Existing farming systems in each of the identified aes
5 Existing farming systems in each of the identified aes
6 Information on operational land holdings
7 Agro processing facilities available in lunglei district
8 Prevailing communication system
9 Area, production and productivity of major crops in lunglei district 10 Main crops
11 Organic inputs used
12 Wrc statistics of lunglei
13 List of Credit Institutions in operation for Agriculture and Allied sector
14 Present irrigation projects in lunglei district 15 Crop wise Intervention in Agriculture Sector 16 Ongoing Centrally sponsored schemes 17 On-going extension and developmental activities of different department 18 PERFORMANCE GAP ANALYSIS Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Rain fed-Paddy in the District (Transplanted)
6 19 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Rain fed_Paddy in the District (Direct Sown) 20 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Mustard (Rabi Oilseed) 21 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Pea (Rabi Pulse) 22 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Kharif Pulse 23 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Maize 24 Proposed Strategy for Agriculture 25 Staff status of district and below level offices (agri) (as on 2010) 26 Mizoram Livestock Population: District wise (As per 8thquinquennial Livestock Census - 2007) 27 Mizoram Livestock Population: District wise 28 Lunglei District Livestock Population and Performance 29 Infra structure facilities of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary in Lunglei District 30 Research / Extension / adoption Gap and Proposed Strategies for Improving the Productivity / Income from Cow 31 Research / Extension / adoption Gap and Proposed Strategies for Improving the Productivity / Income from Goat 32 Research / Extension / adoption Gap and Proposed Strategies for Improving the Productivity / Income from Pig 33 Research / Extension / adoption Gap and Proposed Strategies for Improving the Productivity / Income from Poultry 34 Physical and financial Requirement for the Suggested Interventions for Animal Husbandry Sectoral Development 35 NETWORK OF DISTRICT AND BELOW LEVEL OFFICES (Vety)(As on 2010) 36 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Tomato
7 37 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Potato 38 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Rhizomatous 39 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Chilli 40 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Pineapple 41 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Banana 42 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Passion Fruit 43 NETWORK OF DISTRICT AND BELOW LEVEL OFFICES (HORTI) (As on October, 2010) 44 Physical and Financial Requirement for the Proposed Strategy for Horticultural Development 45 Fishery sector status and development of the district and proposed strategies common for all districts in mizoram 46 Common for all districts in mizoram 47 Various interventions suggested for Sericulture Development in the District are Presented (in lakhs) 48 Abstract of work plan unf\der rkvy scheme soil treatment (soil department) 49 Soil & moisture Conservation Activities 50 Water conservation 51 Physical and Financial Requirements and Proposed Strategies. 52 Proposal for implementation of soil & moisture conservation 53 Proposal for implementation of water conservation activities 54 Proposal for implementation of soil & water conservation 55 NETWORK OF DISTRICT AND BELOW LEVEOFFICES (As on Oct.2010)
8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Concerned by the slow growth in the agriculture and allied sectors, the National Development Council (NDC) resolved that a special Additional Central Assistance Scheme, named Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) be launched. To implement this, formulation of action plans by means of developing District Agriculture Plans (DAP) is recommended. Subsequently, a comprehensive State Agriculture Plan (SAP) would be prepared by integrating these DAPs. The major areas of focus were integrated development of major food crops like paddy, coarse cereals, minor millets, pulses and oilseeds; Agriculture mechanization; Strengthening of Market Infrastructure and Marketing Development; Activities relating to enhancement of Horticultural Production and Popularization of Micro Irrigation Systems; Sericulture Development; and Animal Husbandry and Fisheries Development activities. A meeting was held at the state as well district head quarter to discuss the various components of the District Agriculture Plan in the presence of line department officials and experts. The feedback received in the Meetings was incorporated in the District Agriculture Plan. District Agriculture Plan Lunglei is a town, situated in the south-central part of Mizoram state, north eastern India. Lunglei, sometimes spelled Lungleh, literally meaning 'bridge of rock' got its name from a bridge like rock found in the riverine area around Nghasih - a small tributary of the river Tlawng. It is one of the most populous towns in the Mizo Hills, located 131 miles (235 km) south of Aizawl. Most of the indigenous local inhabitants of the district of Lunglei depend on agriculture and earn their livelihood from growing crops. The cash crops of coffee and rubber help the district to earn its revenue. The farmers of the district mostly practice the traditional method of shifting cultivation, which is popularly referred to as jhum. Rice is the principal crop in the agricultural economy. Cottage industries produce handloomed cloth, furniture, agricultural equipment, woven textiles, and bamboo and cane work. Priority setting for the district • Conservation, development and sustainable management of water resources. • Soil health improvement • Popularizing resource conserving technologies. • Encourages multiple land use by increasing cropping intensity and intercropping. • Integration of crop husbandry with vegetable and horticultural crops, animal husbandry, mushroom cultivation and other non crop based farming. • Bridging yield gaps of crops, animals and other enterprises.
9 • Human resources development of rural youths, farm women, other disadvantaged groups and filed staff. • Paradigm shift from production oriented farming to market oriented agriculture with the promotion of Agro processing industries. Objectives Considering the above situation the present database/information system was developed with the following objectives Analysis on the existing farming practices. Collection Analysis of secondary data on agriculture and allied sector. Identification of production constrains and technological gap. Documentation of existing marketing pattern. Formulation of strategies and action plan for different agricultural production system to increase productivity. Expected Outcome This document will provide better and clear understanding of prevailing agricultural and allied situations, constrains and existing technological gaps in district. This document is put forward to provide an insight to identify the development opportunities and potentialities for employment generation in the field of agriculture and allied sector. This document will support the state government to develop agriculture and allied sector and will help in reforming policies and action plans. Strategies to Achieve the Objectives of DAP for Lawngtlai District • Conservation, development and sustainable management of water resources. • Soil health improvement • Popularizing resource conserving technologies. • Encourages multiple land use by increasing cropping intensity and intercropping. • Integration of crop husbandry with vegetable and horticultural crops, animal husbandry, mushroom cultivation and other non crop based farming. • Bridging yield gaps of crops, animals and other enterprises. • Human resources development of rural youths, farm women, other disadvantaged groups and filed staff. • Paradigm shift from production oriented farming to market oriented agriculture with the promotion of Agro processing industries.
10 Development of suitable technologies such as varietal improvement, input management supported by a strong institutional arrangements for the supply of inputs like seed, fertilizers, plant protection chemicals, credit, etc, price support system favourable to farmers and market infrastructure for major crops like paddy, maize, sugarcane, banana, vegetables, and fodder crops. • Encouraging maize as an alternate crop for paddy • Development of minor irrigation • Strengthening water harvesting structures like farm ponds and check dams. • Reclamation of fallow and degraded lands.Training and exposure visit to the farmers, traders, and other stakeholders on grading, post harvest technologies, value addition and market intelligence. • Strengthening the extension machinery for effective dissemination of technology. • Strengthening of rural markets with storage facilities. • Strengthening of farmers‟ market with additional storage facilities. • Establishment of cattle feed units. • Inland fisheries development in major tanks and reservoirs and • Development of sericulture. District Agricultural Plan Budget Details for Activities Proposed in the District Agriculture Plan Sl No Rs. In Lakhs 2010-2011 2011-2012 TOTAL Agriculture Horticulture Animal Husbandry Fishery Sericulture Soil&Water Conservation KVK Total
11 CHAPTER – I : INTRODUCTION
Concerned by the slow growth in the Agriculture and allied sectors, the National Development Council (NDC), resolved that a special Additional Central Assistance Scheme, named National Agriculture Development Programme (NADP/RKVY) be launched. The NDC also felt that Agriculture Development strategies must be reoriented to meet the needs of farmers and called upon the Central and State governments to evolve a strategy to rejuvenate agriculture with a commitment th to achieve four per cent annual growth in the agricultural sector during the 11 plan. To implement this, formulation of action plans by means of developing District Agriculture Plans (DAP) is recommended. It is of the view that such plans would also reflect the felt needs of the farmers and stakeholders. Such District Agriculture Plans aim at moving towards projecting the requirements for development of Agriculture and allied sectors of the district including animal husbandry and fishery, minor irrigation projects, rural development works, agricultural marketing schemes and schemes for water harvesting and conservation, etc. keeping in view the natural resources and technological possibilities in the district.. This plan thus, present the vision for Agriculture and allied sectors within the overall development perspective of the district apart from the financial requirement and the sources of financing the agriculture development plan in a comprehensive way. Once the preparation of District level agriculture planning exercise is completed, the operationalization of such plan is essential. This follows the preparation of a comprehensive State Agricultural Plan (SAP) by integrating the District level agriculture plans. The DAP therefore could integrate multiple programmes that are in operation in the district concerned, include the resources and activities indicated by the state, combine the resources available from the other programmes and finalize the plan. 1.1 Methodology Adopted for Preparation of District Agriculture Plan The preparation of the District Agriculture Plan (DAP) is thus an elaborate, exhaustive and integrative process and therefore every care is taken in ensuring that the DAPs are properly and comprehensively made. The task of preparing such District Agriculture Plan was carried by the District Agriculture Office, Lunglea in Coordination with DAPU, BAPU and with the village level units. The consultation was also carried with the officials of Department of Agriculture, Horticulture, Agricultural Engineering, Marketing, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries, Seed certification PWD etc. the task is fulfilled. In what follows, the procedure adopted to prepare the plan is discussed.
1.2 Major Areas of Focus
(a) Strengthening of Market Infrastructure and marketing development; (b). Integrated development of major food crops like paddy, coarse cereals, minor millets, pulses, oilseeds; (c) Activities related to enhancement of soil health; (d) Introduction of Modern Methods of Cultivation and Agriculture mechanization;
12 (e) Initiatives for use of Integrated Pest Management schemes; (f) Development of rainfed farming systems in and outside watershed areas, as also Integrated development of watershed areas, wastelands, river valleys; (g) Strengthening of Infrastructure to promote Extension Services; (h) Activities relating to enhancement of horticultural production and popularization of micro irrigation systems; (i) Animal husbandry and fisheries development activities; (j) Study tours of farmers; (k) Organic and bio-fertilizers;
(l) Possible Innovative schemes to encourage all sectors development.
1.3 Collection of Data
The preparation of district level plan involved basically collection of base line and bench mark details. So a template is developed to collect these particulars from the district. In order to dovetail the ongoing schemes, with the action plans, the current ongoing agriculture programs were listed with their physical and financial performance and finally converged as the plan under National Agriculture Development Programme.
1.4 Formulation of District Planning Unit
To facilitate the involvement of local representatives in the preparation of plans, planning units in each district was formulated. The composition of the district planning units is as follows: Officials of Line Departments from Agriculture, Horticulture, Agricultural Engineering,Marketing, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries, Seed certification, Public Works Department, local leaders, Knowledgeable persons, elected representatives, etc. the task were fulfilled.
1.5 Sensitization Workshop A series of Sensitization Workshop was conducted for the committee members, planning unit members and officials from line Departments viz., Agriculture, Horticulture, Agricultural Engineering. Also several meetings were held National Agriculture Development Programme under the Chairmanship of Secretary to Government of state. The objectives of National Agriculture Development Programme, preparation of District Agriculture Plans, State Agriculture Plan and Formulation of Project proposals under stream - I and stream - II were discussed in the workshop. 1.6 Stages of District Planning
1.6.1 Preparatory Activities
Task-1: Conduct of state level workshop for orientation with CDAP, selection of agri. and allied departments to be part of C-DAP, planning unit and role and responsibility of the selected department in the preparation of C-DAP. Task-2: Guided for constitution of Planning Teams namely; DAPU, BAPU and PAPU at district, Block and Village levels.
13 Task-3: Preparation of Planning Module and Reading Material to be used for the capacity building of the members of DAPU, BAPU and PAPU. Task-4: Preparation of Format (Primary Data Collection at Village Level) for participatory assessment of local situation [Natural, Human, performance status of the activities in practice, Backward-Forward linking facilities (input, services and output) and price] and local need / choice. Task-5: Preparation of Sector wise Department Schedules for collection of data for assessment of establishment setup, manpower strength, ongoing development activities, funds flow (tied & untied) under plan and non-plan heads and utilization by line department at District Level. Task-6: Estimation of economics (land and labour productivity) of the departments of agriculture and allied under- Advance practice, Moderate practice, Traditional practice and Average status. Task-7: Piloting of the Schedules / Formats
Activity-2: Data Collection and Plan Preparation
Task-1: Conduct of capacity building training of Planning Teams (a) DAPU by TSI (b) BAPU by DAPU (c) PAPU by DAPU (Village level unit) Task-2: Delivery of Planning Tools i. Primary Data Collection Schedule as per guidelines. ii. Sectoral Department Schedule (establishment setup, manpower strength, ongoing development activities, funds flow (tied & untied) by plan and non- plan and utilization) iii. Participatory assessment of development need / potential and decision making through structured schedule. District Level, Block Level, Village Level Task-3: Estimation of economics of Agriculture and agro-based activities a. Advance practice – HYV with full package. b. Moderate practice – HYV with mixed use of advanced package. c. Traditional practice d. Average status – Task-4: Conduct of capacity building training on software. (i) „Data Entry and Analysis Software‟ for Operator (selected members at district level). Task-5: Data Entry, Compilation and Aggregation of data as per structured format. Task-6: Organisation of the plan report in chapters Task-7: Preparation of Draft Report. 1. Statistical profile has been prepared at the level of each planning unit. This helped to understand the development perspective of the district. 2. Vision was prepared combining both development perspective and aspiration of the people. 3. The strengths across the agriculture and allied sectors have been documented on the basis of the resource endowment, production and productivity.
14 4. The Weaknesses confronted in the existing pattern of development also have been identified with respect to the status of productivity, skill and infrastructure available. 5. The Opportunities that benefit most in the district have been identified by making necessary information about technology and external market available to the groups and individuals at grassroot level. 6. The Threats that may confront also have been visualized and enlisted. 7. People‟s choices and preferences have assessed for Income Generating (IG) activities and Infrastructure facilities 8. Assessment of Investment requirement of the preferred activities and also the gap with the resources that are expected to be available during the plan period has been made. 9. The growth potential of the proposed investment has been worked out and presented. 10. Physical and financial dimension of the plan have been set and phased. The required Changes in the management practices aimed in the proposed plan- • Adoption of resources conservation technologies at large scale. • Farm productions system for land owing families. • Soil health sustainability through the applications of fertilizers & other mgt practices. • Effective pest management strategies including weed & nematodes based on economic threshold value. • Augmentation of the existing water applications through rain water conservation and demand management. System approach: 1. Market infrastructure and marketing opportunities, custom hiring services and some of the policy issue related to subsidy.. 2. Collected and discussed the feed back regarding on-Farm and Off-Farm activates. 3. Farmer inability to invest in the productivity enhancement as majority of farmers belongs to resources poor category. 4. Livelihood support system for landless families. 5. Profitability and sustainability of cropping system and return 1.7 VISION STATEMENT Sustainable Rural Livelihood by Accelerating Agriculture Growth through Integrated farming system and diversified Agriculture and allied sector Practices.
15 1.8 Priority setting for the district • Conservation, development and sustainable management of water resources. • Soil health improvement • Popularizing resource conserving technologies. • Encourages multiple land use by increasing cropping intensity and intercropping. • Integration of crop husbandry with vegetable and horticultural crops, animal husbandry, mushroom cultivation and other non crop based farming. • Bridging yield gaps of crops, animals and other enterprises. • Human resources development of rural youths, farm women, other disadvantaged groups and filed staff. • Paradigm shift from production oriented farming to market oriented agriculture with the promotion of Agro processing industries. 1.8 Objectives of C-DAP Considering the above situation the present database/information system was developed with the following objectives 1. Analysis on the existing farming practices. 2. Collection Analysis of secondary data on agriculture and allied sector. 3. Identification of production constrains and technological gap. 4. Documentation of existing marketing pattern. 5. Formulation of strategies and action plan for different agricultural production system to increase productivity.
1.9 Expected Outcome This document will provide better and clear understanding of prevailing agricultural and allied situations, constrains and existing technological gaps in district. This document is put forward to provide an insight to identify the development opportunities and potentialities for employment generation in the field of agriculture and allied sector. This document will support the state government to develop agriculture and allied sector and will help in reforming policies and action plans.
16 Preparation of Draft Action Plan and Presentation in District Sectoral Heads Meeting Based on the baseline information and proposals, draft action plan was prepared and this was presented in the District sectoral heads Meeting under the chairmanship of Director, Agriculture. This meeting was attended by the officials from line departments and the representatives of local bodies. Finalisation The feedback received in the District heads meeting was incorporated before finalization of the District Agriculture Plan. The Strategic Research Extension Plan ATMA, Potential linked Credit plan of NABARD of the district and Vision 2020 of KVK documents were also reviewed and relevant details have been incorporated in the draft report.
CHAPTER - II LUNGLEI DISTRICT AT A GLANCE Lunglei is a town, situated in the south-central part of Mizoram state, north eastern India. Lunglei, sometimes spelled Lungleh, literally meaning 'bridge of rock' got its name from a bridge like rock found in the riverine area around Nghasih - a small tributary of the river Tlawng. It is one of the most populous towns in the Mizo Hills, located 131 miles (235 km) south of Aizawl. 2.1 Culture Blessed with unmatchable natural scenic beauty, Lunglei draws several tourists from far and wide who are absolutely thrilled with the captivating sight of the place. Some of the notable tourist spots of the district of Lunglei are: Zobawk, Kawmzawl, Khawnglung Wildlife Sanctuary For those tourists who want to add a bit of adventure in their sojourn to Mizoram, Lunglei offers them with a plethora of picnic spots to explore their inherent sporting skills and sportsman spirit. Lunglei district offers the tourists to enjoy natural splendor coupled with the rich cultural traditions of the region.The town has built one of the biggest halls in Mizoram called 'Saikuti Hall' where most of the concerts and celebrations are held. An unusual museum has also been established in the hall where local painters demonstrate their skill and exhibit their works. 2.2 Economy Lunglei has 9.97% of the forest land within its total area. Most of the indigenous local inhabitants of the district of Lunglei depend on agriculture and earn their livelihood from growing crops. The cash crops of coffee and rubber help the district to earn its revenue. The farmers of the district mostly practice the traditional method of shifting cultivation, which is popularly referred to as jhum. Rice is the principal crop in the agricultural economy. Cottage industries produce handloomed cloth, furniture, agricultural equipment, woven textiles, and bamboo and cane work.
17 Lunglei District is one of the eight Administrative Districts of Mizoram with its headquarters at Lunglei. It is located in the southern part of the state. The total geographical area of the district is 4538 sq km with a total population of 137223 and 27889 households. There are four Rural Development Blocks within the district viz. Lunglei, Hnahthial, Lungsen and Bunghmun. Excepting a few, the whole population belongs to Scheduled Tribe. The climate is suitable for cultivation of almost all crops. Similarly it is also suitable for animal husbandry, fishery, sericulture etc. The district has a pleasant climate, which is generally cool in summer and not very cold in winter. In winter the temperature varies from 80C to 240C while in summer it is between 180C to 320C. There is no snowfall in the district, though frost is often experienced in the eastern parts. The western part of the district is lower in elevation compared to the eastern part and hence it experiences a little warmer climate than the eastern part. The district receives an adequate amount of rainfall which is under the direct influence of the south west Monsoon.It rains heavily from the month of May to September and maximum rainfall is received during the month of July. In face 80% of the total rainfall occurs between May and September and only remaining 20% during the other seven months The district is drained by several important rivers like Khawthlangtuipui, Tuichawng, Tlawng, Mat, Tuichang and Tuipui rivers. River Tlawng is the longest river in Mizoram originating from Zopui hill, some 8 kilometres east of Lunglei town at the height of about 1395 metres. The rocks of these areas are generally sandstone and shale; the derived soils are mostly red and yellow loamy. The soil is acidic in nature due to heavy rainfall. It contains a high amount of organic carbon and are therefore high in available Nitrogen, low in Phosphorus and Potash content. Wetland rice cultivation is practiced in the flood plains of some rivers viz De, Phairuang, Kau, Khawthlangtuipui rivers and area of South Vanlaiphai. Rice is the only crop cultivated during Kharif season. During Rabi season vegetables like Mustard, Cauliflower etc are cultivated in small patches of valley fields in a scattered manner. In general double cropping is not practiced due to lack of facility and sufficient water during the dry season. Orange, Banana and Pineapple are some of the main fruits grown in the district. Other crops cultivated are Maize, Ginger, Cowpea, Brinjal etc. There are 2 Sub-Divisions namely Hnahthial and Tlabung Sub-Divisions and 4 Rural Development Blocks namely Lunglei, Hnahthial, Lungsen and Bunghmun Blocks and 189 villages and 31673 families As per 2001 census, the population of Lunglei District is 1,37,223; out of which 71,402 are males and 65,821 are females. However, the literacy percent is only 84.20 %. Lunglei District enjoys a moderate climate owing to its sub-tropical location and is neither very cold nor too hot throughout the whole year Under the influence of South West Monsoon, the annual rainfall received is 2566 mm., mostly in between second part of May and second part of October. Normally, June and July are the wettest months while December and January are the driest months. The average humidity of Lunglei District ranges with a minimum of 60% to the maximum of 95 %
18 Purun tlang near S.Chawngtui is the highest peak in Lunglei District and stands at a height of 1758 m while the lowest elevation found is Tlabung where the elevation is as low as 20 m. HIGH STRUCTURAL HILL Hill protruding above 1200 m and extend over 95.63 Sq.m and forms 2.11 % of Lunglei District. MEDIUM STRUCTURAL HILL Those hills which ranges in height from 800- 1200 m, mainly found to surround High Structural Hill, at the foot hills are Medium Structural Hills. and covers an area of 592.82 Sq.Km accounting for 13.06 % of Lunglei District. LOW STRUCTURAL HILL It covers all the hills and plains which rise below 800 m and stretches to an area of 3322.52 Sq. Km and occupies 73.22 % of the entire Lunglei District. VALLEY FILL Fluvial origin sediments deposited by stream or river and extends over 231.63 Sq.Km and occupies 4.71 % of Lunglei District. FLOOD PLAIN :This is formed by fine sediments, such as gravels, sand and silt along the major rivers and covers 12.94 Sq. Km and form 0.29 % of Lunglei District.
19 LINEAR RIDGE: This is characterized by low dissected, undulating, parallel and linear ridge of uniforms heights and dimensions and occupies 300.45 Sq.Km and form 6.62 % of Lunglei District.
Table 1: GENERAL INFORMATION OF LUNGLEI DISTRICT
Population % Category Work Sl. Name of Geography Agri Non - Agri No RD Block Total Male Female SC ST OBC Gen. Male Female Male Female
1. Lunglei 117.06 66111 35902 30209 96.7 29 62,264 3810 8 2919 2690 3569 3288 2. Hnahthial 985.39 24643 8383 7439 93.06 0 23,910 733 - 1769 1630 655 602 3. Lungsen 1046.29 30648 15952 14700 58.3 4 29,330 1310 4 2855 2631 150 138 4. Bunghmun 1389.26 15821 12613 12030 76.4 0 15,264 557 - 1444 1331 76 70 Total 3,538.00 1,37,223 72,850 64,378 33 1,30,768 6,410 12 8,987 8,282 4,450 4,098
20
Table. 2 Rainfall and Related Details Rainfall Temperature % Relative Humidity Wind Velocity Sunshine hours Sl. Name of RD Km/Hr. No. Block Average Rainy Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Kharif Rabi Rainfall days (mm) 1. Lunglei 3006.33 152 7.23 31.35 59.34 80.65 10 10 9.5
2. Hnahthial 2098.66 112 8.33 31.33 60 81 13 11 9.5
3. Lungsen 2189.66 105 8.34 32.4 60.56 80.1 10 10.5 9.5
4. Bunghmun 21.91 112 7.65 31.29 63 82 14 11 10
Total 2371.41 120.25 7.89 31.59 60.72 80.93 11.75 10.5 9.75
21
CHAPTER – III SWOT Analysis of the District 3.1 Agricultural sector Strength: 1. High potential 2. High diversity for growing different crops 3. Eagerness of farmers Weakness: 1. Poor Management (Traditional) 2. Poor Linkage by Proper roads 3. Financial problems of farmers
Opportunities: 1. Large area of Land for Utilization 2. Potential for increase in productivity 3. Introduction of new varieties of crops 4. Threats: 1. Significant increase in price of food grain and vegetables
3.2 Animal Husbandry Strength: Mizos by tradition are animal rearers and possess the basic knowledge of animal husbandry
Weakness: Lack of awareness by the farmers Financial problems of farmers
Opportunities: Good marketing Potential increase in productivity Increased demand for livestock products Threats: Swine flu/ bird flu outbreak Significant increase in price of animal feeds
22
3.3 HORTICULTURE Strength: 1. Well established DHO‟s Office at District Hqrs., Lunglei. 2. Two M.Sc Agri and four B. Sc. Agri. Degree holders among field staff. 3. 1 (One) Sub-Divisional Horticulture Officer and 8 (eight) Horticulture Circle Officers in the Division. 4. Lunglei District is the largest District in Mizoram and about 75% (i.e 3404 Sq Km out of total 4538 Sq Km) is Horticulture potential areas. 5. Tlabung town at Khawthlangtuipui river Bank in Bangladesh border is one of the most international Trade Route for marketing Horticulture products. 6. Age-Old farming practice of mizo community is quite suitable for Horticulture faming.
Weakness: 1. Insufficient staff strength at various level cause problem in monitoring. Recruiting the staff at regular and contract basis is expected to endure the problem. 2. Lack of reliable Horticulture Nursery (Public & Private Sector). 3. Lack of fund for Awareness programme and training to motivate farmers. 4. Absence of reliable processing Unit in the District. 5. Poor road communication to transport Farm produces to the market 6. Insufficient water storage tank to irrigate crops due to lack of fund
Opportunities: 1. Sub-tropical climate influenced by south west monsoon is suitable for cultivation of various tropical and south tropical fruits and vegetables. 2. General attitude of major Mizo community in replacing Jhum practice to the environment friendly permanent farming 3. Major State Highway and District Roads being improved by the State Government offers better marketing facility. Threats: 1. Landslide, thunderstorm and hailstorm 2. Uncontrolled wild life 3. Prolonged dry spell during December – May.
3.4 Fishery sector 3.5 SERICULTURE Strength: 23 1. Mizoram is a hilly area, endoured with numerous flora and forma which include various dangerous insect and their food plants. Therefore Sericulture can rightly fit in to wear away the devastating jhuming cultivation. 2. The climatic condition of the state is very much suitable for commercial exploitation of all varieties of Sericulture. 3. The soil profile and PH of the state are also suitable enough for raising various Silkworm food plants. 4. The climatic condition of the state, a mixture of tropical and temperature condition are good enough for rearing all varieties of Silk producing insect. Weakness: 1. Mizoram is a non-Traditional state in Sericulture so, lack of moderness among the people is a major obstacle for the department. While introducing Sericulture for which training and awareness campaign is very much needed. 2. Poor Communication infrastructure, facilities caused the poor of development, especially at the rural area, very slow. 3. Lack of Developmental fund as well as unorganized Developmental scheme also causes the slow growth in Sericulture Development in the State. 4. Lack of input facilities to rural poor as well as un-organized marketing system is allow the main cause of slow Developmental growth. 5. In adequate infrastructure facilities and shortage of technical staffs in Sericulture Department is also major obstacle while implementing developmental works. Opportunities : 1. Availabilities of lands, soil types and climatic condition open a vast avenue for raising silkworm food plants. 2. Silkworm food plants especially mulberry is a fast growing perennial plants, once raised successfully in a systematic way can be used for 25-30 years. 3. Once the farmers are trained in the technique of silkworm cultures, all the young children to old aged in the families can included in the trade. 4. The short generation period of Sericulture rightly fit in for developing the rural poor most of whom are living hand to bread. 5. One of the uniqueness of Sericulture is transfer of wealth from rich to the poor where maximum share goes to the poor. 6. Nothing is practically waste in Sericulture food plants leaves, twigs, litters, pupae are all use able for human beings.
24 7. Sericulture Practice automatically brings about conservation of flora and fauna to the fast dwindling of world ecosystem, even a waste land can be used for propagating Silkworm food plants successfully. Threat : 1. Lack of proper developmental scheme, without proper forward and backward linkage in scheming and input supply harms the developmental works, especially in Sericulture, where stipulated time frame plays a very vital role. 2. Inconsistency of the rural poor‟s minds which permanently stick to the age old traditional shifting cultivation is a major obstacle for introducing new trade and practice. 3. Slow growth in improved technologies among farmers affect farmers interest resulting in jumping to another trade. Easy availability of improve technology understandable to farmers could achieve through capacity building programme. 4. Heavy rainfall in Lunglei District affects development of Silkworm and Mulberry. This lits to the Districts a disease prone area. This could be checked with application of prophy lactlic measures with the adoption of well-crop scheduling system. 5. The attitude of the majority of poor farmers inclined towards the easiest means of livelihood ignoring the price they would have to paid first. People need empowerment and encouragement with the help of audio visual aids to support the fact that „ Seeing is believing ‟. This could only be achieved with the help of proper training.
CHAPTER IV : AGRICULTURE STATUS AND STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPMENT Agriculture occupies a prominent place in the economy of Mizoram and is a major source of occupation for the people since time immemorial. The state posses substantial numbers (8,88573) of population with population density of 42 person/sq km (Census, 2001). The diverse topography and unique agro-climate condition of the region has made it very conclusive for growing varied type of Agricultural and Horticultural crops. The method of cultivation has remained primitive. For various reasons this method of cultivation has not undergone significant changes till today. The main reasons are: Lack of suitable land for wet rice cultivation (WRC), lack of adequate resources. The mountainous country with its steep slopes and narrow valleys and a few wet areas led to the tradition of felling forests on the steep slopes, burning the remains of the forest and growing crops without terraces and terraces without contour
25 cultivation. Lunglei is one of the major districts in Mizoram with an altitude ranging from 883-1128 msl. covering a geographical area of 4538 sq km with total population of 1,37,223 (2001, Census) and 27889 households. The district has plentiful of natural resources but the mechanism of harnessing and logical utilization of resources for rural upliftment is not well defined. There is a need to formulate an area specific differentiated strategy taking into account the agronomic, climatic, socio-economic practices as well as the resource worthiness of farmer. Specific emphasis need to be given on introduction of the newly developed KYC seeds, improved planting material, adoption of new technology and mechanized farming. Paddy is found to be dominant crop under direct seeded upland condition. Other commonly grown crops are maize, pulses, oilseed and Tuber crops in the district. The Agricultural practice through traditional system is the most important means of sustaining livelihood of the tribal communities of the district shifting cultivation in hill slope, wet field cultivation in the foot hills are the major agricultural practices prevalent in the region.
4.1 Agro Ecological Situation (AES) Of Lunglei District Base on altitude, soil type and climate and topography Lunglei District was identified into three Agro-Ecological situations (AES) with one representative village have been identified in each AES. Table 2a: SPREAD OF AGRO ECOLOGIAL SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT Sl Name Area % of the Lunglei Hnahthial Lungsen Bunghmun of the geographic No AES (ha.) a l area of the District A % A % A % A %
1. Rainfed 2,00,000 44.07 101700 50,85 98,300 49.15 - - - 49.1 5 High Altitude 2. Rainfed 2,18,555 48.16 - - - - 1,00,0545.78 1,18,50 54.2 5 0 2 Medium
Altitude 3. Flatland 35,245 7.77 20426 57.95 4,574 12.98 10,006 28.39 239 0.68
Total 4,53,800 100 1,22,126 1,02,87 1,10,06 1,18,73 4 1 9
Table 3: REPRESENTATIVE VILLAGE UND ER EACH AES
26 Sl. Name of the Area in % of the Block Represent AES ha. District covered ative No geographical Village . area 1. Rainfed High 2,00,000 44.07 1) Lunglei Altitude 2) Hnahthial Zobawk 2. Rainfed Medium 2,18,555 48.16 1)Bunghmun Buarpui Altitude 2) Lungsen
3. Flat Land 35,245 7.77 1) Lunglei Zawlpui
27 Table 4: EXISTING FARMING SYSTEMS IN EACH OF THE IDENTIFIED AES Nos. and percentage of families associated
Sl. Existing farming AES – I AES – II AES – III system No. Resource Rich Resource Poor Resource Resource Poor Resource Resource Rich Rich Poor 1. Agriculture 8 22.86 315 53.30 5 20 155 73.80 3 17.65 95 63.33
2. Agri. + Horti. 16 45.71 102 17.25 12 48 35 16.67 5 29.41 29 19.33
3. Agri. + Fishery 5 14.28 12 2.03 - - 4 1.90 3 17.65 10 6.67
4. Agri. + Vety 6 17.15 162 27.42 8 32 16 7.63 6 35.29 16 10.67
Total 35 100.00 591 100.00 25 100 210 100.00 17 100.00 150 100.00
Table 5: EXISTING FARMING SYSTEMS IN EACH OF THE IDENTIFIED AES Sl. AES – I AES – II AES – III No Existing farming Dominant Existing farming Dominant Existing farming Dominant System enterprise System enterprise System enterprise 1 Agriculture Agriculture Agriculture Agri. Agriculture Agri. 2 Agri. + Horti. Horticulture Agri. + Horti Agri. Agri. + Horti. Horticulture 3 Agri. + Fishery Agriculture Agri. + Fishery Agriculture Agri. + Fishery Fishery
28 4 Agri. + Vety Vety Agri. + Vety Vety Agri. + Vety Agri.
29 4.2. Demographic Overview Area of the district : 4538 sq km Population density : 30.23 per square km. (to be calculated based on total population and area of the district) Literacy percentage : 84.2 % Farmers a. Big farmers : 21 nos b. Small farmers : 5010 nos c. Marginal farmers : 11880 nos d. Agricultural labourers : 25817 nos 4.3. Agricultural Infrastructure/Institute in Lunglei District 1. Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Lunglei 2. Integrated Training Centre, ITC, Hnahthial 3. Ruchi Soya Industries Ltd., Rotlang 4. Seed Production Centre, Bualte 5. Soil Testing Laboratory, KVK, Lunglei 6. District Agricultural Office, Lunglei 7. Sub District Agricultural Office, Hnahthial 8. District Horticulture Office, Lunglei 9. Sub Divisional Horticulture Office, Hnahthia Table 6: INFORMATION ON OPERATIONAL LAND HOLDINGS
Sl. Name of RD Operational Holding (number & area) No. Block
Large* Medium* Small* Marginal* Landless
No. of No. of Area No. of Area Area No. of Area Number holdin holding (Ha) holding (Ha) (Ha) holding (Ha) Only g 1 Lunglei 10 53 825 380 4,300 520 4,800 3,840 12,464 2 Hnahthial 5 27 220 650 280 420 2,500 1,875 4,657 3 Lungsen 3 18 315 945 280 360 2,600 2,080 5,775 4 Bunghmun 3 16 214 642 150 225 1,980 1,584 2,921 Total 21 14 1,574 5,617 5,010 525 11,880 9,379 25,817
30 Note: Range Marginal : 0 – 1, Small : 1 – 2 ha., Medium : 2 – 5 ha, . Large : 5 – 10 ha., Very Large : 10 ha.
Table 7: AGRO PROCESSING FACILITIES AVAILABLE IN LUNGLEI DISTRICT
Sl. Name of Location of the Name Commodities Type of processing Capacity No. RD Block processing unit Processed Installed 1. Lunglei Agri.Complex, Mini Rice Oil Seed, Oil extraction and 1 mt./day Lunglei Mill Rice pounding rice Haulawng Mini Rice Oil Seed, Extraction of oil and 1 mt./ day Mill Rice pounding Thingfal Mini Rice Oil Seed, Extractionrice of oil and 1 mt./ day Mill Rice pounding and polishing rice Mualthuam Mini Rice Oil Seed, Extraction of oil and 1 mt./ day Mill Rice pounding and polishing rice Haulawng Turmeric Turmeric Grinding 1 qtls./day Ginger Chhipphir Mini Rice Oil Seed, Extraction of oil and 1 mt./day Mill Rice pounding and polishing rice 2. Hnahthial Hnahthial Mini Rice Oil Seed, Extraction of oil and 1 mt./day Mill Rice pounding and polishing rice 3. Lungsen Zawlpui Mini Rice Oil Seed, Extraction of oil and 1 mt Mill Rice pounding and polishing rice Rotlang Mini Rice Oil Seed, Extraction of oil and 1 mt./day Mill Rice pounding and polishing rice
31
Table 8: PREVAILING COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Sl. Type of Sector Address Type of Service Area of Operation No Communication with Render Facility Location
Public Private Telephone No No No / Fax No
1 Post Office 1 Lunglei Public Lunglei District
2 Telephone 1 Lunglei Telephonic Lunglei District Exchanges
3 Telephone Booth Lunglei PCO Lunglei Town (Public)
4 Computer Service Lunglei Nil Lunglei District Providing Centre (Important)
5 Computer Training 1 Lunglei Conduct Traing Lunglei District Centre (Important) Lunglei Internet Café Lunglei Town Internet Centre
6 T.V. Station (Relay) 1 Relaying Station Lunglei District
7 Radio Station 1 Lunglei Broadcasting Mizoram of different and programme Surrounding area 8 News Papers Lunglei Publication Lunglei Town of News etc. 9 Periodicala Lunglei Publication Lunglei District of news etc. 10 Cable TVs Lunglei Telecasting Lunglei Town
4.4. Area and Production of Crops in the District The major agricultural crops grown in Lunglei District include paddy, maize, pulses, oilseed, potato and tuber crops. Of these, paddy was cultivated in maximum areas (8611.20 Ha) in the district with production of 9464.90 MT during 32 the year 2008. The maize follows the paddy production with an annual production of 1703.30 MT having an area coverage of 1263.60 Ha
33 Table 9: AREA, PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY OF MAJOR CROPS IN LUNGLEI DISTRICT Sl. Name of the 1995 2000 2005 Crops No. A P Y A P Y A P Y
1. Paddy 6590 10,544 1.66 6,971 13,454 1.93 7,856 13,572 1.74
2. Maize 1025 2,850 2.78 1,109 3,305 2.98 1,304 3,755 2.88
3. Sugarcane 143 323 2.26 176 584 3.32 173 498 2.88
4. Sesamum 717 953.6 1.33 613 760.12 1.24 815 1,271.4 1.56
5. Soyabean 187 267 1.43 208 691 3.32 231 748.44 3.24
6. Cowpea 142 184.6 1.3 180 327.60 1.82 199 358.2 1.8
7. Potato 14 23 1.64 80 132 1.65 110 185 1.68
8. Ginger 425 3,639 8.56 550 4,785 8.70 598 5,262 8.8
9. Chille 168 109 0.65 420 294 0.7 512 415 0.81
10. Mango 20 80 4 22 88 4 25 110 4.40
11. Banana 280 910 3.25 290 960 3.30 335 1,508 4.50
12. M. Orange 393 1,769 4.50 520 2,808 5.40 561 3,029 5.40
13. Papaya 4 14 3.50 25 75 3 36 126 3.50
14. Pineapple 18 63 3.50 26 91 3.50 32 121.6 3.80
34 15. Guaya 10 20.5 2.05 13 26 2 15 35 2.30
16. Coconut 15 12 0.80 17 16 0.90 20 18 0.90
35 4.5. Present Status of Agriculture in Lunglei District Land Majority of the reporting area is classified as forestland The land under the forest apart, about 60 per cent of the land is classified as not available for cultivation. The net area sown is very less per cent of the total area in the region. The hill areas present some very special ecological and geophysical features. The terrain is mostly rugged and steep. The unit cost of infrastructure development in the region is high and the returns are relatively low. The cost of infrastructure is high largely because of rugged nature of terrain with widely dispersed population. It would, therefore, take considerable time for this region to build up an adequate resource base. Water The district has large surface and groundwater resources mainly because of its location in high rainfall area and the extensive river system. But all the water resources cannot be utilised because these are inaccessible or non-reversible. The availability of these resources has not been adequately documented and as such full information is not available. As usual all the hilly regions have low groundwater potential. Water application on slopes for irrigating plantation crops poses serious problem of soil erosion. Plants The region is a treasure house of genetic diversity and 6-7 thousand plant species constituting approximately 40 per cent of the total flora of the country are represented here. A large number of economically important plants such as food, fodder, spices, oilseeds, fruits, vegetables, medicinal and aromatic, orchids and other flowering plants grow wild in nature. The region is either primary or secondary centre of origin for many crop plants. Livestock Livestock in this region comprises cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat and pigs. In the hills, draught power is rarely used for tilling the soils and most of the tribal populations do not rear cattle in the usual sense. They depend on pigs and poultry for meat. Cattle is generally let loose to graze and stray in the open. Basic problem of livestock rearing is shortage of feed and fodder and absence of commercialised dairy and piggery. Agricultural Farming Systems The agricultural practices in the region are broadly of two distinct types, viz., (i) settled farming practised in the plains, valleys, foothills and terraced slopes and (ii) shifting cultivation practised on the hill slopes. In the hills, agricultural operations are carried out at a maximum elevation of 5000 m with „slash and burn‟ method. Shifting (Jhum) Cultivation
36 It is a primitive mode of agriculture evolved as a reflex action under the stress of the peculiar geophysical and ecological situations prevailing in the hills of the NE region. The system reflects a sort of community farming without heritable rights over the land. The practice starts with selection of forested land, clearing and burning of the forest before the onset of monsoon, planting of various crops in an intimate mixture by dibbling and harvesting. The land is abandoned after cultivation for a period of 2-3 years and cultivation is shifted to another site. The method of allotment of land varies from tribe to tribe. In most cases it is decided upon by the village councils or by village elders, and size of the plots depends on the number of working hands in respective farm families. Consequent upon population pressure, the jhum cycle has, however, shrunk to 3-6 years or even less against, earlier practice of a cycle of 10-15 years resulting in soil degradation and ecological imbalance. Indiscriminate destruction of forests in the jhum land, coupled with high rainfall, has resulted in heavy soil erosion and consequent silting of rivers causing floods in the lower reaches. Settled Cultivation Settled cultivation is practised in plains and valleys. Adequate precipitation ensures availability of water for the crops grown in kharif. However, rabi crop faces water deficit, which is met by irrigation. With increasing awareness of the disadvantages of shifting cultivation, the farmers have started adopting settled cultivation. This is likely to result in reduction of area under shifting cultivation. Cropping Pattern The cropping pattern in the region, characterised by predominance of rice as the lead crop. Food crops account for more than 80 per cent of the gross cropped area, which is suggestive of prevalence of subsistence agriculture and lack of crop diversification. About 70 per cent of the gross cropped area is accounted for by cereals alone. A remarkable feature of shifting cultivation is that a wide variety of crops is grown in the jhum fields. Jhum paddy is the dominant crop and is mixed with maize, millets, beans, tapioca, sweet potato, ginger, cotton, tobacco, chillies, sesamum and vegetables. The production units are more or less self-contained, each family growing crops according to its needs. Major food crops of the region are cereals and pulses which are cultivated in 78.03 per cent of the cropped area. Crop Intensity The region‟s agriculture is characterised by low crop intensity (117 per cent). Physical constraints like weak and underdeveloped irrigation network, extremely cold weather in the higher elevations limit the crop season to summer months only. Low density of population in the hills and sociological constraints like values and attitudes, which are not wholly conducive to market oriented agriculture, have resulted in near stagnation in agricultural production.
Irrigation
37 The normal way of irrigation in the hills is by diverting small streams. In other areas, the irrigation is provided from natural sources only during rainy months. The hydro-geomorphology of the hilly region is such that groundwater resource cannot be easily utilised for irrigation purpose. In such areas techniques for harvesting rainwater appears to be essential.
Fertiliser Fertiliser consumption works out to be as low as 23 kg/ha as against the national average of 95.6 kg/ha. The low level of fertiliser consumptions is attributable to heavy loss through run off of rainwater during the kharif season and due to slow and limited spread of fertiliser-based technology in the region. Seed Seed is the most important component of agricultural production system. Information available from different sources indicates that there are large gaps in the supply of this vital input. The time lag in the supply of seeds frustrates the production programmes of the region. The spread of HYV has been poor as evidenced from the fact that only 56 per cent of the rice area has been brought under HYVs. Of the total quantity of improved seeds required by the farmers, roughly 40 per cent is met from within the region leaving a gap of 60 per cent in its present requirement. This gap is very likely to widen over time, as the percentage of adoption is sure to increase in near future. Agro-based Industries The status of agro-based industries in the region is not very satisfactory because of lack of development in this area. However, it has potential for growth of traditional agro based industries like rice mills, oils mills, paper pulp unit based on bamboo, vanaspati plant etc. Despite considerable potential for development of fruit processing industries in the region, there has not been much progress in this area. Foodgrains and Oilseeds The region faces a deficit of food grains, which is met by imports from other parts of the country. It drains the capital out of the region. This can, however, be curbed by making the region self-sufficient in foodgrains. Non-availability of adequate quantity of quality seeds of improved varieties and lack of use of inputs like fertiliser, weed control and disease and pests protection are major constraints in pulses and oilseeds production. Farm Power Availability of farm power is a pre-requisite for timely field operations that are essential for optimum productivity in agriculture. The farm power availability is estimated at 0.67 kW/ha Studies have revealed that under rainfed farming, seed-bed preparation and sowing, harvesting and threshing, inter-culture, and weeding, and
38 transport are the most energy intensive operations. Means will have to be found to bridge the gap between availability and requirement of power for farming operations. It experiences hot and humid weather, which poses serious problems for post harvest handling. In humid weather, it becomes difficult to dry the agricultural produce to safe moisture levels and this results in huge post-harvest losses.
Resource-base, Potential, Problems and Strategies for the Future a. Soil and Water Resources . Soil and water resources need to be properly inventorised, characterised and evaluated for appropriate uses. . Implementation of appropriate soil conservation practices should be mandatory for any cultivation programme in the hills, where soil and water losses are beyond the permissible limits. . Watershed approach of soil and water conservation and development of land- based production programmes in participatory mode need to be propagated. . The surface run off should be captured and used by following appropriate irrigation methods. b. Plant Resources . Diversity mapping should be done along with inventorisation at micro-level for effective management, conservation and use of crop species and their relatives. . Agroecological niches should be clearly identified and records should be maintained on prevalent crops and cropping system, the ethnic group and economic background of indigenous communities. The information collected should form the basis for designing „on-farm‟ conservation. . Regional networking should be planned/developed to enable safeguarding regional interests for genetic diversity. . Specially designed genetic reserves, gene sanctuaries and/or genetic garden should be earmarked for wild species of food value and other economic importance. . Strategies, approaches and technologies including biotechnology should be developed/standardised for gradually bringing these wild economic species under cultivation. Germplasm screening for processing and diversified use should be encouraged.
39 Traditional System, Their Problems, Potentials and Strategies for Improvement a. Shifting Cultivation Following course is recommended: . Detailed survey to identify specific problems of various agroclimatic situations and ethnic groups. . Selection of crops and varieties to suit different farming systems based on the needs of farmers. Identified crops should have assured market and should fulfil specific needs such as fodder, etc. . Development of different types of farming systems suited to irrigated and rainfed situation coupled with efficient management of soil and water. . Proper use of the biomass and recycling of wastes in the various farming systems. . Studies on development of suitable irrigation system for hillslopes with scientific water management. . Participatory research and extension involving farmers to bring about community empowerment by considering a number of socioeconomic issues in order to achieve success. b. Agroforestry and Horticulture . A greater intervention through agroforestry and horticulture is necessary to remove the imbalanced and unsustainable short cycle of jhuming and limited opportunity to expand arable lands and their mechanisation on the slopes. . There is need to encourage product diversification in a unit of land through agroforestry to increase land‟s capacity to produce and bring the land to its full potential by linking to assured marketing channels by identifying demands and outlets or outputs. . Collaboration on rubber-based farming system will help identification of the most suitable and economically viable farming system models by taking care of adapting low input agricultural practices, which can be followed by a smallholder. Rubber cultivation will help in soil conservation, enrich organic matters, improve soil properties and microclimate, besides being eco-friendly. . Vast expansion of area under rubber is possible where land is denuded and is not suitable for cultivation of other crops. From the ecological restoration, socioeconomical development and rehabilitation of shifting cultivators‟ point of view, rubber can play a crucial role to alleviate the problems. . Research on mushroom cultivation and processing of the produce need to be encouraged. c. Agricultural Research and Education
40 . To raise productivity of existing crops, intensive research efforts are required to (i) breed/identify suitable varieties of existing crops, (ii) employ newer technologies to speed up crop improvement, (iii) evolve suitable agro-techniques (iv) develop an integrated pest and nutrient management system and (v) develop appropriate soil and water management techniques. Similarly, for improving productivity of animals besides breed upgradation, research efforts should be directed towards animal nutrition and health care. Since, agriculture is rarely practised in isolation, development of appropriate mixed farming models, based on landholding size, will be helpful in improving the productivity in the livestock as well as agriculture sector. . Grassland improvement scheme must be introduced and cost of meat and milk production should be reduced for the enterprise to become economical. . To bring cash in the hands of the farmers and to raise their economic status three pronged approach is required which includes: (a) identification of suitable production technology, (b) development of technologies suitable for adoption at farm level to reduce the post-harvest losses and to increase the shelf life of produce to enable transport of perishable commodities to distant consuming centres and (c) marketing support. . There is an urgent need to document the traditional knowledge, collect different plant materials and ascertain their medicinal properties. Useful plants can be popularised for large-scale cultivation, which will help in providing employment and improving income of large number of tribal and other rural families. . Short or medium range programme on horticulture-based cropping system; water management including micro-irrigation and fertigation, greenhouse cultivation of vegetables and flowers have already received research attention. Further refinement of the technologies and their transfer will bring perceptible change/improvement in production of different crop commodities. . Commercialisation of micropropagation protocols for banana, orchid, cardamom, and ginger. Refinement of TPS and microtuber production technology in potato. Improvement in STG techniques and cross-protection in citrus for virus elimination and control; hybrid seed production of temperate vegetables in high altitude areas. . In order to reduce post-harvest losses at production centres low cost eco-friendly on-farm storage structures can play a crucial role. Significant advancement has been made in this direction and some small and medium sized cool chambers on the principles of evaporative cooling have been devised. Further refinement of the technology will go a long way. Also, standardisation of packing line operations and proper packaging of different commodities are of urgent need. . Pesticide residue management and newer product development will add values to the produce. . In crop improvement programmes, new genes need to be introduced for increasing total biomass, which should then be followed by more efficient 41 partitioning. This will require crossing the cultivated races with wild types, many of which are not sexually crossable. This can, however, be accomplished through embryo rescue/protoplast fusion and other biotechnological approaches. Post- harvest engineering and technology can help farmers earn more and increase employment through value addition to their produce and by-products. . Improvement of tea, ornamental plants, medicinal plants, forest trees through application of biotechnology should receive immediate attention. . Judicious use of biotechnology tool in crop and livestock improvement programme/research is important as the conventional breeding methodology sometimes provides quicker results at less cost in many cases. . Human resource to serve immediate requirement of academic and developmental activities in the region is an urgent need. It is also necessary to produce middle level technicians/professionals to assist developmental activities. . In the context of growing public concern for environment, globalisation, household food security and eco-regional imbalances, new directions are required in planning and transfer of technology by designing more effective linkage between scientists and farmers for technology information to meet future challenges of growing demand of food. . The method of cultivation has remained primitive as the practice of Jhumming or Shifting Cultivation. The main reasons are being lack of suitable land for wet rice cultivation (WRC), lack of adequate resources. More than 90% farmers are having no proper irrigation system. Therefore, even though Shifting Cultivation is destructive for environment, back breaking and less remunerative for the cultivators, the vast majority of rural and semi-urban householders have to resort to this primitive method of cultivation for want of any alternative farming system or occupation. These cultivators are eagerly looking forward to the day when they will be emancipated from this cultivation. 4.6. Farming in the Mountainous Area It includes farming in the steep slopes, narrow valleys and a few level areas led to the tradition of felling forests on the steep slopes, burning the remains of the forest and growing crops without contour cultivation. the growing method in a prepared plot is usually based on pit planting, where the plants are sown or planted (rice) into pre-prepared holes and filled with new crumbled soil in order to prepare a bedding that is suitable for the plant‟s development in the compacted soil.
42
Irrigation without terraces is less feasible in mountainous cultivation, so annual crops grow during the monsoon (kharif) season only. There is no mechanization in the cultivated plots and produce is also transported manually. 4.7. Farming in the Valleys Few pockets of valleys and narrow valleys along the rivers are also available. It has been divided into small levelled plots with a maximum size of half a hectare. The principal crops are rice, pulses, oilseed and some vegetables. The plots are prepared according to contours with a system of dirt irrigation canals lined with mounds of earthy at their borders in order to enable flooding. Most of the activities take place in the monsoon (kharif) season. During the winter (rabi) season, there is no water supply for irrigation except in the few locations where water is pumped from the river and used to irrigate two cycles of rice crops.
Table 10: Main Crops: Cereals Rice is grown in the valleys and in the cultivated plots on the mountain sides. Varieties grown include upland rice and maize. Pulses Rice bean, French bean, Black Gram and more.
Oilseed Soya bean, Mustard, Sesame
43 Root Vegetables Potatoes
Miscellaneous Cotton, Sugarcane.
4.8. Organic farming in Lunglei district The concept of Organic Farming and Permanent and Sustainable Agriculture, and its importance in our today‟s degrading soil and environment is felt very alarming to the villagers and farm facilities of the district. In 1996, the Department of Agriculture introduced Organic Farming in Mizoram and ran a trial at Lungmuat Village. Here, Organic Farming coupled with contour trench farming was trialled with very promising results. Vermiculture was also started by importing good species of earthworm. The concept of introducing Organic Farming in Mizoram was revitalized and the Mizoram Organic Farming Bill – 2004 was unanimously passed by the Mizoram Legislative Assembly in July 2004. Since the Organic Farming System solely depends on the use of crop residue, animal manures, green manures, off-farm organic wastes to supplement their plant nutrient requirement, crop rotation in corporating legumes and biological pest control to maintain soil productivity.
44 Table 11: ORGANIC INPUTS USED Sl.No. Year Type of Input Source Quantity % of % of farmers of used area using (Last 4 year) availability (MT) covered (ha.) organic manure
1. 2002-2003 Verni Compost Departmental 30 MT 2 % 5 %
2. 2003-2004 Viskash Departmental 30 MT 2 % 5 %
3. 2004-2005 Neem cake Departmental 50 MT 3 % 6 %
4. 2005-2006 Bone meal Departmental 10 MT 1 % 4%
Total 120 MT 8 % 20 %
(Type of inputs: Vermi-Compost, Bio-fertilizers, Bio-Pesticides etc.
45 4.9 Notified Organic Crops Initially the following indigenous crops have been identified Organic Crops:
A. Cereals: 1. Buhban (Glutinous Rice) 2. Mimban (Sticky Maize) 3. Puakzo (Pop Corn)
B. Pulses: 1. Bete(Rice bean) 2. Motor Chana (Field Pea)
1. Chhawhchhi (Sesamum)
4.10. Cereal Crop Production System C. Oilseed: The major cereal crops grown in the district includes rice and maize with an annual production of 9464.90 MT and 1703.30 MT. The area under rice cultivation in the district accounts to 8179.2 Ha (Jhum) and 432 Ha (WRC) whereas maize occupies 1263.60 Ha with annual production of 1703.30 MT (2008). Rice and Maize are cultivated both under Jhum as well as lowland areas.
46
4.11. Wet Rice Cultivation Generally, the wet rice cultivation are practiced in the valleys or lowland areas of Haulawng, Lungeli, Buarpui, tlabung, Lungsen, Bunghmun, South Vanlaiphai and Thingsai areas of the district. The wet rice cultivation in the district occupies an area of 432 Ha with annual production of 729.10 MT. The land preparation for the wet rice cultivation are generally practiced by spade, hoe on by ploughing bullocks and power tillers in some pockets of the region. Irrigation are provided by the construction of channel in some areas, though rainfall is the main source of irrigation for the farmers. Both direct seeded and transplanting methods are used. Moreover, negligible amount of fertilizer and pesticides are applied.
47
4.12. Local Crop Variety The local cultivated varieties of the region include: a) Rice variety for early Ido b) Riceharvestin varietyg: for late harvesting: c) Low land: IR64Fangsin, Maubuh d) Maize variety: Mimpui
Table 12: WRC STATISTICS OF LUNG LEI 2006-2007 2007-2008
No. of Area of Area still No of Area of Area still WRC WRC to WRC WRC to farmers cultivated be farmers cultivated be (Ha) developed (Ha) developed (Ha) (Ha) 1176 463 1104 1139 651 1089
(Source: Economic Survey Manipur 2007-2008)
48 4.13. Indigenous Method of Rice Cultivation The farmers in the region clear the forest and burn the remains before the onset of monsoon preferable in Feb-March. The sowing of the rice is carried out during the month of May-June without terraces and contour cultivation. The growing method in a prepared plot is usually based on pit planting, where the plants are sown or planted (rice) into pre-prepared holes and filled with newly crumbled soil in order to prepare a bedding that is suitable for the plant.
4.14. Pulse Production System Among the pulses, soyabean is found to be extensively grown in different part of te district both under Jhum and settled cultivation. Area under soyabean accounts to 213.3 Ha with annual production of 199.1 MT (2008). Other minor pulses crop grown in the district includes cowpea, French bean, pea, arhar etc. However most of the cultivation takes place in the monsoon (kharif) season. During the winter (rabi) season, there is no water supply for irrigation, except in the few locations where water is pumped from the river and used to irrigate the crops.
4.15. Oilseed Production Among the oil seed crops, mustard and sesamum are predominant oilseed crops widely cultivated by the farmers of the district. The local varieties are generally sowed in Jhum land by traditional method. Sesamum occupies a total area of 238.70 Ha with annual production of 148.5MT (2008). Mustard is generally cultivated as a Rabi crop in the region. Two types of
49 local variety, locally known as “TamKawr” and “Tampui” are largely cultivated by the tribal farmers of the region. Farmers cultivate this crop in commercial way, used for oil extraction and rest quantities are sold for marketing. 4.16. Cash Crops Prevailing major cash crops in the district include mustard, potato, ginger and vegetables. The farmers of the low lying areas of Haulawng, Tlabung, Lunglei, South Vanlaiphai circle cultivate this crop. The climate factors of the low lying areas or foot hills belts are more conducive for growing cash crops. Mustard is one of the most common cash crops as both leafy vegetables and seeds of higher market demand of the district and are sold to obtained money. Chilli is also another important cash crop in the district. Chillis (local variety) are generally sowed in Jhum field by traditional method. The local varieties include vaihmarcha. The produces are sold in local market by farmers themselves or sold out to middle man in weekly bazaar. Moreover, vegetables and ginger are also produced in the district with good productivity. The ginger covers an areas of 598Ha with an annual production of 5262 tons in the district (2005).
The district need strategic planning to boost the cash crop development and their marketing, there is need to establish cold storage at strategic locations and transportation facilities at remote areas to market seasonal fruits and prevailing vegetables for different season.
50 Table 13. List of Credit Institutions in operation for Agriculture and Allied sector Sl. Name of Type of credit organization and amount distributed in a year (2005-2006) RD Block Co-op Bank Rural SBI Nationalized Bank Bank No. No. No. of Amount No No. of Amount No. No. of Amount of STBorro MTw erLT . STB orrMTow erLT of STBorro MTw erLT of (in lakh) branc branc hes hes (in lakh) bran (in lakh) 1. Lunglei 1 61 31 - 37 3 497 76 - 192 3 289 34 - 98 ches 2. Lungsen - - - - - 1 39 9 - 23 1 28 8 - 12 3. Hnahthial - - - - - 2 98 22 - 42 2 88 22 - 29 4. Bunghmun ------
ST – Short Term Loan MT Medium Term Loan - LT Long Term Loan -
51 4.17. Crop Nutrient Management In almost all the circle of the district, fertilizer and manure are used in minimum quantity. As a whole in Mizoram negligible amount (about 0.04 kg/ha) of fertilizer is used (Jhum cultivation) The farmers of the region after cultivation for 2-3 years in jhum left the field to remain fallow for more than five years and shifted to another areas. Expecting that the vegetation grown will regenerate the soil nutrient status within the period. 4.18. Plant protection measures As a whole the farmers of the different district used pesticides and fungicide in negligible amount. The farmers of the region are lack of knowledge and awarenwss of right dose of pesticides and funficides application at right time.these led to the severe crop damages and low yield. Proper monitoring of the insect, pest and recommendation of right chemical at right time to the crops may increase the potential yield and productionof the district. Some traditional methods followed by the farmers of thwe district are mentioned below. 4.18.1 Monitoring of pest The farmers of the district look for pest symptoms in crop field. As soon any infected plant parts were seen, they remove and destroy immediately. 4.18.2. Local rat trap Rats account to be the major non insect pest and contribute to 35-40 percent of grain loss. The damage is severe during milky stage and grain formation of stage of rice. The farmers install the local traps in the rice field to kill the rat during night time. Severe infestation and damages were observed during the night times. Moreover, the traps are found to be more effective over chemical rodenticides and more eco-friendly. The famine, locally known as “Mautam” broke out after the state witnessed the rare phenomenon of bamboo flowering and an increase in rodent population that started emptying granaries and destroying paddy fields. Historical accounts say the state recorded a famine in 1862 and again in 1911 after the state witnessed similar bamboo flowering. Thousands of rats are ramping through rice and vegetable fields in state, fuelling fears of a famine in the region even as international aid agencies have warned of a serious crisis unfolding in the mountainous border state. 4.18.3. Weed management in terrace rice cultivation Weeds are controlled in terrace rice cultivation manually by hand weeding being carried out in regular intervals and with local implements known as “Chempui”. The weed plants are removed and dumped aside of the field and left it exposed to the sun. 4.19. Irrigation 52 The normal way of irrigation in the district is by diverting small streams. In other areas, the irrigation is provided from natural sources only during rainy months. The hydro- geomorphology of the region is such that ground water resources cannot be easily utilised for irrigation purpose. In such region techniques for harvesting rainwater appears to be essential.
Table 14. Present irrigation projects in lunglei district Sl.No. Bloc Name of G.C.A in ha. k Project 1. Lunglei 1) Pachang, MIP, Thaizawl 12 2) Tuilut, MIP, Nghasih, Lunglei 13 3) Aikhalui, MIP, Nghasih, Lunglei 30 4) Daihnai, MIP, Lunglei 25 5) Tlawng, MIP, Zobawk 22 6) Kharzawl, MIP, Theiriat 10 7) Sabual, MIP,Thaizawl 20 8) Lungphei, MIP, Lunglei 45 9) Khawiva, MIP, Serkawn 30 10) Hmawngva, MIP, Pukpui 25 11) Chite, MIP, Phase II, Haulawng 5 12) Mausen MIP, Mausen 8 13) Huisih, MIP, Haulawng 25 14) Rulkual, MIP, Mualthuam „N‟ 27 15) Chite, MIP, Haulawng 29 TOTAL 326 2. Lungsen 1) Zawlpui, MIP, Zawlpui 8 2) Thelretlui, MIP, Zawlpui 8 3) Tuipawl, MIP, Kau Valley 26 4) Tuipawl, MIP Phase II, Kau Valley 10
53 5) Tuipawl, MIP Phase III, Kau Valley 10 6) Zalreng MIP, Kau Valley 60 7) Tuichunlui MIP, Zawlpui 20 8) Saithah MIP, Zawlpui 35 9) Sazuklui MIP, Sazuklui 8 10) Rotlang MIP, Rotlang 5 TOTAL 190 3. Hnahthial 1) Zaupui MIP, S.Vanlaiphai 40 2) Phullui MIP, S.Vanlaiphai 40 3) Hnahchang MIP, Tuipui „D‟ 3 4) Vaului MIP, Hnahthial 5 TOTAL 88
4. Bunghmun Nil Nil GRAND TOTAL 604
4.20. Crop intensity Agriculture in the region is characterised by low crop intensity. Physical constraints like weak and underdeveloped irrigation network, extremely cold weather in the hugher elevation limits the crop season to summer months only. Low density of population in the region and sociological constraints like values and attitude, which are not wholly conducive to market oriented agriculture, have resulted in near stagnation in agricultural production in the region. 4.21. Seed Seed is the most important component of agricultural production system. There are large gaps in the supply of this vital input. The time lag in the supply of seeds frustrates the production programmes of the region. The spread of HYV has been poor as evidenced. This gap is very likely to widen over time, as the percentage of adoption is sure to increase in near future. 3.22. Agro-based Industries
54 The status of agro-based industries in the region is not very satisfactory because of lack of development and adequate resources in the district. However, there has been some growth in traditional agro-based industries like ricemill, oilmill etc. 4.23. Shifting cultivation It is a primitive mode of agriculture evolved as a reflex action under the stress of peculiar geophysical and ecological situation prevailing in the district. The system reflects a short of community farming without heritable rights over the land, cleaning and burning of the forest before the onset of monsoon, followed by planting of various crops in an intimate mixture by dibbling and harvesting. In jhum, farmers grow rice, maize, beans, vegetables every year for home consumption and surplus sold to the local market. Due to the indiscriminate destruction of forest vast tracts of hilly lands are exposed to erosion and fast depletion of valuable fertile topsoil and other nutrients.with the destruction of vegetables cover, removal of top soil, the water retention capacity of the soil is reduced. Even though shifting cultivation is destructive for environment, backbreaking and un-renumerative for the cultivators, the vast majority of rural and semi-urban householders have to resort to this primitive method of cultivation for want of any alternative farming system or occupation. 4.24. Farming system It is well known that there are various farming system being adopted by pur farming community. One cannot simply say which farming system is good and which system is not good. At present the four type farming system adopted by our farmers have been studied viz- a) Agriculture b) Agriculture + horticulture c) Agriculture + Fishery d) Agriculture + veterinary Apart from this, another farming system may also appear in the near future. Similarly, the scientist may have a new farming system to recommend for the whole district or one agro ecological situation or more.
4.25. Agriculture Marketing Channel in Lunglei Normally it has been stated that “Production comes first marketing follows” but that has to be totally changed “marketing first and production second”. We may believe both. However, marketing first and production second means if market is sure and
55 the system is developed automatically production increases. So, we should realise importance of good marketing system. The farmers of the district produces (paddy, ginger, mustard, vegetables) in the jhum land and foot hill areas of district are generally marketed in common market by farmers themselves. The price of different agriculture products fluctuates as per the season and demand of the particular food crops in the market.
3.26. Improvement and stabilization of agriculture marketing To develop marketing one of the basic and foremost thing is promotion of infrastructure like construction of road (PAC), market yard, cold storage, processing unit, export promotion (border trade), power and electricity. 3.26.1. Construction of road Construction of road also known as potential area connectivity (PAC) or link road is one of the most important infrastructures in agriculture. In order to supply inputs to the farm or to collect farm produce construction of road is required. Lack of good communication is the main hindrance in agriculture marketing. Therefore, construction of potential area connectivity has to be given priority preferably all a weather road. 4.26.2. Market yard No market in the district has been regulated today. However market yard is needed for assembling and sale of agriculture produces and also from allied department. Market buildings have been constructed in many paces but these are mainly for a roadside market and not agriculture market. Not only for assembling, market yards are required almost in every villages. Although there are eighteen (18) market within the district few of them are daily while most of them are small periodical market i.e once in a week or twice in a week. The common market channels are
56 a) Producer-consumer b) Producer commission agent-consumer 4.26.3. Cold storage Till today there are only two cold storage in Mizoram which are also outside Lunglei District. It is said that without storage facilities agriculture marketing fails. Therefore at least two or three cold storage are required in lunglei district for storage of agriculture and horticulture produces and fish. Cold storage and other storage structure are required not only for keeping but also avoiding market of glut during peak period. 4.26.4. Processing unit Altogether there are eight mini ricemill cum oil expeller and one turmeric reinder in Lunglei district. In neighbouring district there is also one fruit processing and concentration plant located at Chhingchhip. As we all aware all the agricultural and horticultural produces are highly perishable and marketing of fresh produce is very complicate. Marketing of such produces specially during peak period is quite troublesome. Therefore, instead of marketing in fresh form only we must also try to sell in processed form that can be kept longer, value added and help in avoiding market glut. 4.26.5. Export promotion It will not always be possible to consume all our produces and product within the region. Therefore, we should aim export to outside or other countries in fresh form or in processed form. This policy of border trade is one of the points of Peace accord signrd between the Government of India and Mizo National Front (MNF). Awareness should be given to the farmers and the scope should be promoted to safeguard interest of farmers. Table 15. Crop wise Intervention in Agriculture Sector Sl. Crop Problems Interventions No
1 Rice 1. High infestation of pest (stem 1. Adoption of improved borer and rice gundhi bug). packages of practices (INM/IPM/IWM/IRM). 2. Low yielding local varieties. 2. Cultivation of improved high yielding varieties/ hybrids , OFT on.
57 2 Maize Does not follow recommended 1. Follow IPM. packages of practice. 2. Introducing improved packages of practice by training and OFT.
3. Popularization of maize as fodder crop through field.
3 Pulses/Cowpea/ 1. Low productivity. 1. Identification and Soyabean/Pea demonstration of indigenous 2. The crop pulses crop grown in jhum. 3. Mostly grown in jhum 2. Introducing improved mixed cropping. package of practices by training and OFT.
3. Field demonstration on Rhizobium cultures should be demonstrated on the farmers.
4 Mustard Local Variety 1. Intriduction of HYV (M- 27,M-29,T-36).
2. Introduction of improved packages of practices by training and OFT.
5 Potato 1. Lacking improved 1. Adoption of improved agronomic practices. packages of practices (INM/IPM/IWM/IRM).
6 Tubers Storage of harvested tubers. (Azotobacter) Low cost storage structure / technique.
7 Sugarcane Lack of availability of quality. 1. Quality planting materials are to be made available to farmers by state
2. Department , KVK registered verseries.
58 8 Ginger 1. Lack of availability of 3. Adoption of improved quality rhizomes / planting packages of practices (INM/ materials. IPM/ IWM/IRM)
2. Infestations of rhizomes 4. Introduction of improved rot packages of practices by training and OFT.
59 Table 16. Ongoing Central Sponsored Projects/Scheme
Department Name of the Scheme Activities under the Scheme Physical Status Financial Status Target Achievement Target Achievement
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 MINOR i) Tlawng M.I. Project Construction of Reservoirs, Individual 40 ha. 35 ha. 8,451,300.00 1,720,000.00 IRRIGATION water tanks, intake structure and procurement and laying of G.I Pipes. ii) Sabual M.I. Project Construction of Reservoirs, Individual 25 ha. 20 ha. 2,370,000.00 1,770,000.00 water tanks, intake structure and procurement and laying of G.I Pipes.
iii) Kharzawl M.I. Construction of Reservoirs, Individual 20 ha. 16 ha. 3,000,800.00 2,400,000.00 Project water tanks, intake structure and procurement and laying of G.I Pipes. iv) Lungpher M.I. Construction of Approach Road, 30 ha. 20 ha. 4,102,000.00 3,000,000.00 Project Reservoirs, Individual water tanks, intake structure and procurement and laying of G.I Pipes. v) Damte M.I. Project Construction of Approach Road, 32 ha. 5 ha. 7,232,000.00 1,500,000.00 Reservoirs, Diversion Weirs, Cement concrete channel, Individual water tanks, intake structure and procurement and laying of G.I Pipes.
60 vi) Khawiva M.I. Construction of Approach Road, 22 ha. 18 ha. 3,078,000.00 2,500,000.00 Project Reservoirs, Diversion Weirs, Cement concrete channel, Individual water tanks, intake structure and procurement and laying of G.I. Pipes.
vii) Hmawngva M.I. Construction of Approach Road, 20 ha. 5 ha. 3,831,000.00 1,050,000.00 Project Reservoirs, Diversion Weirs, Cement concrete channel, Individual water tanks, intake structure and procurement and laying of G.I Pipes.
viii) Arbawh M.I. Project Construction of Reservoirs, 7 ha. 3 ha. 1,853,000.00 1,000,000.00 Individual water tanks, intake structure and procurement and laying of G.I Pipes.
61 Table 17. ON-GOING EXTENSION AND DEVELOPMENTAL ACTIVITIES OF DIFFERENT DEPARTMENT
Department Name of the Activities under Physical Status Financial Status Scheme the Scheme Target Achievement Target Achievement
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Horticulture i) Area Expansion a) M. Orange 93.75ha. 93.75 ha 12,1875 12.1875 Department on Fruit Dev b) Banana 37.5 37.5 4.875 4.875
ii) Area Expansion on 20 ha. 20 ha. 1.98 1.98 Vegetable fruit a) Chow-Chow
iii) Area a) Bird‟s Eye 12.5 ha. 12.5 ha. 1.625 1.625 Expansion on Chillies Spices Dev. b) Turmeric 50 ha. 50 ha. 3.85 3.85
iv) Area a) Anthurium 10 units 10 units 13.00 13.00 Expansion on Cultivation Floriculture Dev. b) Foliage plant 22 units 22 units 11.00 11.00 Cultivation
v) Creation of Community 8 ha. 8 ha. 8.00 8.00 Water Sources Water Tank
vi) Post Harvest Construction of Unit on Farm 5 nos. 5 nos. 2.50 2.50 Handling unit
vii) Commercial Popularization of Vermi- 2 units 2 units 1.20 1.20 Organic Farming Compost Unit
viii) Horticulture Development of Women SHG 2 nos. 2 nos. 0.20 0.20 Women Farmers
ix) Transfer of Farmers Fair- 20 nos. 20 nos. 0.315 0.315 Technology cum-Exhibition
62 Table 18. PERFORMANCE GAP ANALYSIS Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Rain fed-Paddy in the District (Transplanted)
Gap Farmers Sl. Items of Recommended Specific Reasons for Existing practice in Proposed Strategy to Overcome gap No Package Practice Gap Adopt Strategy 1 Sowing Transplant Transplant - - - Time May - June May - June - - - Method Local method of SRI Lack of awareness nil Demonstration/exposure visit transplanting
2 Varieties Local IR 64/Pant Non availability Farmers Awareness campaigns/ 12/Krishna hamsa Personal choice demonstration. 3 Seed Rate (per 50 – 60 kgs 45 -50 kgs Lack of awareness Nil Training and demonstrations. ha.) 4 Seed Sun and Smoke Use of Chemicals Unavailability of Availability of Training/demonstration/timely Treatment drying inputs/ lack of inputs in time supply of inputs. awareness 5 Organic Nil 5 tons/ha Lack of awareness/ Availability of Training/demonstration/availability Manure unavailability of inputs inputs of inputs (tons / ha) 6 Fertilizer Nil N:P:K 60:40:40 Lack of awareness/ Availability of Training/demonstration/ timely unavailability of inputs inputs supply of inputs 7 Micro Nutrient Nil Use of essential -do- - -do- micro nutrients. 8 Pest Use of cultural Use of IPM Lack of awareness Use of Introduction of IPM Management methods pesticides
9 Disease -do- -do- -do- -do- -do- Management.
10 Post Harvest Traditional Scientific post- Lack of awareness Nil Awareness training/ exposure Management method harvest technology visits, etc
63
11 Weed Hand weeding Use of scientific Lack of inputs Supply of Awareness training and availability Management technology inputs of inputs/ exposure visit
Table 19. Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Rain fed_Paddy in the District (Direct Sown) Specific Farmers Sl. Existing Recommended Gap in Strategy to Items of Package Reasons for Proposed No practice Practice Adopt Overcome gap Gap Strategy 1 Sowing Dibbling Dibbling - - - - Time April April - - - - Method Dibbling Dibbling - - - - 2 Varieties Local Local - - - -
3 Seed Rate (per ha.) 25 - 30 kgs 25 – 30 kgs - - - -
4 Seed Treatment Sun/smoke Use of chemicals F Unavailability of Availability of Training/demonstrat drying inputs/ lack of inputs in time ion/timely supply of awareness inputs. 5 Organic Manure Nil Nil F - - - (tons / ha) 6 Fertilizer Nil N:P:K 30:20:20 F Lack of Availability of Training/demonstrat awareness/ inputs ion/ timely supply unavailability of of inputs inputs 7 Micro Nutrient Nil Nil F - - -
8 Pest Management Use of cultural Use of IPM P Lack of Use of Introduction of IPM methods awareness pesticides 9 Disease Management. -do- Use of IPM P -do- -do- -do-
64 10 Post Harvest Traditional Scientific post- F Lack of Nil Awareness training/ Management method harvest technology awareness exposure visits, etc
11 Weed Management Hand weeding Use of scientific F Lack of inputs Supply of Awareness training technology inputs and availability of inputs/ exposure visit Table 20. Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Mustard (Rabi Oilseed)
Sl. Specific Farmers Recommended Gap in Strategy to Overcome N Items of Package Existing practice Reasons for Proposed Practice Adopt gap o Gap Strategy 1 Sowing Broadcasting Broadcasting - - - - Time November – November – Method December December Broadcasting Broadcasting 2 Varieties Varuna/ M-27/ Varuna/ M-27/ TM- - - - - TM-2 2 3 Seed Rate (per ha.) 20 - 25 kgs 10 – 15 kgs - - - -
4 Seed Treatment Sun/smoke drying Use of chemicals F Availability of Training/demonstr Unavailability of inputs in time ation/timely inputs/ lack of supply of inputs. awareness 5 Organic Manure Nil 2 - 3 F -do- -do- -do- (tons / ha) 6 Fertilizer Nil N:P:K 60:40:40 F Availability of Training/demonstr Lack of awareness/ inputs ation/ timely unavailability of inputs supply of inputs 7 Micro Nutrient Nil Use of micro F -do- -do- -do- nutrient complex 8 Pest Management Use of cultural Use of IPM F Lack of Use of pesticides Introduction of IPM methods awareness 9 Disease -do- Use of IPM F -do- -do- -do- 65 Management.
10 Post Harvest Traditional method Scientific post- F Lack of Nil Awareness training/ Management harvest technology awareness exposure visits, etc
11 Weed Management Hand weeding Use of scientific F Lack of inputs Supply of inputs Awareness training and technology availability of inputs/ exposure visit
Table 21. Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Pea (Rabi Pulse)
Recommended Gap in Specific Reasons for Farmers Proposed Strategy to Overcome Sl. No Items of Package Existing practice Practice Adopt Gap Strategy gap 1 Sowing Dibbling Line sowing F Lack of awareness- Nil Demonstration Time November – November – - Method December December Lack of awareness - - Dibbling Line sowing F
2 Varieties Arkel Arkel N - - -
3 Seed Rate (per ha.) 30 -35 kgs 30 – 35 kgs N - - -
4 Seed Treatment Sun and Smoke Use of Chemicals F Unavailability of Availability of Training/demonstration drying inputs/ lack of inputs in time /timely supply of awareness inputs. 5 Organic Manure Nil 4 - 5 tons/ha F Lack of awareness/ Availability of Training/demonstration (tons / ha) unavailability of inputs /availability of inputs inputs 6 Fertilizer Nil N:P:K 20:46:0 F Lack of awareness/ Availability of Training/demonstration unavailability of inputs / timely supply of inputs inputs 7 Micro Nutrient Nil Use of essential F -do- - -do- micro nutrients. 8 Pest Management Use of cultural Use of IPM F Lack of awareness Use of pesticides Introduction of IPM methods
66 9 Disease Management -do- -do- F -do- -do- -do-
10 Post Harvest Traditional method Scientific post- F Lack of awareness Nil Awareness training/ Management harvest technology exposure visits, etc
11 Weed Management Hand weeding Use of scientific F Lack of inputs Supply of iputs Awareness training and technology availability of inputs/ exposure visit
Table 22. Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Kharif Pulse
Farmers Sl. Items of Recommended Gap in Specific Reasons Strategy to Overcome Existing practice Proposed No Package Practice Adopt for Gap gap Strategy 1 Sowing Dibbling Line sowing F Lack of awareness- Nil Demonstration Time April – May April – May - Method Dibbling Line sowing F Lack of awareness - -
2 Varieties Local Improve varieties F Lack of awareness - Demonstration
3 Seed Rate (per 75 kgs 75 kgs - - - - ha.) 4 Seed Treatment Sun and Smoke Use of Chemicals F Unavailability of Availability of Training/demonstration drying inputs/ lack of inputs in time /timely supply of awareness inputs. 5 Organic Nil 2 - 4 tons/ha F Lack of awareness/ Availability of Training/demonstration Manure unavailability of inputs /availability of inputs 67 (tons / ha) inputs 6 Fertilizer Nil N:P:K 20:60:40 F Lack of awareness/ Availability of Training/demonstration unavailability of inputs / timely supply of inputs inputs 7 Micro Nutrient Nil Use of essential F -do- - -do- micro nutrients. 8 Pest Use of cultural Use of IPM F Lack of awareness Use of Introduction of IPM Management methods pesticides
9 Disease -do- -do- F -do- -do- -do- Management.
10 Post Harvest Traditional Scientific post- F Lack of awareness Nil Awareness training/ Management method harvest technology exposure visits, etc
11 Weed Hand weeding Use of scientific F Lack of inputs Supply of Awareness training and Management technology inputs availability of inputs/ exposure visit Table 23 . Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Maize
Sl. Recommended Gap in Specific Reasons Farmers Proposed Strategy to Items of Package Existing practice No Practice Adopt for Gap Strategy Overcome gap 1 Sowing Dibbling Line sowing F Lack of awareness Nil Demonstration / Time March - April March - April - - awareness campaign Method Dibbling Line sowing F Lack of awareness - - Demonstration/awar Nil eness 2 Varieties Vijay composite/ Vijat - - - - navjot/ local composite/navjoy/local 3 Seed Rate 20 kgs 15 – 20 kgs P - - - (per ha.)
4 Seed Treatment Sun and Smoke Use of Chemicals F Unavailability of Availability of Training/demonstrati drying inputs/ lack of inputs in time on/timely supply of
68 awareness inputs. 5 Organic Manure Nil 2 tons/ha F Lack of Availability of Training/demonstrati (tons / ha) awareness/ inputs on/availability of unavailability of inputs inputs 6 Fertilizer Nil N:P:K 80:40:40 F Lack of Availability of Training/demonstrati awareness/ inputs on/ timely supply of unavailability of inputs inputs 7 Micro Nutrient Nil Use of essential micro F -do- - -do- nutrients. 8 Pest Management Use of cultural Use of IPM F Lack of awareness Use of pesticides Introduction of IPM methods 9 Disease -do- -do- F -do- -do- -do- Management. 10 Post Harvest Traditional Scientific post-harvest F Lack of awareness Nil Awareness training/ Management method technology exposure visits, etc
11 Weed Hand weeding Use of scientific F Lack of inputs Supply of inputs Awareness training Management technology and availability of inputs/ exposure visit
Table 24. Proposed Strategy for Agriculture Proposed Activities Unit cost Strategy in Rs 2010-11 2011-12 Production incentive for HYV paddy seeds 15000/ha 100 15 100 5 Distribution of certified seeds of paddy 2000/Qtls 40 0.8 40 0.8 Distribution of certified pulse seeds 50/kg 50 2.0 50 2.0 Enhancing seed Production incentives for certified pulse 5000/Ha 100 5 100 5 replacement rate seeds Distribution of certyified oilseeds 300/Ha 500 1.5 500 1.5 (Sesamum) 69 Mixed cropping demonstration with Maize 5000/Ha 100 5 100 5 Mixed cropping demonstration with Maize Intercropping demonstration of Arhar based 5000/Ha 100 5 100 5 crops Intercropping demonstration of Maize based 5000/Ha 100 5 100 5 crop Demonstration of oilseeds 5000/Ha 50 2.5 50 2.5 Transfer of Demonstration on pulse 5000/Ha 50 2.5 50 2.5 technology SRI method of paddy demonstration 5000/Ha 100 5 100 5 through crop Hybrid rice demonstration 5000/Ha 50 2.5 50 2.5 demonstration Farmers Field School (rice, sugarcane, 15000/Ha 50 7.5 50 7.5 pulses, oilseeds) Varietals demonstration on pulses 5000/Ha 30 1.5 30 1.5 Varietals demonstration on Oil seeds 5000/Ha 30 1.5 30 1.5 Varietals demonstration on Maize 5000/Ha 30 1.5 30 1.5 Promotion SRI Village 1 lakh/ 20 20 20 20 village INM demonstration in rice 10000 20 2 20 2 Integrated INM demonstration on sugarcane 10000 10 1 10 1 Nutrient INM demonstration on Oilseed 10000 30 3 30 3 Management Supply of micronutrients (FFS) Liming of acid soils 500 1200 6 120 6 0 Integrated Pest IPM demonstrations on rice 5000 30 1.5 30 1.5 management IPM demonstrations on Rabi Oilseeeds 5000 40 2 40 2 (FFS) IPM demonstrations on Rabi Pulse 5000 15 0.75 15 0.75 IPM demonstrations on Kharif Pulse IPM demonstrations on Khafir Oilseeeds 5000 20 1 20 1 IPM demonstrations on Sugarcane 5000 10 0.5 10 0.5 IPM demonstrations on Maize 5000 30 1.5 30 1.5 Supply of biopesticides for rice,pulse and 70 Oilseeds Establishment of Vermi-hatchery at Block 200000 4 8 4 8 Promotion of Level Organic Farming Demonstration on compost pit 4500 200 9 200 9 Establishment of Vermi-compost units 20000 50 10 50 10 Subsidized sale of power tillers 75000 20 15 20 15 Subsidy on rotavator @ 50% Subsidised sale of power thresher @ 50% Subsidised sale of post hole digger @ 50% Subsidised sale of bullock drawn/manual operated implements @ 50% Subsidised sale of diesel pump sets @ 50% 15000 30 4.5 30 4.5 Farm Subsidised sale of sprayers @ 50% 1000 50 0.5 50 0.5 Mechanisation Harrow @ 50% Power thresher @ 50 % Reaper Cono Weeder @ 50% Zero till seed cum Fert.Drill @ 50% Potato Planter @ 50% Raised Bed Planter @ 50% Animal Driven Tool Carrier @ 50 % Establishment of bio control laboratory Assistance for setting up cold storages at 150 lakh 3 450 3 450 Infrastructure District Headquaters,Sub-Divivsion HQs Development Support for esta\blishment of agri-clinics 350 lakh 1 50 1 50 Construction of storage godown at District 5 lakh 4 20 4 20 HQ.Sub-Division HQ Training farmers groups on crop production 15000 20 3 20 3 Technology technology Transfer Training of VEWs and other extension 20000 2 0.4 2 0.4 functionaries on crop production technology 71 at District level Exposure visit of farmers within the state 1 lakh 2 2 2 2 Exposure visit of farmers outside the state 2.5 lakh 1 2.5 1 2.5 Conducting field trials on new crop varieties / new practices
Support to State Procurement of farm inputs Seed farm (Seed Machinery and equipment Production Farm) Development of Farm Infrastructure Model Organic Farming at Imphal West 1 Innovative (Composit Farm) Programme District Level Exhibition Show 50 lakh 1 5 1 5 Infra-structures 1)Construction of PAC (Potential Area 3 lakh 15 45 20 60 Connectivity) 2) Construction of staff quarter at District 4 lakh 6 24 Hqrs. & Sub-Division/Circles Administration 3) Office expenses TA/DA Stationary POL L.S. L.S. 2.0 2 etc. 4) Purchase of Computers & Projectors with L.S. 3.0 accesories
72 Table 25. STAFF STATUS OF DISTRICT AND BELOW LEVEL OFFICES (Agri) (As on 2010)
Sl. Post by Designation Sanctioned Person in Vacant Post No. Post (No.) Post (No.) (No.) 1 DAO 1 1 Nil 2 SDAO 3 2 1 3 AEO 5 5 Nil 4 AAI 6 6 Nil 5 GS 14 14 Nil 6 Demonstrator 4 4 Nil 7 HA 1 1 Nil 8 UDA 9 LDA 4 4 Nil 10 Others 12 12 Nil Total 50 50 1
73 CHAPTER IV ALLIED SECTOR’S STATUS AND PROPOSED STRATEGIES 4.1 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY In the world of survival, the primary objective of any livestock and poultry sector is to achieve maximum productivity and profitability. These situations vary from country to country, region to region and from time to time. Mizoram, one of the promising state of North east India is no exception. The state is dominated by tribal people known as the Mizos. Majority of the people opt for livestock rearing as it offers economic, food and social security. Livestock provide direct and indirect employment to the people of this region. Livestock production as a full time activity is very common in this region. Almost each and every household owns animals like cattle, pig or poultry. Coupled with the fact that the local population are mainly non vegetarian by habit, the state is taking all the necessary steps to improve the production of egg, meat and milk by introducing improved animal husbandry methods. Due to geographical constraints, large sized farms are not quite feasible in Mizoram; therefore, participation of the masses in livestock farming is being encouraged. The population of cross bred cattle has increased by 16.60 % while the population of indigenous cattle has also increased by 3.88 % during the interval between the 16th and the 17th census. The buffalo and goat population have increased by 6.84 % and 5.88 % respectively. Mithun population has increased by 33.00 % and pig population by 33.09 %. Pig is the most popular livestock in Mizoram and shows the highest percentage of growth in its population. The cross bred population make up for 90 % of the total population while the indigenous pig accounts for only 10 % of the total population. There is a 44.0% decrease in the indigenous population of pigs which may be seen as a positive step in terms of meat production. Poultry population has increased by 55.42 % while the desi type has decreased by 28.02 %. Duck and rabbit population has decreased by 39.15 % and 38.85 % respectively during the period between the 16th and 17th census.
74 \
Table 26. Mizoram Livestock Population: District wise (As per 8thQuinquennial Livestock Census -2007)
Species Mamit Kolasib Aizawl Champhai Serchhip Lunglei Lawngtlai Saiha Total
Cattle: 1.Cross bred 135 2017 5860 572 436 1293 183 217 10713
2.Indigenous 1972 3947 1436 6556 1263 2360 2943 3717 24244 Buffaloes 208 112 263 3183 985 112 147 822 5832
Mithun 11 107 1105 171 0 0 545 1939
Sheep 77 43 86 564 31 4 125 44 974 3.Exotic 31 Goats 1780 2244 1576 706 571 2799 5231 803 15710 Pigs 23351 25132 74340 36705 23692 37384 24901 21856 267361 Horse 8 0 142 831 128 65 0 201 1375 &Ponies .Dogs 2662 1936 12435 4139 1825 6215 4200 2160 35572 Rabbits 92 133 196 180 86 21 140 28 876 Poultry 110324 95924 311434 266391 84164 175616 93549 104433 1241835
75
Table 27: Mizoram Livestock Population: District wise (As per 17th Quinquennial Livestock Census-2003)
Sl Species Mami Kolasi Aizawl Champh Serchhi Lungle Lawngtla Saiha Total No. t b ai p i i 1. Cattle: 114 1240 5457 346 352 963 177 154 8803 1.Cross bred 2188 4720 2792 6663 1366 2276 2006 4756 26767 2. Buffaloes: 214 9 374 3053 967 109 138 863 5732 3. Mithun 64 1091 184 3 396 1738 4. 2.IndigenousSheep 13 25 712 144 37 97 TOTA30 355701058 L 5 Goats 2277 3039 2996 1185 737 2807 1818 3120 16979 6. Mules 4 4 7. Pigs: 18318 20774 66040 24186 17907 27272 6850 14130 195477 1.Crossbred. 2945 2763 1155 6051 161 4680 2436 1516 21707 8. Horse 33 12 188 921 503 75 5 296 2023 &Ponies 9. Dogs. 2778 2249 11628 5857 3072 5604 3036 2796 37020 2.Indigenous TOTA 217184 10. .Rabbits 17 81 180 226 111 43 271 17L 946 11. Fowls: 15552 13920 146196 44430 27629 61762 11450 7080 328019 1.Improved 94410 67591 145660 151607 48316 106747 49063 116481 779875
12. Duck 892 4673 429 430 422 1226 405 25 8502 13. Turkey 2 25 27 14. Others2.Desi 10 2047 17 49 TOTA 11078212394 L
76
Table 28: Lunglei District Livestock Population and Performance (As on May 2009) Sl no Species Total
1 Cattle 2532
2 Pig 5285
3 Poultry 113262
4 Sheep/Goat 1876
5 Dog 7095
Sl no Production Amount
1 Milk Production 3881/lit/day
2 Egg Production 2163 nos
3 No. chick hatch 10160
77
Table 29: Infra structure facilities of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary in Lunglei District
A. Health care Nos Location facilities/ Institutions 1. Veterinary Hospital 1 Lunglei
2. Veterinary Dispensary 4 Haulawng, Hnahthial, SouthVanlaiphai, Tlabung 3.Rural Animal Health centre (RAH) 17 Hauruang, Zobawk, Pukpui, Sertlangpui, Buarpui, Tawipui „N‟, Tawipui „S‟, Thingfal, Mualthuam „N‟, Chhipphir, Leite, Pangzawl, Pahairuangkai, Lungrang, Bunghmun, New Belkhai, Darngawn
4.Veterinary Sub-Centre 6 Bazar, Rahsiveng, Lunglawn, Theiriat, Darzo, Muallianpui 5.Disease investigation
6. School of Veterinary Science 1 Lungpher
B. Farms (Govt/ Dist)
1 Base Pig breeding Farm. 1 Lungpher
78 2. Zovawk Farm 1 Lungpher
3. Cattle Breeding Farm 1 Lungpher
4. Fodder Farm 1 Lungpher
C. Processing Plants (Govt)
1.Integrated Dairy Development 1 Lunglei Project (IDDP)
4.1 Cattle Production The farmers in Lunglei district rear cattle for ploughing, milk and manure and the unproductive animals are sold for meat purpose. There is a saying that milk is not much relished by the tribal people but owing to the increase in literacy rate peoples concern over balanced nutrition, milk and milk products is gaining popularity amongst the tribal communities. There is a bright scope of cattle rearing within the district and the state as a whole. The total number of crossbred and indigenous cattle population in the district is 183 and 2360 respectively (As per 18th census, 2007). Majority of the cattle population are indigenous non-descript type. The indigenous bullocks are short, sturdy and suitable for ploughing. The cows are smaller in size, usually kept to produce offspring and produce very less milk. There is no scientific document to justify their low productivity or reproduction capability. The state AH & Veterinary department, Govt of Mizoram has initiated crossbreeding programmes (exotic germplasm of Jersey & H.F) under various centrally sponsored cattle development programmes. As compared to the rural areas, the population of crossbred cattle are more in the urban areas which indicate the need for strengthening A.I services or natural service through crossbred bulls in the rural areas. 4.1.1. Rearing System A. Free range or open grazing system: The indigenous non-descript cattle are reared under this system. In this system, the cattle are kept loose in the open fields, road side, reserve forest and river banks for grazing without any attendants. They are brought back home in the evening and are tied in the locally made cattle shed. No concentrate feed is fed although some farmers provide salt in the evening.
79
B. Restricted grazing system: The indigenous non-descript cattle are reared under this system. The animals are tied with a rope in the road side, forest areas or uncultivated fields for grazing. C. Intensive stall fed system: The cross bred cattle are reared under this system. Available green fodder and jungle grasses are fed. No concentrate feed are fed. Broken rice and kitchen waste are also a regular component of the feed. Some farmers provide salt in the evening.
4.1.2. Feeding practice 80 Commercial feed are least bothered by the rural farmers. This is partly due to high cost, unavailability or lack of knowledge of its importance. Instead they prefer to use their own feed composition. Feed ingredients like wheat bran, boiled broken rice, atta, mustard oil cake are commonly used. These ingredients are mixed along with salt in different proportions in a bucket with water and are fed to the cows three times a day. Small section of the rural farmers plant some hybrid fodder procured from State AH & Veterinary Department which is not sufficient to meet the requirements. The farmers collect green grasses from reserve forest, unprotected forest areas and are mixed with jungle grasses. Maize stovers, paddy straw and banana leaves are also fed. 4.1.3. Milk marketing Different types of milk marketing system prevail viz; A. Direct selling: The farmers sell raw milk directly to the consumers at the rate of Rs 40/L.The milk quality varies as there is no assessment on the quality of milk. B. Sale of milk by middle man. C. Sale of milk through co-operative societies D. Sale of milk by dairy processing plants
4.1.3.1 Integrated Dairy Development Project (IDDP) The state AH & Veterinary Department collect raw milk from various breeder within Lunglei town at the rate of s. 24/L which are pasteurized and then sold to the people at the rate of Rs.26/L. At present IDDP produce 800 litres of milk every day which is not sufficient to meet the demands. 4.2. Pig Production Pig is the most important livestock in the state and plays a major role in the livelihood of the small farmers. The pig population in the district is 37384 (As per 18th census, 2007). Majority of the pig population are indigenous non-descript type. Crossbreds of various exotic germplasm (Large black, Yorkshire and Hampshire) are available which is more populated in urban areas of the district. This implies that the crossbred pigs are either less popular in rural areas or the local people are unaware of the beneficial aspects of the crossbred pigs. Pork is one of the most preferred meats as there is no taboo for pork eating amongst tribal population. Majority of the farmers rear pig for pork while few raise for breeding purpose. There is a great potential for pig production but hardly any attempt has been made to record systematically and analyze the pig rearing system followed by the farmers.
81
4.2.1 Housing Practice The pigsty is constructed with locally available materials like bamboo and wood on the road side or nearby the house on the slope area with a raised platform. Iron vessels are used for boiling feeds. Tyres or craved woods (Thingphek) are used as feeding trough. Supply of water mostly depends either on rain water or nearby streams. 4.2.2. Breeding practice Majority of the farmers rear the indigenous non-descript type while few raise crossbreds. Only few farmers‟ rear boars for breeding which are used by other farmers who do not raise boars for mating in exchange of either money or piglets. First service is given to the female pigs at the age of 10-12 months. The average litter size is usually 8- 10 numbers. Unlike urban areas in the region, A.I in not much popular amongst rural farmers. 4.2.3. Feeding practice Unlike the scavenging system commonly seen in other parts of the country, stall feeding is followed. Majority of the farmers feed kitchen waste which is mixed with locally available fodder and weeds like Japan hlo (Mikaria micrantha), Anhling (Solanum nigrum), Mautak (Melocanna baceifera). The feeds are boiled before offering to the pigs to kill harmful insects or parasites. Feeds are offered twice a day in the morning and evening. Owing to the high cost of concentrate feed only few farmers can afford to feed concentrate feed. Feed supplement like mineral mixture, vitamins are not usually added to the feeds. 4.2.3. Health care practice It is interesting to note that majority of the pig farmers give attention to the health of their pigs. The farmers approach the nearby Veterinary doctors or Paravet for consultation or treating ailing animals. Vaccination and deworming are done although there are fewer sections that are still unaware.
82 4.2.4. Pig marketing Generally farmers sell pigs when it reach minimum one year of age. They sell on live weight basis to the trader or the farmer himself slaughter.Pork retailing market in rural market are through informal system with least concern for hygienic measures. There is anadequate infrastructure and pork is sold in open air. The need for effective supervision and training on scientific methods of slaughter and handling of pork and slaughter house as food safety measures is the need in view of the present scenario. 4.3. Poultry Production Since time immemorial poultry has been an inseparable component of every household amongst the rural people of this region. Commercial poultry farming is gaining importance in the rural areas owing to the cheaper capital investment followed by early income. The district harbors about 175616 (As per 18th Livestock census 2007) numbers of poultry (Fowl, duck). Majority of the fowl population are indigenous non- descript type. Non domesticated jungle fowl could be seen in unprotected forest areas. 4.3.1. Rearing system A. Backyard farming: Indigenous non-descript chickens are reared in this system. The birds are housed in a traditionally designed shed made of locally available materials like bamboo, wood etc. The birds are fed broken rice in the morning and they are let loose for scavenging in nearby localities throughout the day. In the evening they are fed broken rice before the birds enter their respective cages. Laying nest is made separately with bamboo which is hanged on the wall of the poultry shed. Dry bracken fern leaves are used as bedding material as there is a belief that it protect newly hatched chicks from external parasites like lice. Vaccination and deworming are not usually done.
83
B. Intensive small scale commercial broiler farming: With increase in the demand of chicken and owing to the cheaper capital investment and fast income commercial broiler farming is gaining importance amongst rural farmers. Commercial broilers are housed in a shed made of locally available materials like bamboo, wood etc. with no particular health care cover.
4.3.2. Feeding practice No local feed industry or company exists and feeds are procured from neighbouring states which contribute to the high cost of feed. Few entrepreneurs feed starter, grower and finisher ration.
84
Table 30. Research / Extension / adoption Gap and Proposed Strategies for Improving the Productivity / Income from Cow
Sl. Items of package Existing Recommend Gap Specific Farmers Strategy to N practice ed practice Reasons for Proposed Overcome o Gap Strategy gap 1 Breed Jersey Jersey No Crossed Gap 2 Feed management Intensive Intensive Green Fodder (Kg / 30-40 30-40 day) Dry Fodder 0 10 Gap Lack of Creating Training (Kg / day) awareness awarenes/proc Procure & Non- ure and distribute availability distribute Concentrate (gms / 2.5 4 Gap Not affordable Subsidi Subsidi day) sation sation
Vitamins (ml / day) 3 Inter Calving Period 12 months 11 months Gap Malnutrition Good Manage Awareness, (months) ment Training, campaign
4 Health Care No of Vaccination HSBQ FMD 2 times 2 times 5 General Management Housing ( Pucca / Kutcha Pucca Gap Non-affordable Awareness Bank Loan Kutcha) Drinking Water (lit / 20-30 30 Gap day) 6 Average Milk Yield 10-15 15-20 Gap Malnutrition Awareness Campaign (lit./day)
85
Table 31. Research / Extension / adoption Gap and Proposed Strategies for Improving the Productivity / Income from Goat Sl. Items of Existing Recommended Gap Specific Farmers Strategy to No package practice practice Reasons for Proposed Overcome Gap Strategy gap 1 Breed Desi Desi 2 Feed Free Free range - - - - management range Green Ad lib Ad lib - - - - Fodder (Kg / day) Dry Fodder Nil - - - - - (Kg / day) Concentrate 0.2 kg 0.5 kg Gap Unaffordable Subsidization Subsidization (gms / day) Minerals Nil 100 g Gap Unaffordable Subsidization Subsidization (gm/day) Vitamins Nil 30 ml Gap Unaffordable Unaffordable Subsidization (ml / day) 3 Inter 200 180 days Gap Malnutrition Good Awareness Calving management campaign Period awareness (months) 4 Health Care No of Vaccination HSBQ FMD 2 2 - - - -
86
Table 32. Research / Extension / adoption Gap and Proposed Strategies for Improving the Productivity / Income from Pig Sl. Items of Existing Recommended Gap Specific Farmers Strategy to No package practice practice Reasons for Proposed Overcome Gap Strategy gap 1 Breed Cross Hampshire Gap Non- Awareness Campaign availability 2 Feed Intensive Intensive Gap For hygienic Subsidisation Subsidisation management measure Free Semi Intensive Range Green 0.5 Kg 0.5 Kg Fodder (Kg / day) Concentrate (gms / day) (i) 0-56 0.1 0.25 Gap Unaffordable Subsidisation Subsidisation days (piglet) (ii) 56-180 0.5 0.5-1 Gap Unaffordable Subsidisation Subsidisation days (Grower) (iii) Fatten 1.5 2 – 3 - -do- -do- -do- (iv) 2 3 – 4 - -do- -do- -do- Breeding 3 Inter 180- 170-180days Gap Lack of Creating Training Farrowing 200/days awareness awareness period (months) 4 Health Care (No of 87 Vaccination) (i) FMD - 1 Gap Fund Procure & constrain distribute (ii) Swine 1 1 - - - fever (iii) Piglet 2 2 - - - Anaemia 5 General Management Washing 1/week 1/day Gap Lack of Create Create (times / day) awareness awareness awareness Cleaning 2/day 2/day - - - - (times / day) Housing ( Semi- Pucca Gap Non- Subsidisation Subsidisation Pucca / pucca affordable Kutcha) Drinking Lit/day 2 lit/day Gap Non- - - Water (lit / affordable day)
Table 33. Research / Extension / adoption Gap and Proposed Strategies for Improving the Productivity / Income from Poultry Items of Existing Recommended Gap Specific Farmers Strategy to package practice practice Reasons for Proposed Overcome Gap Strategy gap Breed Kuroiler/Desi WHL/RIR Gap Non- Subsidization Subsidization availability due to lack of funds Feed Intensive/free Intensive/semi- Gap For hygienic Create Create management range intensive measures awareness awareness
88 Commulative concentrate (gms/bird) (i) 0-7 Days 10 gms 10 gms (ii) 20-28 10 gms 20-30 gms Gap Unaffordable Subsidization Subsidization Days due to lack of funds (iii) 35-42 20 gms 40-50 gms Gap -do- -do- -do- Days Vitamins 0.1ml 0.2 ml Gap -do- -do- -do- (ml/day) For all ages
Health Care (No of Vaccination) HVT MD RD F1 1 1 - - - - General Management Housing Kutcha Pukka Gap Unaffordable Subsidization Subsidization (Pucca / Kutcha) Drinking Water (lit / day/ 100 Birds) (i) 0-7 Days 3 ltrs 3 ltrs (ii) 20-28 10 ltrs 10 ltrs Days (iii) 35-42 14 ltrs 14 ltrs Days
89
Table 34 Physical and financial Requirement for the Suggested Interventions for Animal Husbandry Sectoral Development Interventions Unit cost Rs. (In lakhs) 2010-11 2011-12 Animal Health i) Distribution of Vety. Aid Kits .01 1000 10 1100 11 14 ii) Cosnt. Of vety. Disp. 10 2 20 1 10 10 Cattle and Buffalo Dev. Milk cow induction cow/heifer expected .7 100 70 120 84 119 give 10 lit. of milk per day Piggery development Distribution of 5 piglets (4female +1 .5 150 75 200 100 175 male) of age group 3-4 month. Poultry Development Backyard Poultry scheme Distribution of .4 100 40 120 48 100 40 grown up low input technology birds Construction of Chick rearing unit with 5 1 5 1 5 10 procurement of poultry appliance in the district Head Office
90 Distribution of 50 Khaki Campbel day old .5 20 10 10 5 8 ducklings a long with feed and other appliance Other Livestock Development i)Incentives to Pony/Breeders/Farmers 1 5 5 3 3 7 ii) Incentive to the farmers under Goatry .5 20 10 10 5 10 Dev. Progr. (4 does and 1 buck) Feed and fodder Dev. i) Construction/ Strengthening of state 150 1 150 1 150 150 feed mixing plant at Lunglei District ii) Incentive for growing fodder @ Rs, 0.1 10 1 15 1.5 2.3 5000/-beneficiary in terms of seed/fertilizer/fending/ ploughing charges Extension, Education & Training i) Organisation of farmers training .1 20 2 20 2 20 programme @ Rs, 1000/-each. Assistant to Animal Husbandry Co- .1 25 2.5 25 2.5 2.8 operation/Local bodies Construction of meat marketing shed at 5 1 5 1 5 5 the District Head Qtr. Block Head quarters. Capacity Building 10 - 10 - 10 12
Table 35 NETWORK OF DISTRICT AND BELOW LEVEL OFFICES (Vety)(As on 2010) Sl. Post by Designation Sanctioned Person in Post Vacant Post No. Post (No.) (No.) (No.) 1. DVO 1 1 - 2. VS/SDVO 2 2 - 3. Manager 1 1 - 4. VAS 5 5 -
91 5. LS 1 1 - 6. PI 1 1 - 7. HA 1 1 - 8. UDC 3 3 - 9. SVFA 2 1 1 10. LDC 1 - 1 11. VFA 29 29 - 12. FA 2 2 - 13. Electrician 1 1 - 14. Lab Assistant 1 1 - 15. IV Grade 25 20 5 16. Others/MR 35 35 -
Horticulture Lunglei horticulture division is the largest division with geographical area of 4,538 sq km. the district has a pleasant climate, moderately cool in summer and not very cold in winter. In winter the temperature varies from 8°C - 32°C. The district receives an adequate amount of rainfall and average annual rainfall is 2634mm. As such, Horticulture Division has vast scope for Horticulture developments of various fruit crops, vegetables, spices, flower etc. various Horticulture programmes has brought the District towards self- sufficiency in fruits, vegetables, spices, flower and it has also generate employment opportunities to the local youth. 6.1. Fruit Development The Agro-Climate condition of Lunglei District is quite favourable for successful cultivation of different varieties of Fruit crops which have high market potentials and being implemented in selected compact areas as far as possible. Therefore, fruit crops like Mango, Orange, Passion Fruit, Assam Lemon, Papaya are given high priority. 6.2. Vegetables Development Lunglei district is not still sufficient in vegetables production. As such to meet the local demand and also to improve the nutritional intake of the local people,
92 Lunglei Division give major thrust for cultivation of Chow-Chow, Cabbage, Broccoli, Carrot, French Bean, French Mustard, Capsicum. 6.3. Spices Development As the Agro-climatic conditions of Lunglei District is quite favourable for cultivation of Spices Department give major thrustb for cultivation of Bird Eye Chillies, Turmeric and Ginger Crops and Marketing of these crops are quite promising. 6.4. Floriculture Development Lunglei Division enjoys one of the favourable climate in Mizoram for growing various types of flowers whole year round. At present Anthurium is successfully cultivated on commercial scale with a view to export outside the state. 6.5. Mushroom Development Department maintain mushroom laboratory at horticulture centre, Lunglei and mushroom spawn is made available to the local growers at a nominal rate. Training on mushroom cultivation is conducted from time to time for local farmers. 6.6. Horticulture Potential Area Connectivity Depending upon fund provision, department also give high priority for construction of horticulture potential area connectivity so as to facilitate conveyance of farm inputs and outputs from Farmer‟s field to the villages/main road. 6.7. Individual Water harvesting As water is the pre-requisite for successful cultivation of Horticulture crops. In order to increase crop-production and also to grow off-season vegetables, flowers and for storage of rain water, Lunglei Horticulture Division give top priority for creation of water sources in individual farmer‟s field.
93
94 Table 36. Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Tomato
Strategy to Sl. Recommended Specific Reasons for Farmers Proposed Items of Package Existing practice Gap in Adopt Overcome No Practice Gap Strategy gap 1 Sowing Direct sowing in Raising in Nursery, Hesitate to Lack of awareness, Assistance of infrastructure Motivation October-November transplant & cultivate adopt new infrastructure facility by the Government. & training Time in Greenhouse. technique
Method 2 Varieties Local & open Certified and Hybrid Lack of Financial constraint Provision from the Govt. Provide pollinated variety variety facility recommend ed seed free of cost 3 Seed Rate (per ha.) 100-200g/Ha 450-500g/Ha Ignorance of Unwillingness to Impart training by Govt To conduct farmer adopt official training. 4 Seed Treatment No seed treatment Treat seed with Lack of Financial constraint Provision from the Govt Provide to given Bavistin facility farmer free of cost 5 Organic Manure 5-10 ton/Ha 15-20 ton/Ha Lack of Financial constraint Provision from the Govt Provide to (tons / ha) facility farmer free of cost 6 Fertilizer Not applied 60:80:120 kg Lack of Financial constraint Provision from the Govt To make NPK/Ha facility provision 7 Micro Nutrient Not applied Multiplex for Lack of Financial constraint Provision from the Govt. Provide to vegetable facility farmer free of cost 8 Pest Management Tobacco decoction IPM Lack of Financial constraint Provision from the Govt. Provide to facility farmer free of cost 9 Disease Management Not usually applied IPM Lack of Financial constraint Provision from the Govt. Provide to facility farmer free of cost 10 Post Harvest Hand picked and Early picking and Ignorance of Unwillingness to Impart training by Govt. To conduct Management directly sold in packing in parcel farmer adopt official training. 95 market 11 Weed Management Hand weeding Hand weeding & Ignorance of Unwillingness to Impart training by Govt. To conduct weedicides farmer adopt official training.
Table 37. Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Potato
Strategy to Sl. Gap in Specific Reasons Farmers Proposed Items of Package Existing practice Recommended Practice Overcome No Adopt for Gap Strategy gap 1 Sowing Direct sowing, Sept, Direct sowing, Sept., Oct. Not available NA NA NA Oct, for Rabi & Jan. – for Rabi & Jan. – Feb. for Time Feb. for Kharif Kharif
Method 2 Varieties Kufrijyoti Kufrijyoti, Kufri Megha Lack of Lack of knowledge Assistance from Provision at knowledge Govt. free of cost 3 Seed Rate (per ha.) 10-12 Qtls / Ha 20 – 25 Qtls 4 Seed Treatment NIL Treat with Mancozeb Lack of Lack of knowledge Assistance from Govt Provision at knowledge free of cost 5 Organic Manure 5-6 qtls / Ha 10 – 20 Qtls Lack of Financial problem Assistance from Govt Provision at (tons / ha) facility free of cost 6 Fertilizer Not applied 20: 25 : 20 NPK Lack of Financial problem Assistance from Govt Provision at facility free of cost 7 Micro Nutrient Not applied Multiplex for vegetable Lack of Financial constraint Provision from the Provide to facility Govt farmer free of cost 8 Pest Management Not applied IPM Lack of Financial constraint Provision from the Provide to facility Govt farmer free of cost 9 Disease Not applied IPM Lack of Financial constraint Provision from the Provide to Management. facility Govt farmer free of cost 10 Post Harvest Harvested & directly Surface dried, kept in Lack of Lack of knowledge Awareness training Awareness Management sold to Market shade for 10-15 days and knowledge training 96 graded Govt. 11 Weed Management Hand weeding Hand weeding & Lack of Lack of knowledge Awareness training Awareness weedicides knowledge training Govt.
B. Spices Table 38. Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Rhizomatous
Specific Farmers Strategy to Sl. Gap in Items of Package Existing practice Recommended Practice Reasons for Proposed Overcome No Adopt Gap Strategy gap 1 Sowing Sown by dibbling in To be sown by dibbling in terrace Lack of Lack of NA Awareness Time March – May during March – May knowledge knowledge campaign Method 2 Varieties Local Variety Local and Improved Lack of Lack of facility NA Provision facility from Govt. 3 Seed Rate (per ha.) 8-10 Qtls / Ha 12-15 Qtls Financial Financial NA Assistance constraint constraint from Govt. 4 Seed Treatment No treatment giving Treatment with Ceresan or Agallol Lack of Lack of Provision from Assistance knowledge knowledge the Govt. from Govt. 5 Organic Manure Not applied 25-30 ton / Ha Financial Financial NA Assistance (tons / ha) constraint constraint from Govt. 6 Fertilizer Not applied 75:50:50 Kg/Ha Financial Financial NA Assistance constraint constraint from Govt. 7 Micro Nutrient Not applied Multiplex for vegetable Lack of Financial Provision from Provide to facility constraint the Govt farmer free of cost 8 Pest Management No treatment usually IPM Lack of Lack of Provision from Assistance given. knowledge knowledge the Govt. from Govt. 9 Disease No treatment usually IPM Lack of Lack of Provision from Assistance Management. given. knowledge knowledge the Govt. from Govt.
97 10 Post Harvest Clean and packed in To be wash and sun dried for one day Lack of Lack of Awareness Awareness Management Gunny bag for green ginger. Removal of outer knowledge knowledge campaign campaign skin with split bamboo for dry ginger 11 Weed Management Hand weeding Hand weeding & mulching with Lack of Lack of Awareness Awareness green leaves knowledge knowledge campaign campaign
Table 39. Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Chilli Farmers Sl. Gap in Specific Reasons Strategy to Items of Package Existing practice Recommended Practice Proposed No Adopt for Gap Overcome gap Strategy 1 Sowing Sown by Broadcasting and Lack of Lack of Not available Awareness broadcasting during transplanting during knowledge knowledge campaign Time March - April March – April & cultivation in Greenhouse Method 2 Varieties Local Local & improved variety Financial Financial problem Govt. Govt. problem Assistance Assistance 3 Seed Rate (per ha.) 5 Kg / Ha 5 Kg/Ha for broadcasting Lack of Lack of Not available Awareness & 2 Kg /Ha for knowledge knowledge campaign transplanted 4 Seed Treatment Not treated Seed treatment with Lack of Lack of Not available Awareness chemical knowledge knowledge campaign 5 Organic Manure Usually not applied 25 – 30 ton / Ha before Financial Financial problem Govt. Govt. (tons / ha) transplanting problem Assistance Assistance 6 Fertilizer Usually not applied 100:50:50 NPK / Ha Financial Financial problem Govt. Govt. problem Assistance Assistance 7 Micro Nutrient Usually not applied Multiplex Financial Financial problem Govt. Govt. problem Assistance Assistance 8 Pest Management Usually not applied IPM Financial Financial problem Govt. Govt.
98 problem Assistance Assistance 9 Disease Usually not applied IPM Financial Financial problem Govt. Govt. Management. problem Assistance Assistance 10 Post Harvest Sun drying Dipping fresh chilli in Financial Financial problem Govt. Govt. Management Dipsol for 5 minutes and problem Assistance Assistance dry on racks with multitier wire net trays. 11 Weed Management Hand weeding Hand weeding & Financial Financial problem Govt. Govt. weedicide problem Assistance Assistance
Table 40. Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Pineapple
Specific Farmers Sl. Recommended Strategy to Items of Package Existing practice Gap in Adopt Reasons Proposed No Practice Overcome gap for Gap Strategy 1 Sowing Planted in March – Adoption of high Lack of Lack of Not available Awareness April density planting knowledge knowledge campaign Time
Method 2 Varieties Queen Giant Kew & Queen Lack of Lack of Not available Awareness knowledge knowledge campaign 3 Seed Rate (per ha.) 10000 / Ha 15000 / Ha Lack of Lack of Not available Awareness knowledge knowledge campaign 4 Seed Treatment Not treatment NA NA NA NA NA giving 5 Organic Manure Not usually applied 20 / Ha Lack of Lack of Not available Awareness (tons / ha) knowledge knowledge campaign 6 Fertilizer Not usually applied 12 grm / plan of N & K Lack of Lack of Not available Awareness & 4 grm / plan of P in knowledge knowledge campaign 99 two split doses 7 Micro Nutrient Not usually applied Multiplex Lack of Lack of Not available Awareness knowledge knowledge campaign 8 Pest Management Not usually applied IPM Lack of Lack of Not available Awareness knowledge knowledge campaign 9 Disease Not usually applied IPM Lack of Lack of Not available Awareness Management. knowledge knowledge campaign 10 Post Harvest Harvested and Application of plant Lack of Lack of Not available Awareness Management directly sold in growth regulator to knowledge knowledge campaign market alter fruit size and maturity 11 Weed Management Hand weeding Hand weeding & Lack of Lack of Not available Awareness Diuron as pre emergent knowledge knowledge campaign spray
Table 41. Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Banana
Farmers Strategy to Sl. Gap in Specific Reasons Items of Package Existing practice Recommended Practice Proposed Overcome No Adopt for Gap Strategy gap 1 Sowing Planting of Sucker Planting of Sword sucker of 2-3 Ignorance Ignorance of Awareness Awareness in March – April Kg in March & April of farmers farmers campaign campaign Time
Method 2 Varieties Tall and Dwarf Tall Cavendish, Grand naine Financial Financial problem Assistance from Assistance Cavendish problem Govt. from Govt. 3 Seed Rate (per 800 Sucker / Ha 1000 Sucker / Ha Financial Financial problem Assistance from Assistance ha.) problem Govt. from Govt.
4 Seed Treatment No seed treatment Not available Not Not available Not available Not given available available 5 Organic Manure Not usually applied 120 Kg / Ha Financial Financial problem Assistance from Assistance
100 (tons / ha) problem Govt. from Govt. 6 Fertilizer Not usually applied 100:50:100 Kg / Ha Financial Financial problem Assistance from Assistance problem Govt. from Govt. 7 Micro Nutrient Not usually applied Multiplex for fruit Financial Financial problem Assistance from Assistance problem Govt. from Govt. 8 Pest Management Hand picking IPM Financial Financial problem Assistance from Assistance problem Govt. from Govt. 9 Disease Usually not applied IPM Financial Financial problem Assistance from Assistance Management. problem Govt. from Govt.
10 Post Harvest Harvested and Application of ethylene in ripening Financial Financial problem Assistance from Assistance Management ripened in box room for attractive colour problem Govt. from Govt.
11 Weed Hand weeding Hand weeding and application of Financial Financial problem Assistance from Assistance Management Glycel problem Govt. from Govt.
Table 42. Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Passion Fruit
Farmers Strategy to Sl. Gap in Specific Reasons Items of Package Existing practice Recommended Practice Proposed Overcome No Adopt for Gap Strategy gap 1 Sowing Planting of seedling Planting of seedling and grafted in Lack of Lack of knowledge Awareness Awareness in June & July June & July knowledge campaign campaign Time
Method 2 Varieties Purple & Yellow Purple, Yellow & Kaveri (Purple x Farmers Lack of knowledge Awareness Awareness Variety Yellow) ignorance campaign campaign 3 Seed Rate (per ha.) 400 / Ha 600 / Ha Lack of Lack of knowledge Awareness Awareness knowledge campaign campaign 4 Seed Treatment Not usually applied Bavistin for seed treatment Farmers Lack of knowledge Awareness Awareness ignorance campaign campaign 5 Organic Manure Not usually applied 10 qtls / Ha Financial Financial problem Govt. Govt.
101 (tons / ha) problem Assistance Assistance 6 Fertilizer Not usually applied 100:50:100 NPK / Vine / Year Financial Financial problem Govt. Govt. problem Assistance Assistance 7 Micro Nutrient Not usually applied Multiplex Financial Financial problem Govt. Govt. problem Assistance Assistance 8 Pest Management Hand packing IPM Financial Financial problem Govt. Govt. problem Assistance Assistance 9 Disease Roguing IPM Financial Financial problem Govt. Govt. Management. problem Assistance Assistance
10 Post Harvest Hand packing & Processed in to nectar, squash and Farmers Lack of knowledge Awareness Awareness Management processed in to concentrated Juice ignorance campaign campaign squash 11 Weed Management Hand weeding Hand weeding NA NA NA NA
102
Table. 43. NETWORK OF DISTRICT AND BELOW LEVEL OFFICES (HORTI) (As on October, 2010) Sl. Post by Designation Sanction Person Vacant Remarks No. ed Post in Post Post (No.) (No.) (No.) 1 DHO 1 1 - 2. ADHO/ SDHO 2 2 - 3. HEO 3 3 6 1) 1) 5 (five) for Horti. Circles 2) 1 for Hqrs 4 AHEO 6 6 2 for Horti. circle 5 H.D 21 21 - 6 ASSISTANT GRADE 1 1 - 7 JE / DM-I 1 1 1 For SDHO‟s Office, Hnahthial 8 UDC 2 2 1 For SDHO‟s Office, Hnahthial 9 LDC 3 3 - 10 TO 2 2 - 11 IV GRADE 6 6 2 For 2 Horti Circle Offices GRAND TOTAL 48 48 12
103 Table .44 Proposed Strategy for Horticultural Development Proposed Activities Unit Cost Strategy in Rs. In 2010-11 2011-12 Lakh Phy Fin Phy Fin Fruit M. Orange 0.225 /Ha 60 13.50 65 14.625 Development Banana 0.151 / Ha 40 6.00 45 6.75 Papaya 0.151 / Ha 40 6.00 45 6.75 Pineapple 0.15 / Ha 45 6.75 45 6.75 Citrus Rejuvenation 0.15 / Ha 80 12.00 85 12.75 Overhead charge 3.19 3.47 Grape 0.15 / Ha 40 6.00 45 6.75 Avocado 0.15 / Ha 40 6.00 45 6.75 Mango 0.15 / Ha 50 7.50 55 8.25 TOTAL 395 66.94 430 72.84 Vegetable Chayote (Squash) 0.13 / Ha 40 5.20 40 5.20 Development Cabbage 0.13 / Ha 50 6.50 55 7.15 Tomato 0.13 / Ha 45 5.85 45 5.85 Broccoli 0.13 / Ha 40 5.20 50 6.50 Bhindi 0.13 / Ha 50 6.50 55 7.15 Bitter gourd 0.13 / Ha 50 6.50 55 7.15 Brinjal 0.13 / Ha 60 7.80 65 8.45 Carrot 0.13 / Ha 50 6.50 55 7.15 TOTAL 385 50.05 420 54.60 Plantation Crop Coconut 0.20/Ha 50 10.00 60 12.00 Development Areca nut 0.15/Ha 60 9.00 70 10.50 TOTAL 110 19.00 130 22.50 Spices a) Bird‟s Eye Chillies 0.13/Ha 60 7.80 65 8.45 Development b) Turmeric 0.13/Ha 70 9.10 75 9.75 c) Ginger 0.13/Ha 80 10.40 90 11.70 TOTAL 210 27.30 230 29.90 Promotion of Model Nursery in Public 20.00/no 4 80.00 4 18.00 Nursery Sector Model Nursery in Private 150.0 10.00 /no 15 10 100.00 Sector 0 Small Nursery in Private 5.00 / no 20 100.0 20 100.0 Sector (No) Establishment of Banana (ha) Sucker
New Garden 1st Year Maintained of
Banana Floriculture Rose – (Small & Marginal 2.00 / unit 30 60.00 35 70.10 farmer (Ha) )
104 Incentives to Floriculture 0.50 / unit 30 15.00 35 17.50 Garden (No) Seed Vegetable seed 10.00/unit 2 20.00 2 20.00 Infrastructure Production Integrated A. Fruits Nutrient Management / IPM on Banana Integrated Pest cultivation 0.0.25 200 5.00 300 7.50 Management INM on Pineapple 0.05 250 12.50 250 12.50 INM on 0.10 150 15.00 150 15.00 Yongchak INM on Passion Fruits 0.10 300 30.00 350 35.00 IPM on Lime / Lemon 0.025 250 6.25 300 75.00 B. Vegetables Kharif IPM on French Bean 0.025 200 5.00 250 6.25 INM on Bhindi 0.05 200 10.00 250 12.50 INM on Brinjal 0.05 150 7.50 200 10.00 IPM on Cucurbit 0.025 300 7.50 350 8.75 INM on Ginger / 0.10 450 45.60 500 50.00 Turmeric INM on Chillies 0.05 500 25.00 600 30.00
C. Vegetables Rabi IPM on Pea 0.05 200 10.00 250 12.50 IPM on Cabbage 0.05 300 15.00 350 17.50 INM on Cauliflower 0.05 100 5.00 120 6.00 INM on Potato 0.10 150 15.00 150 15.00 INM on Radish 0.05 150 7.50 200 10.00 INM on Knolkhol 0.05 200 10.00 250 12.50 INM on Tomato 0.05 150 7.50 150 7.50 Protected Green House (SF & MF) 0.25/no 40 10.00 50 12.50 Cultivation Green House (Other 100.0 10.00/no 10 15 150.00 farmer)(Hi Tech) 0 Shade net Sq m 700 800 0.00020 14.00 16.00 00 00 Mulching (Ha) 0.08/Ha 70 5.60 80 6.40 Promotion and Construction of compost 0.10/no 250 25.00 300 30.00 Popularization of pit Organic farming Establishment of Vermi- 2.50/unit 30 75.00 35 87.50 Composts units-Big (No)
Establishment of Vermi- Compost units-Big (no)
105 Demonstration of Organic Farming 0.25/no 20 5.00 25 6.25
Popularization on Demonstration on use of 0.20/unit 30 6.00 35 7.00 of organic Rich Reuter “AA” Fertilizers Rich Field Fertilizer 0.20/unit 30 6.00 35 7.00 (13:40:13) Rich Field Fertilizer 0.20/unit 30 6.00 35 7.00 (19:19:19) Rich Field Fertilizer 0.20/unit 30 6.00 35 7.00 (13:0:0) Watershed Watershed Development 250.0 50.00/no 5 6 300.00 0 Human Resource
Development Training of VEWs and other extension functionaries on crop 0.25/no 6 1.50 8 2.00 production technology at District Level. Exposure visit outside the State on IPM / INM, 1.50/no 5 7.50 5 7.50 Plantation, Plant Health Management Exposure visit inside the 1.00/no 6 6.00 6 6.00 state Training of Entrepreneurs 0.25/no 7 1.75 8 2.00 Exposure Visits of 1.00/no 5 5.00 5 5.00 Farmers inside the State Creation of Water Construction of 2.00/no 70 140.0 80 160.0 Resources community Tanks Farm Subsidized sale of power 1.00/no 15 15.00 20 20.00 Mechanization tillers Subsidized sale of pump 0.25/no 20 5.00 30 7.50 sets @ 50% Subsidized sale of 0.075/no 200 15.00 250 18.75 sprayers @ 50 % Post harvest Assistance for setting up Infrastructure cold storages at Block 20.00/unit 4 80.00 Development Level Construction of storage of godown at Block 5.00/no 5 25.00 5 25.00 Headquarters Establishment of Functional Infrastructure Marketing for Collection & grading 5.00/no 5 25.00 5 25.00 Infrastructure (no)
106 Technology Training of farmer groups transfer on crop production 0.25/no 5 1.25 5 1.25 technology Training of farmers on the 0.25/no 5 1.25 5 1.25 use of Organic Fertilizers Training of farmers on 0.25/no 6 1.50 6 1.50 INM Training of Farmers on 0.25/no 5 1.25 5 1.25 IPM Training of Farmers on Post Harvest Technology 0.25/no 5 1.25 5 1.25 on important horticultural crops Exposure visit of farmers 0.50/no 3 1.50 3 1.50 within the state Exposure visit of farmers 1.50/no 3 4.50 3 4.50 outside the state Conducting field trials in new crop varieties / new 0.25/no 5 1.25 5 1.25 practices Innovative Low Cost Potato Storage 10.00/no 5 50.00 5 50.00 Programme Structure District Level Show 2.00/no 2 4.00 2 4.00
Project Area Horticulture Link Road 3.00/Km 15 45.00 15 45.00 Connectivity Capacity Building (a) Training of Trainers 1.00/no 4 4.00 4 4.00 at(Research institution) (b) Awareness Campaign/Seminar/Works 5.00 5.00 hop etc. Infrastructure Technical Support 4.50 4.50 Mushroom Spawn Production 20.00 20.00/unit 1 Development Unit Model Research & Development Horticulture in Horticulture Crops 50.00/no 1 50.00 1 50.00 Centre Lunglei
Table 45. FISHERY SECTOR STATUS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISTRICT AND PROPOSED STRATEGIES COMMON FOR ALL DISTRICTS IN MIZORAM Items Subsidy pattern for fresh water fisheries sector
107 Rate in Percent (%) Maximum Ceiling (in Rs.) General SCs/STs General SCs/STs
Excavation of new tanks 20% 25% Rs.60,000/ha Rs.1,00,000/ha in beneficiaries own land Unit cost Unit cost Rs.4.00 (plain/hill area) Rs.3.00 lakhs/ha lakhs/ha
Renovation of old tank 20% 25% Rs.15,000/ha Rs.18,750/ha
1st year input a) Fin fish culture 20% 25% Rs.10,000/ha Rs.12,500/ha b) Freshwater prawn 20% 25% Rs.36,000/ha Rs.45,000/ha culture Integrated fish farming 20% 25% Rs.16,000/ha Rs.20,000/ha
Note:- The above norms are common for all Districts and the rates are as per guidelines under CSS and NFDB programmes.
Table 46. COMMON FOR ALL DISTRICTS IN MIZORAM Specific Farmers’ Strategy to Sl. Recommended Item of package reasons for Gap proposed overcome No Practice Gap strategy Gap 1. Culture Components Semi intensive a) Indian Major carp composite culture with exotic carp - - - - b) Exotic carp Semi intensive composite culture with Indian Major c) Prawn carp Polyculture with carp take off stage along with trial 2. Pond preparation
108 a) Organic manure 10,000kg/ha/yr Inadequate 80% Supply at As proposed (kg/ha) (RCD) availability of gap subsidised by farmers the inputs and rate at least through b) Inorganic manure Urea-300kg/ha/yr purchasing for one crop District (kg/ha) SSP-240kg/ha/yr power of the (initial crop) level farmer Department c) Lime (kg/ha) 500kg/ha/yr al Sales emporium d) Water depth 2.5 metres 3. Weed control a) Manual Manual - - - - b) Mechanical - - - - - c) Chemical - - - - -
4. Stocking size/No a) Prawn 15000-20000/ha Inadequate 5000 to - Establishme availability in 8000/ha nt of prawn PL 12-18 the region hatchery in b) Fry the state c) Fingerlings 30% 12000-15000/ha Inadequate Supply of infrastructure fish seeds at Creation of 8000-10000/ha for seed subsidised more production rate infrastructur and economic e for seed inability of production. farmers
5. Feeding schedule a) Rice bran 1:1 ratio 4500kg Inadequate 80% Supply of feed As under b) Oil cake annually purchasing at subsidised column 2 c) Pelleted feed capacity on the rate part of the farmers 2500kg annually
6. Sample netting Recommended Inadequate Only 20% monthly gears available of the a) Monthly with the farmers As under As under b) Quarterly farmers adopted column 5. column 2. c) Half yearly quarterly sample netting
7. Harvesting Through netting As stated under 90% As under As under method col.6,90% of column 5. column 2. the farmers undertake
109 harvesting by draining water
8. Culture method Semi intensive The gap are 1-7 As preceding As preceding composite already columns columns farming, discussed under integrated various item of farming, package from polyculture of 1-7. carp and prawn
5 SERICULTURE
Importance of sericulture in development
The art of silk production is called sericulture that comprises cultivation of mulberry, silkworm rearing and post cocoon activities leading to production of silk yarn. Sericulture provides gainful employment, economic development and improvement in the quality of life to the people in rural area and therefore it plays an important role in anti poverty programme and prevents migration of rural people to urban area in search of employment. Hence several developing nations like China, India, Brazil, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Egypt, Iran, Sri Lanka, Philippines, Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar, Turkey, Papua New Guinea, Mexico, Uzbekistan and some of the African and Latin American countries have taken up sericulture to provide employment to the people in rural area.
Multipurpose use of sericulture
Apart from silk, there are several other bye-products from sericulture. The mulberry fruits are rich in minerals and vitamins and from the roots, barks and mulberry leaves several ayurvedic and herbal medicines are prepared. Some of the woody mulberry trees provide timber which are resistant to termites and the timber is used for making sports items, toys etc. The mulberry branches after silkworm feeding are generally dried and used as fuel particularly in the villages. The foliage of
110 mulberry is used as a fodder for cattle. The mulberry trees are also planted in the embarkment area for protection of the soil to prevent soil erosion, and mulberry trees are planted as avenue trees. The silkworm pupae are rich in oil content and pupal oil is used in cosmetic industry and the remaining pupal cake is a rich source of protein suitable for poultry and fisheries. In some tribal population, the people eat eri pupa as a source of protein and nourishment. The silkworm litter is used for bio-gas production and used as a fuel for cooking in the rural area. Thus sericulture not only provides silk for fashionable clothings, it also provides several very useful bye products to the human society. Therefore, sericulture development provides opportunities to improve the living standards of people in the rural area in developing countries.
Future demand for silk
The present global silk production is fluctuating around 70, 000 to 90, 000 M.T. and the demand for silk is annually increasing by 5%. With the increase in population and also with the increased demand for fashionable clothing items due to fast changing fashion designs in developed countries, the demand for silk is bound to increase even more. For increasing the silk production we require highly productive mulberry varieties and silkworm races and also silkworm races tolerant to adverse climatic conditions and diseases which can come mainly from the sericultural germplasm resources and also from the wild relatives of Bombyx available in the natural habitats.
Present status of silkworm germplasm at global level
Though accurate data are not available on the silkworm germplasm in different countries of the world, an approximate information indicate that there are 4310 silkworm germplasm accessions available in different countries. There is every likelihood that some of these silkworm accessions are duplicated; for instance the silkworm germplasm from China, Japan, France, Russia and India might be represented in the germplasm collection of other countries since these are the principal source of sericultural germplasm and also several countries might have exchanged some silkworm germplasm for silkworm breeding and hence a proper documentation on the availability of silkworm germplasm in different countries is very much required.
A very recent compilation of silkworm genetic stocks indicate that there are around 3000 genotypes of Bombyx mori at the global level, which includes mutants, parthenoclones, polyploids and geographical races (Nagaraju et. al 2001). In fact much of the genetic diversity of Bombyx mori is derived from the inbred lines of land races and elite stocks evolved by the silkworm breeders and also from hybridisation of different geographical races; mainly the Japanese, Chinese, European and tropical races, which are distinct for several economic characters. The geographical races also possess several heritable characters for a variety of morphological, biochemical and quantitative characters. Among the four geographical races, the bivoltine and univoltine races of temperate origin and multivoltine races of
111 tropical origin differ widely and exhibit contrasting characters. The bivoltine and univoltine races produce high quantity of good quality silk, whereas the multivoltine races are hardy, tolerant to pathogen load and thereby resistant to diseases compared to the bivoltines but produce low amount of poor quality silk. Thus, these geographical races are very valuable genetic stocks for further improvement of silkworm races and evolution of superior breeds of B. mori.
Apart from a rich biodiversity of geographical races, there are also a large number of mutants. The silkworm genetic stocks include more than 500 mutants for a variety of characters viz., serosal colours; larval and adult integument colours; skin markings and body shapes; cocoon colours and shapes; physiological traits such as diapause, number of larval moults and timing of larval maturity; food habits and biochemical features such as digestive amylase, blood and egg esterases, larval integument esterase, alkaline and acid phosphatases; haemolymph proteins; silk production and fibroin secretion; homeoproteins and body plan determination etc. and the various mutants, gene locus and phenotype were documented recently .
Apart from the geographical races and mutants there is a large genetic stock of B.mori evolved by the breeders mostly utilising the geographical races and mutants of larval, pupal and cocoon colour variants of sex limited races, particularly in Peoples Republic of China, Japan, India and erstwhile United Soviet Socialist Russia (USSR) and some of these breeds are commercially exploited in these countries for silkworm rearing to produce raw silk and the remaining breeds are maintained in the silkworm germplasm of these countries as breeders genetic stocks and they are utilised as the genetic material in the silkworm breeding programmes for evolution of more superior and elite races.
Thus, the geographical races, mutants and the elite breeders stock constitute the major portion of the present day silkworm germplasm at the global level apart from the parthenoclones, triploid, polyploids and wild relatives of Bombyx and Bombycidae
Importance of conservation of silkworm genetic resources
During the recent years, biodiversity conservation programmes have drawn the attention of many countries including developing nations, because of the genetic erosion due to indiscriminate use of bio resources and damage to the environment, destruction of forest, human interference in eco-system, upsetting the equilibrium of the biosphere.
Improvement in silkworm race heavily depended on the geographical races of B. mori and the wild relatives of Bombyx were not explored, unlike in agriculture. Whereas in agricultural, horticultural and sericultural crop improvement programme the wild species of several crop plants have contributed very valuable genes for resistance to diseases and pests and tolerance to adverse agroclimatic conditions and similar exploitation of genes from wild relatives of B.mori have not been reported.
112 Biodiversity is the result of evolution that is a continuous phenomenon induced by natural selection pressure and the population of organisms evolve through adaptation to the biotic and abiotic stress. Ever since B.mori was domesticated, the species does not survive in the wild state in natural condition and also does not survive without human care and hence natural selection induced genetic diversity in B.mori is rather very limited to voltinism. Hence, it is very essential to conserve and utilise the wild relatives of Bombyx mori to broaden its genetic diversity, apart from the geographical races, mutants, sex-limited races, evolved breeds and breeders genetic stocks. The wild relatives of Bombyx are very vulnerable and the vulnerability at different spatial and temporal scales are not known. The design of biodiversity network in sericulture involving the complementarity of wild relatives and domesticated B. mori is also not well established. Therefore, conservation of wild as well as domesticated seribiodiversity resources is very essential for sustainable development of sericulture (Fig-3) since loss of genetic resources of domesticated and wild relatives of Bombyx species along with their unique genes may disadvantage future generation.
SERICULTURE IN MIZORAM Mizoram occupies an important position on account of its unique flora and fauna. The climate here is congenial for the healthy growth and development of sericulture industry, which covers mulberry, oak tassar, eri and muga culture, the last three being commonly known as non-mulberry culture. Eri culture is one of the most predominant sericulture in the region. The muga culture is unique and confined particularly to the Brahmaputra Valley and is not found in any other part of the world. Silk culture or sericulture is the rearing of insect that produces silk yarn. It is an extremely delicate work that requires patience throughout the entire cycle of rearing silk moths from egg to cocoons. Silk, is acclaimed as the queen of all the textiles, having all the desired qualities of textile, viz., fibre-strength, elasticity, softness, coolness and affinity to dyes. Muga silk is golden yellow in colour, which makes its very attractive. The world demand for natural silk textiles is soaring. Traditional silk producing countries like Japan, Korea, Brazil and Russia have drastically cut production due to socio-economic reasons. India, taking advantage of the situation, has launched a massive developmental Scheme on sericulture. The export of silk has been registering a steady growth of 30% annually. The world silk demand according to a survey conducted by the International Silk Association (ISA) is steadily increasing due to the enhanced awareness about natural fibres and preference for silk fibres. Silk fibres are mostly woven on handlooms, which are quite popular in the domestic as well as export markets. Availability & Varieties of Sericulture: Sericulture is not an organized commercial activity as is the case of mulberry. It is prevalent mainly amongst the tribals in hill districts. The lower Brahmaputra Valley is the traditional home of eri spinners and weavers, producing bulk of eri yarn and fabric. The eri cocoons are utilized locally. In MizoramMuga culture is a new introduction.
113
Table 47. Various interventions suggested for Sericulture Development in the District are Presented (in lakhs) Sl. Unit Cost 2010-11 2011-12 Name of Activity No (in lakhs) Phy Fin Phy Fin 5 Rearing appliances 0.15 100 15.00 100 15.00 6 Assistance for Irrigation and other 0.07 100 7.00 100 7.00 water conservation 7 Crop Protection and 0.07 100 7.00 100 7.00 disinfecting materials 8 Capacity building 0.95 2 1.9 2 1.9 9 Administrative cost 2.00 2.00 Sub 13.79 91.9 95.9 Total Mulberry Plantation 1 0.15 100 15.00 150 22.5 with start up tools Cost of Rearing 2 0.4 100 40.00 150 60.00 House Assistant for strengthening of 3 10 1 10.00 Mulberry Farm cum Grainage Establishment of 4 5 1 5.00 Cocoon godown 5 Rearing appliances 0.15 100 15.00 150 22.5 Assistance for 6 Irrigation and other 0.07 100 7.00 150 10.5 water conservation Crop Protection and 7 0.07 100 7.00 150 10.5 disinfecting materials Construction of 8 Chawki Rearing 3.5 1 3.5 1 3.5 Centre 9 Capacity Building 0.95 2 1.9 2 2.85 10 Administrative cost 20.29 3.00 3.00 Sub Total 92.4 150.35 95 1633.6 45
Table 48. ABSTRACT OF WORK PLAN UNF\DER RKVY SCHEME
114 SOIL TREATMENT (Soil Department) Type Area in Area Area in Strategy of Soil Ha. Affected Ha. 2010-11 2011-12 Treatment required Acidity 10,000 10,000 10,000 Liming 22.50 22.50 Soil Loamy 9,000 9,000 7,000 Afforestat 50.00 50.00 Soil ion Total 19,000 19,000 17,000 - 72.50 72.50
Table 49. Soil & moisture Conservation Activities Sl. Type of Activities Area in Unit No. of Financial No. Ha. Cost Units Requirement Amount (in lakhs)
1. Terracing Farming 840 0.24 - 201.60 2. Contour Bunding 500 0.24 - 120.00 3. Channellizing - - - - 4. Social Forestry 8,000 0.065 - 520.00 5. Check Wall - 0.20 1,500 300.00 Construction 6. Rubber Nursery - 3.00 50 Nos. 150.00 7. Coffee Nursery - 1.50 50 Nos. 75.00 8. Rubber Plantation 500 1.00 - 500.00 9. Coffee Plantation 300 1.00 - 300.00 10. Ground Water 650 0.60 - 390.00 Charging TOTAL : 2,556.60
Table 50. Water Conservation Sl. Type of Activity Nos. of Unit Cost Financial Requirement No. Units Amount (in lakhs)
115 1. Farm Ponds 3,000 1.00 3,000.00 2. Check Dam 150 1.00 150.00 3. Feeder Channel - - - 4. Canal 25,000 R/M 0.0015 R/M 37.50 5. Water Storage 2,000 1.00 3,000.00 TOTAL 6,187.50
SOIL
Surface runoff and resulting soil erosion are the principal means by which fertilizers, sediment, and pesticide residues reach surface waters. Infiltration of ponded runoff through permeable soils can move nitrogen and pesticide residues into ground water. Controlling water flow through and out of your vineyard will greatly reduce transport of contaminants off site, and will preserve your vineyard‟s productivity. Three proven methods of reducing runoff and erosion are to divert excess water around your vineyard, slow runoff out of your vineyard, and provide ground covers that break the force of raindrops before they reach the soil. Soil erosion involves movement of soil particles from one area to another. In arid areas, disturbed soil is often moved by wind. In our region, however, water movement is the prime force behind soil erosion. Soil engineers recognize two types of soil erosion. Gully erosion involves the mass movement of soil from an area of concentrated flow, often following heavy rainfall. Gullies expand rapidly and are highly visible. Sheet and rill erosion, as the name implies, involves more subtle loss of soil across an entire area. It is more constant, but harder to spot, since it involves movement of an imperceptibly small layer of soil. Runoff and soil erosion impacts surface water quality directly through deposition of sediments in waterways, streams, lakes and estuaries. It is also the principal means by which fertilizers and pesticides (particularly herbicides)applied to a vineyard move offsite, as they are often attached to soil particles. Soil erosion also limits the productivity of vineyards. In almost any older vineyard in New York, one can find eroded knolls where subsoil layers are exposed, and swales or depressions with deep deposits of sediment. Much of this erosion can be traced to clean tillage and frequent disking practiced in Finger Lakes and Lake Erie hillside vineyards from the mid-1800s through the early 80s, and more recently on Long Island. This soil movement complicates vineyard management and leads to more variability in vine size and performance. On Long Island, runoff accumulates in low areas of vineyards, where it can slowly infiltrate into groundwater.
116 For these reasons, soil conservation practices that control water movement both into and out of vineyards, and limit the force of rainfall hitting the soil are the best means for maintaining sustainable production and avoiding offsite movement of pesticides and fertilizers. Understanding Erosion. Topography, soil characteristics, rainfall, and ground cover determine the annual rate of soil erosion. Soil conservation professionals use a tool called the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) to estimate annual rates of soil erosion on a particular site. This equation predicts an annual rate of soil loss (A) based on several factors that influence erosion. These factors are: Rainfall. The amount and intensity of rainfall in a given climate influences the amount of runoff and leaching. Soil type. Soils differ in their „erosivity‟ or „erodability‟ based on composition, soil particle sizes, and reaction to freeze/thaw cycles. Slope Length. The longer a slope is, the more area it drains and the more water it carries. Slope steepness. Water runs faster and with more force down steeper slopes than down shallow slopes. Crop Factor. The type and sequence of crops grown affects erosion. For example, continuous corn would be more prone to soil loss than corn planted in rotation with alfalfa and small grains. Perennial crops like grapes with less frequent tillage and soil disturbance would have a lower crop factor than annually seeded crops. Management Factor. This factor is used to account for different management practices. For example, „notill‟ corn, where crop residues are left on the surface would reduce erosion compared with corn grown with clean tillage. Similarly, a vineyard with row middles disked four times annually would be more prone to erosion than one with permanent cover or straw mulch in row middles. Soil conservation professionals use this as a planning tool to determine how different management practices or structures would affect the annual soil loss. For example, installing diversions or terraces would reduce erosion by reducing the effective slope length. The general goal is to reduce the annual estimated soil erosion (A) to less than the annual replacement or soil formation rate, generally between 3 to 5 tons per acre per year. If that sounds like a lot, consider that an acrefoot of soil weighs about 2 million pounds, and that 5 T/acre/year would amount to a layer about 0.03 inches thick. Soil Conservation Practices Soil conservation practices prevent erosion and maintain clean water in three ways. First, diversion of water around vineyards keeps water clean, because it doesn‟t wash over disturbed soil in the first place. Filtering of water through soil (drainage systems) and ground cov- ers removes soil particles and other material suspended in water that passes through vineyards. Finally, ground covers provide a protective barrier that breaks the force of raindrops
117 that could otherwise dislodge soil particles. Key soil conservation practices used in vineyards are: Diversion Ditches. Diversion ditches are soil structures constructed at intervals across the slope. They collect water from slopes and divert it into natural drainage ways. They are seeded and gently graded, and slow the water down to reduce its erosive force. They can reduce the amount of water running through a vineyard by up to 80%. Water and Sediment Control Basins. Raising a berm across a gully with a subsurface outlet pipe that discharges at the base of the slope will collect runoff, and stop erosion by slowing down water and collecting the sediment.
Buffer Strips. All vineyards require headlands and grassed areas around their perimeters to allow machinery to turn around. These grassed areas also protect natural drainage ways by filtering surface water that leaves vineyards before it gets to streams, drainage ways and depressions. Generally, about 40 feet of headland around vineyards is adequate for a buffer strip. Drainage Tile. Subsurface drainage tile, commonly used in area vineyards, also helps protect water quality in two ways. Drainage tile reduces surface runoff that would otherwise occur when soils become saturated with water. It also allows water to be filtered through the soil, which removes many contaminants that would be present in surface runoff. Vineyard Layout. Planting vineyards so that the rows run across the slope rather than up and down the slope can reduce erosion by up to 50 percent. This practice is common, because most slopes surrounding the Finger Lakes face east or west. Planting across the slope allows vineyard rows to be oriented north and south, which allows for maximum sunlight interception as well as soil conservation.
Table 51. Physical and Financial Requirements and Proposed Strategies for Soil Treatment. ( Rupees in lakh) Type of Unit Cost 2010-2011 2011-2012 Soil Phy. Ha. Fin. Phy. Ha. Fin. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Acidity 1500 per Ha. 1500 22.50 1500 22.50 Soil Loamy Soil 5000 per Ha. 1000 50.00 1000 50.00 TOTAL: 2500 72.50 2500 72.50
118
Table 52. PROPOSAL FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF SOIL & MOISTURE CONSERVATION ( Rupees in lakh)
Sl. Type of Activities Unit 2010-2011 2011-2012 TOTAL No. Cost per Ha./Nos. 8 Rubber Plantation 1.00 72 72.00 72 72.00 68.00 500 500.00
9 Coffee Plantation 1.00 44 44.00 44 44.00 36.00 300 300.00
10 Ground Water 0.60 93 56.00 93 56.00 54.00 650 390.00 Charging
Total 2556.60
Table 53 PROPOSAL FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF WATER CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES ( Rupees in lakh)
Sl. Type of Unit Cost 2010-2011 2011-2012 No. Activities per Ha./Nos. Phy. (Ha.) Fin. Phy. (Ha.) Fin. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. Farm Ponds 1.00 430 430.00 430 430.00 2. Check Dam 1.00 22 22.00 22 22.00 3. Feeder Channel - - - - - 4. Canal 0.0015 R/M - - 417 R/M 6.25 5. Water Storage. 1.00 430 430.00 430 430.00 TOTAL:
Table 54. PROPOSAL FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF SOIL & WATER CONSERVATION (Rupees in lakhs)
119 Sl. Capacity 2010-2011 2011-2012 No Building Phy. Fin. Phy. Fin. 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 Training of the LS 35 LS 35 Farmer 2 Office expense LS 20 LS 25 3 Machinery and LS 20 LS 20 equiptment 4 Contingency LS 10 LS 10 LS 10 5 TA andDA LS 15 LS 10 LS 10 GRAND 100 100 80 TOTAL
Table 55. Network of district and below level offices 2010 Sl. Post by Designation Sanctioned Person in Vacant Post No. Post (No.) Post (No.) (No.) 1. DS&WCO 1 2. H.A. 1 3. UDC 4 4. LDC 2 5. SCR 2 6. Deputy Ranger 3 7. SCD 12 8. Surveyor 1 9. Driver 2 10. SCFW 12 11. SCFM 3 12. Peon 2 13. Chowkider 1
120 14. Sweeper 1 15. Dak Runner 1 TOTAL 48
KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA ( KVK) LUNGLEI DISTRICT The district of Lunglei is divided into four Blocks viz. Lunglei, Lungsen, Bunghmun and Hnahthial comprising of 135 Village Councils and 44 nos. of Sub- villages. KVK Lunglei is well equipped with technical men power and expertise to provide capacity building and awareness among farmers of Agriculture and allied activities. The different discipline which can be taken up by the centre are Agriculture( Agronomy, Soil Science, Plant Protection(Entomology, Plant Pathology, Nematology), Horticulture, Animal Husbandry, Home Science etc. KVK Lunglei is also having a Farmer‟s Hostel and is equipped with a Soil Testing Laboratory, Seed Testing Laboratory and V-SAT Connection. The Centre is also maintaining a Vermicompost Hatchery Unit and a Model Organic Farm. Some of the Trials and Demonstration are carried out in the Demonstration Farm while other Trials and Demonstrations are carried out in the Farmers Filed. The centre has been able to create Awareness and also have participated in Capacity Building of the farmers following the practice of „Learning by doing‟ and making the same „Seeing is believing come true‟. The centre is conducting On Farm Trials, Frontline Demonstrations and Training Programme which has been practically useful to the farmers, extension personnel and rural youth of the District.
Agriculture Activities 2010-2011 2011-2012 Total
Phy Fin Phy Fin
Agriculture i) Trial and a) S.R.I. Paddy 2 ha 1.2 lakhs 2 ha 1.2 lakhs Demonstration on Cereals b) HybridMaize 2 ha 1 lakh 2 ha 1 lakh
121 c)Sugarcane 1 ha 0.50lakh 1 ha 0.50 lakh ii) Varietal a) Oilseed 2 ha 1 lakh 3 ha 1.5 lakh Performance b) Pulses 1 ha 0.50lakh 1 ha 0.50 lakh iii) Creation of a) Community 15 nos. 30 lakhs 15 nos. 30 lakhs Rain Water Rain Water Harvesting Harvesting Tank Structures b) Individual 30 nos. 15 lakhs 30 nos. 15 lakhs Rain Water Harvesting Tank iv)Technology Construction of 3 nos. 1.5 lakh 3 nos. 1.5 lakh onDevelopment of on Farm Post Harvest Unit Handling unit Training 10 nos. 1 lakh 10 nos. 1 lakh v) Capacity Building and Vermi-Compost 10 nos. 0.30lakh 10 nos. 0.30 lakh Awareness on Unit Organic Farming vi)Empowerment Women SHG 5 nos. 50,000 5 nos. 50,000 of Women Farmers vii) Transfer of a) Kisan Mela/ 2 nos. 1.5lakhs 2 nos. 1.5 lakhs Technology Goshti b) Farmers Fair- 5 nos. 0.50lakhs 5 nos. 0.50 lakhs cum-Exhibition
c) Training 20 nos. 2 lakhs 20 nos. 2 lakhs
d) Farmers‟ 10 nos. 0.50lakhs 10 nos. 0.50lakhs Scientist Interaction viii)Trial on Paddy, Maize, - 1.5 lakhs - 1.5 lakhs Indigenous Crops Pulses, Vegetables ix) Laminar Flow, - 1 no. 3 lakhs 1 no. 3 lakhs Compound each each Microscope, Stereo Microscope x) Computer and - 1 no. 1.5 lakh 1 no. 1.5 lakh Accessories
122 Discipline Item/ Topic Activities 2010-2011 2011-2012 Physi Financia Physi Financia cal l Target cal l Target Targe (Rs) Targe (Rs) t ( t ( Ha) Ha) i) Trial and a) M. Orange 3 3,00,00 4 4,00,000 HORTICULTURE Demonstration on 0 Fruit Crops b) Pineapple 1 70,000 1 70,000 c) Banana 1 70,000 1 70,000 ii) Varietal a) Cole Crops 1 50,000 1 50,000 Performance on b) Tomato 1 50,000 1 50,000 Vegetable Crops c) Brinjal 1 50,000 1 50,000 iii) Trial on Spice a) Bird‟s Eye 1 50,000 1 50,000 Crop Chillies
b) King Chilli 1 50,000 1 50,000
c) Ginger 1 60,000 1 60,000
d) Turmeric 1 60,000 1 60,000 e) Onion 1 50,000 1 50,000
iv) Demonstration a)Anthurium 0.25 40,000 0.25 40,000 on Management of Floriculture Crops b) Medicinal 0.25 30,000 0.25 30,000 plants c) Foliage 0.25 30,000 0.25 30,000 plant 5 nos. 10,00,0 5 nos. 10,00,0 v) Creation of Rain a)Community 00 00 Water Harvesting Rain Water Structures Harvesting Tank b) Individual 10 5,00,00 10 5,00,00 Rain Water nos. 0 nos. 0 Harvesting Tank vi)Technology on Construction 3 nos. 1,50,00 3 nos. 1,50,00 Delopment of Post of on Farm 0 0 Harvest Unit Handling unit vii) Capacity Training 72 72,000 72 72,000 Building and nos. nos. Awareness on Vermicompost 90,000 90,000 Organic Farming Unit 3 nos. 3 nos. viii)Empowerment Women SHG 5 nos. 50,000 5 nos. 50,000 of Women Farmers
123 ix) Transfer of a) Kisan Mela/ 2 nos. 1.5 2 nos. 1.5 Technology Goshti lakhs lakhs b) Farmers 5 nos. 0.50 5 nos. 0.50 Fair-cum- lakhs lakhs Exhibition c) Training 20 2 lakhs 20 2 lakhs nos. nos. d) Farmers‟ 10 0.50 10 0.50 Scientist nos. lakhs nos. lakhs Interaction Demonstration - 2.5 lakh - 1 lakh on Protected x) Hi-Tech Green Cultivation, House Sprinkler/Drip Irrigation, Procurement of good quality seeds and planting materials
Discipline Item/ Activities 2010-2011 2011-2012 Topic Physical Financial Physical Financial Target Target Target Target A.H & 1) Cattle (a) Production 2 nos. 2 lakhs 2 nos. 2 lakhs VETY Shed, of Milk DEPARTM Cattle ENT (b) Cow Dung - 0.10 lakhs - 0.10 for manure lakhs 2) Model (a) Pig 40 nos. 1.5 lakhs 40 nos . 1.5 lakhs Piggery Farming for Village Meat Production
(b) 50 nos. 2 lakhs 50 nos. 2 lakhs Procurement of Quality Breed 3) (a) Production 500 nos. 0.35 lakhs 500 nos. 0.35 Poultry of Eggs lakhs
(b) Production 200 nos. 0.20 lakhs 200 nos. 0.20 of Meat lakhs
124 Chapter 6. District Plan
A…Proposed Strategy for Agriculture Proposed Activities Unit cost Strategy in Rs 2010-11 2011-12 Production incentive for 15000/ha 100 15 100 5 HYV paddy seeds Distribution of certified 2000/Qtls 40 0.8 40 0.8 seeds of paddy Enhancing seed Distribution of certified 50/kg 50 2.0 50 2.0 replacement pulse seeds rate Production incentives 5000/Ha 100 5 100 5 for certified pulse seeds Distribution of 300/Ha 500 1.5 500 1.5 certyified oilseeds (Sesamum) Mixed cropping 5000/Ha 100 5 100 5 demonstration with Maize Mixed cropping demonstration with Maize Intercropping 5000/Ha 100 5 100 5 demonstration of Arhar based crops Intercropping 5000/Ha 100 5 100 5 demonstration of Maize based crop Transfer of Demonstration of 5000/Ha 50 2.5 50 2.5 technology oilseeds through crop Demonstration on pulse 5000/Ha 50 2.5 50 2.5 demonstration SRI method of paddy 5000/Ha 100 5 100 5 demonstration Hybrid rice 5000/Ha 50 2.5 50 2.5 demonstration Farmers Field School 15000/Ha 50 7.5 50 7.5 (rice, sugarcane, pulses, oilseeds) Varietals demonstration 5000/Ha 30 1.5 30 1.5 on pulses Varietals demonstration 5000/Ha 30 1.5 30 1.5 on Oil seeds Varietals demonstration 5000/Ha 30 1.5 30 1.5 on Maize
125 Promotion SRI Village 1 lakh/ 20 20 20 20 village INM demonstration in 10000 20 2 20 2 rice INM demonstration on 10000 10 1 10 1 Integrated sugarcane Nutrient INM demonstration on 10000 30 3 30 3 Management Oilseed (FFS) Supply of micronutrients Liming of acid soils 500 1200 6 1200 6 IPM demonstrations on 5000 30 1.5 30 1.5 rice Integrated Pest IPM demonstrations on 5000 40 2 40 2 management Rabi Oilseeeds (FFS) IPM demonstrations on 5000 15 0.75 15 0.75 Rabi Pulse IPM demonstrations on Kharif Pulse IPM demonstrations on 5000 20 1 20 1 Khafir Oilseeeds IPM demonstrations on 5000 10 0.5 10 0.5 Sugarcane IPM demonstrations on 5000 30 1.5 30 1.5 Maize Supply of biopesticides for rice,pulse and Oilseeds Establishment of 200000 4 8 4 8 Vermi-hatchery at Promotion of Block Level Organic Demonstration on 4500 200 9 200 9 Farming compost pit Establishment of 20000 50 10 50 10 Vermi-compost units Subsidized sale of 75000 20 15 20 15 power tillers Subsidy on rotavator @ 50% Farm Subsidised sale of Mechanisation power thresher @ 50% Subsidised sale of post hole digger @ 50% Subsidised sale of bullock drawn/manual
126 operated implements @ 50% Subsidised sale of 15000 30 4.5 30 4.5 diesel pump sets @ 50% Subsidised sale of 1000 50 0.5 50 0.5 sprayers @ 50% Harrow sale of sprayers @ 50% Power thresher sale of sprayers @ 50 % Reaper sale of sprayers @ 50% Cono Weeder sale of sprayers @ 50% Zero till seed cum Fert.Drill sale of sprayers @ 50% Potato Planter sale of sprayers @ 50% Raised Bed Planter sale of sprayers @ 50% Animal Driven Tool Carrier sale of sprayers @ 50 % Establishment of bio control laboratory Assistance for setting 150 lakh 3 450 3 450 up cold storages at District Headquaters,Sub- Infrastructure Divivsion HQs Development Support for 350 lakh 1 50 1 50 esta\blishment of agri- clinics Construction of storage 5 lakh 4 20 4 20 godown at District HQ.Sub-Division HQ Training farmers groups 15000 20 3 20 3 on crop production technology Technology Training of VEWs and 20000 2 0.4 2 0.4 Transfer other extension functionaries on crop production technology at District level
127 Exposure visit of 1 lakh 2 2 2 2 farmers within the state Exposure visit of 2.5 lakh 1 2.5 1 2.5 farmers outside the state Conducting field trials on new crop varieties / new practices Procurement of farm Support to State inputs Seed farm (Seed Machinery and Production equipment Farm) Development of Farm Infrastructure Model Organic Farming at Imphal West 1 Innovative (Composit Farm) Programme District Level 50 lakh 1 5 1 5 Exhibition Show Infra-structures 1)Construction of PAC 3 lakh 15 45 20 60 (Potential Area Connectivity) 2) Construction of staff 4 lakh 6 24 quarter at District Hqrs. & Sub-Division/Circles Administration 3) Office expenses L.S. L.S. 2.0 2 TA/DA Stationary POL etc. 4) Purchase of L.S. 3.0 Computers & Projectors with accesories
128 B. ANMAL HUSBANDRY
Interventions Unit Cost 2010-2011 2011-2012 (Rs.in lakhs) Phy Fin Phy Fin
Animal Health i) Distribution of Vety. Aid Kits .01 1000 10 1100 11 ii) Cosnt. Of vety. Disp. 10 2 20 1 10 Cattle and Buffalo Dev. Milk cow induction cow/heifer expected give .7 100 70 120 84 10 lit. of milk per day Piggery development Distribution of 5 piglets (4female +1 male) .5 150 75 200 100 of age group 3-4 month. Poultry Development Backyard Poultry scheme Distribution of 40 .4 100 40 120 48 grown up low input technology birds Construction of Chick rearing unit with procurement of poultry appliance in the 5 1 5 1 5 district Head Office Distribution of 50 Khaki Campbel day old ducklings a long with feed and other .5 20 10 10 5 appliance Other Livestock Development i) Incentives to Pony/Breeders/Farmers 1 5 5 3 3 ii) Incentive to the farmers under Goatry .5 20 10 10 5 Dev. Progr. (4 does and 1 buck) Feed and fodder Dev. i) Construction/ Strengthening of state feed 150 1 150 1 150 mixing plant at Lunglei District ii) Incentive for growing fodder @ Rs, 5000/-beneficiary in terms of 0.1 10 1 15 1.5 seed/fertilizer/fending/ ploughing charges
129 Extension, Education & Training i) Organisation of farmers training .1 20 2 20 2 programme @ Rs, 1000/-each. Assistant to Animal Husbandry Co- .1 25 2.5 25 2.5 operation/Local bodies Construction of meat marketing shed at the 5 1 5 1 5 District Head Qtr. Block Head quarters. Capacity Building 10 - 10 - 10
C. Proposed Strategy for Horticultural Development
Proposed Activities Unit Strategy Cost 2010-11 2011-12 in Rs. Phy Fin Phy Fin Fin In Lakh Fruit M. Orange 0.225 60 13.50 65 14.62 19.125 Development /Ha 5 Banana 0.151 40 6.00 45 6.75 9.75 / Ha Papaya 0.151 40 6.00 45 6.75 9.00 / Ha Pineapple 0.15 / 45 6.75 45 6.75 9.75 Ha Citrus 0.15 / 80 12.00 85 12.75 15.00 Rejuvenation Ha Overhead charge 3.19 3.47 4.71 Grape 0.15 / 40 6.00 45 6.75 9.75 Ha Avocado 0.15 / 40 6.00 45 6.75 10.50 Ha Mango 0.15 / 50 7.50 55 8.25 11.25 Ha TOTAL 395 66.94 430 72.84 98.85 Vegetable Chayote (Squash) 0.13 / 40 5.20 40 5.20 6.50 Development Ha Cabbage 0.13 / 50 6.50 55 7.15 9.10 Ha Tomato 0.13 / 45 5.85 45 5.85 10.40 Ha
130 Broccoli 0.13 / 40 5.20 50 6.50 9.10 Ha Bhindi 0.13 / 50 6.50 55 7.15 10.40 Ha Bitter gourd 0.13 / 50 6.50 55 7.15 10.40 Ha Brinjal 0.13 / 60 7.80 65 8.45 10.40 Ha Carrot 0.13 / 50 6.50 55 7.15 9.75 Ha TOTAL 385 50.05 420 54.60 76.00
Plantation Coconut 0.20/ 50 10.00 60 12.00 17.00 Crop Ha Development Areca nut 0.15/ 60 9.00 70 10.50 15.00 Ha TOTAL 110 19.00 130 22.50 32.00
Spices a) Bird‟s Eye 0.13/ 60 7.80 65 8.45 11.70 Development Chillies Ha b) Turmeric 0.13/ 70 9.10 75 9.75 13.00 Ha c) Ginger 0.13/ 80 10.40 90 11.70 18.20 Ha TOTAL 210 27.30 230 29.90 42.90
Promotion of Model Nursery in 20.00/ 4 80.00 4 18.00 Nursery Public Sector no Model Nursery in 10.00 15 150.0 10 100.0 Private Sector /no 0 0 Small Nursery in 5.00 / 20 100.0 20 100.0 Private Sector no (No) Establishment Banana (ha) of New Sucker Garden 1st Year Maintained of Banana Floriculture Rose – (Small & 2.00 / 30 60.00 35 70.10 100.0 Marginal farmer unit (Ha) ) Incentives to 0.50 / 30 15.00 35 17.50 25.00 Floriculture unit Garden (No)
131 Seed Vegetable seed 10.00/ 2 20.00 2 20.00 Infrastructure Production unit Integrated A. Fruits Nutrient Management / IPM on Banana 0.0.25 200 5.00 300 7.50 10.00 Integrated Pest cultivation Management INM on Pineapple 0.05 250 12.50 250 12.50 17.50 INM on 0.10 150 15.00 150 15.00 25.00 Yongchak INM on Passion 0.10 300 30.00 350 35.00 50.00 Fruits IPM on Lime / 0.025 250 6.25 300 75.00 8.75 Lemon B. Vegetables Kharif IPM on French 0.025 200 5.00 250 6.25 7.50 Bean INM on Bhindi 0.05 200 10.00 250 12.50 12.50 INM on Brinjal 0.05 150 7.50 200 10.00 15.00 IPM on Cucurbit 0.025 300 7.50 350 8.75 10.00 INM on Ginger / 0.10 450 45.60 500 50.00 80.00 Turmeric INM on Chillies 0.05 500 25.00 600 30.00 50.00
C. Vegetables Rabi IPM on Pea 0.05 200 10.00 250 12.50 25.00 IPM on Cabbage 0.05 300 15.00 350 17.50 25.00 INM on 0.05 100 5.00 120 6.00 12.50 Cauliflower INM on Potato 0.10 150 15.00 150 15.00 12.50 INM on Radish 0.05 150 7.50 200 10.00 15.00 INM on Knolkhol 0.05 200 10.00 250 12.50 20.00 INM on Tomato 0.05 150 7.50 150 7.50 20.00 Protected Green House (SF 0.25/n 40 10.00 50 12.50 20.00 Cultivation & MF) o Green House 10.00/ 10 100.0 15 150.0 300.00 (Other farmer)(Hi no 0 0 Tech) Shade net Sq m 0.000 700 14.00 800 16.00 26.00 20 00 00 Mulching (Ha) 0.08/ 70 5.60 80 6.40 8.00 Ha
132 Promotion and Construction of 0.10/n 250 25.00 300 30.00 60.00 Popularization compost pit o of Organic Establishment of 2.50/u 30 75.00 35 87.50 150.00 farming Vermi- Composts nit units-Big (No)
Establishment of Vermi- Compost units-Big (no) Demonstration of 0.25/n 20 5.00 25 6.25 10.00 Organic Farming o Popularization Demonstration on 0.20/u 30 6.00 35 7.00 10.00 on of organic use of Rich Reuter nit Fertilizers “AA” Rich Field 0.20/u 30 6.00 35 7.00 10.00 Fertilizer nit (13:40:13) Rich Field 0.20/u 30 6.00 35 7.00 10.00 Fertilizer nit (19:19:19) Rich Field 0.20/u 30 6.00 35 7.00 10.00 Fertilizer (13:0:0) nit Watershed Watershed 50.00/ 5 250.0 6 300.0 400.00 Development no 0 0 Human Resource Development Training of VEWs 0.25/n 6 1.50 8 2.00 2.50 and other o extension functionaries on crop production technology at District Level. Exposure visit 1.50/n 5 7.50 5 7.50 7.50 outside the State o on IPM / INM, Plantation, Plant Health Management Exposure visit 1.00/n 6 6.00 6 6.00 6.00 inside the state o Training of 0.25/n 7 1.75 8 2.00 2.25 Entrepreneurs o Exposure Visits of 1.00/n 5 5.00 5 5.00 5.00 Farmers inside the o
133 State Creation of Construction of 2.00/n 70 140.0 80 160.0 2.20 Water community Tanks o Resources Farm Subsidized sale of 1.00/n 15 15.00 20 20.00 20.00 Mechanization power tillers o Subsidized sale of 0.25/n 20 5.00 30 7.50 10.00 pump sets @ 50% o Subsidized sale of 0.075/ 200 15.00 250 18.75 30.00 sprayers @ 50 % no Post harvest Assistance for 20.00/ 4 80.00 Infrastructure setting up cold unit Development storages at Block Level Construction of 5.00/n 5 25.00 5 25.00 30.00 storage of godown o at Block Headquarters Establishment Functional 5.00/n 5 25.00 5 25.00 25.00 of Marketing Infrastructure for o Infrastructure Collection & grading (no) Technology Training of farmer 0.25/n 5 1.25 5 1.25 1.25 transfer groups on crop o production technology Training of 0.25/n 5 1.25 5 1.25 1.25 farmers on the use o of Organic Fertilizers Training of 0.25/n 6 1.50 6 1.50 1.50 farmers on INM o Training of 0.25/n 5 1.25 5 1.25 1.25 Farmers on IPM o Training of 0.25/n 5 1.25 5 1.25 1.25 Farmers on Post o Harvest Technology on important horticultural crops Exposure visit of 0.50/n 3 1.50 3 1.50 1.50 farmers within the o state Exposure visit of 1.50/n 3 4.50 3 4.50 4.50 farmers outside o
134 the state Conducting field 0.25/n 5 1.25 5 1.25 1.25 trials in new crop o varieties / new practices Innovative Low Cost Potato 10.00/ 5 50.00 5 50.00 50.00 Storage no Programme Structure District Level 2.00/n 2 4.00 2 4.00 4.00 Show o
Project Area Horticulture Link 3.00/ 15 45.00 15 45.00 60.00 Connectivity Road Km Capacity (a) Training of 1.00/n 4 4.00 4 4.00 5.00 Building Trainers o at(Research institution) (b) Awareness 5.00 5.00 5.00 Campaign/Semina r/Workshop etc. Infrastructure Technical Support 4.50 4.50 5.00 Mushroom Spawn Production 20.00/ 1 20.00 Development unit Unit Model Research & 50.00/ 1 50.00 1 50.00 Horticulture Development in no Centre Horticulture Lunglei Crops
135 D. Physical and financial Requirement for the Suggested Interventions for Animal Husbandry Sectoral Development Interventions Unit cost Rs. (In lakhs) 2010-11 2011-12 Animal Health i) Distribution of Vety. .01 1000 10 1100 11 14 Aid Kits ii) Cosnt. Of vety. Disp. 10 2 20 1 10 10 Cattle and Buffalo Dev. Milk cow induction .7 100 70 120 84 119 cow/heifer expected give 10 lit. of milk per day Piggery development Distribution of 5 piglets .5 150 75 200 100 175 (4female +1 male) of age group 3-4 month. Poultry Development Backyard Poultry scheme .4 100 40 120 48 100 Distribution of 40 grown up low input technology birds Construction of Chick 5 1 5 1 5 10 rearing unit with procurement of poultry appliance in the district Head Office Distribution of 50 Khaki .5 20 10 10 5 8 Campbel day old ducklings a long with feed and other appliance Other Livestock Development i) Incentives to 1 5 5 3 3 7 Pony/Breeders/Farmers
136 ii) Incentive to the farmers .5 20 10 10 5 10 under Goatry Dev. Progr. (4 does and 1 buck) Feed and fodder Dev. i) Construction/ 150 1 150 1 150 150 Strengthening of state feed mixing plant at Lunglei District ii) Incentive for growing 0.1 10 1 15 1.5 2.3 fodder @ Rs, 5000/- beneficiary in terms of seed/fertilizer/fending/ ploughing charges Extension, Education & Training i) Organisation of farmers .1 20 2 20 2 20 training programme @ Rs, 1000/-each. Assistant to Animal .1 25 2.5 25 2.5 2.8 Husbandry Co- operation/Local bodies Construction of meat 5 1 5 1 5 5 marketing shed at the District Head Qtr. Block Head quarters. Capacity Building 10 - 10 - 10 12
137 E. SERICULTURE PLAN Various interventions suggested for Sericulture Development in the District are Presented (in lakhs) Unit 2010-11 2011-12 Sl. Cost Name of Activity Phy Fin Ph Fin No (in y lakhs) ERI Sector
1 Castor Plantation with 0.15 100 15.00 100 15.00 15.00 100 15.00 700 105.00 start up tools
2 Cost of Rearing House 0.40 100 40.00 100 40.00 40.00 100 40.00 700 280.00
3 Assistant for strengthening of Eri 8.00 - - 1 8.00 8.00 2 16.00 Farm cum Grainage
4 Establishment of 4.00 1 4.00 1 4.00 3 12.00 Cocoon godown
5 Rearing appliances 0.15 100 15.00 100 15.00 15.00 100 15.00 700 105.00
6 Assistance for Irrigation and other 0.07 100 7.00 100 7.00 7.00 100 7.00 700 49.00 water conservation
7 Crop Protection and 0.07 100 7.00 100 7.00 7.00 100 7.00 700 49.00 disinfecting materials
8 Capacity building 0.95 2 1.9 2 1.9 1.9 2 1.9 14 13.3
9 Administrative cost 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 14.00
Sub 351 13.79 91.9 95.9 95.9 91.9 643.3 Total 9 Mulberry Plantation 120 1 0.15 100 15.00 150 22.5 30.00 250 37.5 180.00 with start up tools 0
100.0 120 2 Cost of Rearing House 0.4 100 40.00 150 60.00 80.00 250 380.00 0 0
Assistant for strengthening of 3 10 1 10.00 2 20.00 Mulberry Farm cum Grainage
4 Establishment of 5 1 5.00 5.00 3 15.00
138 Cocoon godown
120 5 Rearing appliances 0.15 100 15.00 150 22.5 30.00 250 37.5 180 0
Assistance for 120 6 Irrigation and other 0.07 100 7.00 150 10.5 14.00 250 17.5 84 0 water conservation
Crop Protection and 120 7 0.07 100 7.00 150 10.5 14.00 250 17.5 84 disinfecting materials 0
Construction of 8 Chawki Rearing 3.5 1 3.5 1 3.5 3.5 1 3.5 7 24.5 Centre
9 Capacity Building 0.95 2 1.9 2 2.85 3.8 2 4.75 14 22.8
10 Administrative cost 20.29 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
Sub 150.3 221.2 602 92.4 183.3 990.3 Total 5 5 6
954 1633.6 5
F. SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION PLAN ( Rupees in lakhs) Type of Unit Cost. 2010-2011 2011-2012 Soil Phy (Ha) Fin Phy (Ha) Fin 1 2 3 4 5 6 Acidity Soil 1500 per Ha. 1500 22.50 1500 22.50 Loamy Soil 5000 per Ha. 1000 50.00 1000 50.00 TOTAL: 2500 72.50 2500 72.50
139 G. PROPOSAL FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF SOIL & MOISTURE CONSERVATION ( Rupees in lakh) Sl. Type of Soil Unit Cost 2010-2011 2011-2012 No per Ha./Nos Phy (Ha) Fin Phy (Ha) Fin 1 2 3 4 5 6 1. Terrac Farming 0.24 120 28.80 120 28.80 2. Contour Bunding 0.24 75 18.00 75 18.00 3. Channelizing - - - - - 4. Social Forestry 0.065 1154 75.00 1154 75.00 5. Check Wall 0.20 215 43.00 215 43.00 Construction. 6. Rubber Nursery 3.00 8.45 25.00 8.45 25.00 7. Coffee Nursery 1.50 8.45 12.50 8.45 12.50 8. Rubber Plantartion. 1.00 72 72.00 72 72.00 9. Coffee plantation. 1.00 44 44.00 44 44.00 10. Ground Water 0.60 93 56.00 93 56.00 Charging TOTAL:
H. PROPOSAL FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF WATER CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES UNDER ( Rupees in lakh) Sl. No. Type of Unit Cost 2010-2011 2011-2012 Activities per Ha./Nos. Phy. Fin. Phy. Fin. (Ha.) (Ha.) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. Farm Ponds 1.00 430 430.00 430 430.00 2. Check Dam 1.00 22 22.00 22 22.00 3. Feeder - - - - - Channel 4. Canal 0.0015 R/M - - 417 R/M 6.25 5. Water 1.00 430 430.00 430 430.00 Storage. TOTAL:
140 I.PROPOSAL FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF SOIL & WATER CONSERVATION
(Rupees in lakhs) Sl. No. Capacity Building 2010-2011 2011-2012 Phy. Fin. Phy. Fin. Fin.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. Training of the Farmer LS 35 LS 35 195 2. Office expense LS 20 LS 25 120 3. Machinery and equiptment LS 20 LS 20 140 4. Contingency LS 10 LS 10 70 5. TA andDA LS 15 LS 10 75 GRANDTOTAL 100 100 600
J. KVK PLAN
Agriculture Activities 2010-20 2011-20 Phy Fin Phy Fin
i) Trial and a) S.R.I. Paddy 2 ha 1.2 lakhs 2 ha 1.2 lakhs
Demonstration b) Hybrid 2 ha 1 lakh 2 ha 1 lakh on Cereals Maize c) Sugarcane 1 ha 0.50 lakh 1 ha 0.50 lakh ii) Varietal a) Oilseed 2 ha 1 lakh 3 ha 1.5 lakh Performance b) Pulses 1 ha 0.50 lakh 1 ha 0.50 lakh iii) Creation of a) Community 15 nos. 30 lakhs 15 nos. 30 lakhs Rain Water Rain Water Harvesting Harvesting Agriculture Structures Tank b) Individual 30 nos. 15 lakhs 30 nos. 15 lakhs Rain Water Harvesting Tank iv) Technology Construction of 3 nos. 1.5 lakh 3 nos. 1.5 lakh on Development on Farm of Post Harvest Handling unit Unit Training 10 nos. 1 lakh 10 nos. 1 lakh
141 v) Capacity Vermi- 10 nos. 0.30 lakh 10 nos. 0.30 lakh Building and Compost Unit Awareness on Organic Farming Women SHG 5 nos. 50,000 5 nos. 50,000 vi) Empowerment of Women Farmers vii) Transfer of a) Kisan Mela/ 2 nos. 1.5 lakhs 2 nos. 1.5 lakhs Technology Goshti b) Farmers 5 nos. 0.50 lakhs 5 nos. 0.50 lakhs Fair-cum- Exhibition c) Training 20 nos. 2 lakhs 20 nos. 2 lakhs d) Farmers‟ 10 nos. 0.50 lakhs 10 nos. 0.50 lakhs Scientist Interaction viii)Trial on Paddy, Maize, - 1.5 lakhs - 1.5 lakhs Indigenous Pulses, Crops Vegetables ix) Laminar - 1 no. 3 lakhs 1 no. 3 lakhs Flow, each each Compound Microscope, Stereo Microscope x) Computer and - 1 no. 1.5 lakh 1 no. 1.5 lakh Accessories
142 Discipline Item/ Topic Activities 2010-2011 2011-2012 Physi Financial Physi Financia cal Target cal l Target Targe (Rs) Targe (Rs) t ( t ( Ha) Ha) i) Trial and a) M. Orange 3 3,00,000 4 4,00,000 HORTICULTURE Demonstration on Fruit Crops b) Pineapple 1 70,000 1 70,000 c) Banana 1 70,000 1 70,000 ii) Varietal a) Cole Crops 1 50,000 1 50,000 Performance on b) Tomato 1 50,000 1 50,000 Vegetable Crops c) Brinjal 1 50,000 1 50,000 iii) Trial on Spice a) Bird‟s Eye 1 50,000 1 50,000 Crop Chillies
b) King Chilli 1 50,000 1 50,000
c) Ginger 1 60,000 1 60,000
d) Turmeric 1 60,000 1 60,000 e) Onion 1 50,000 1 50,000
iv) Demonstration a)Anthurium 0.25 40,000 0.25 40,000 on Management of Floriculture Crops b) Medicinal 0.25 30,000 0.25 30,000 plants c) Foliage 0.25 30,000 0.25 30,000 plant 5 nos. 10,00,000 5 nos. 10,00,0 v) Creation of Rain a)Community 00 Water Harvesting Rain Water Structures Harvesting Tank b) Individual 10 5,00,000 10 5,00,00 Rain Water nos. nos. 0 Harvesting Tank vi)Technology on Construction 3 nos. 1,50,000 3 nos. 1,50,00 Delopment of Post of on Farm 0 Harvest Unit Handling unit vii) Capacity Training 72 72,000 72 72,000 Building and nos. nos. Awareness on Vermicompost 90,000 90,000 Organic Farming Unit 3 nos. 3 nos. viii)Empowerment Women SHG 5 nos. 50,000 5 nos. 50,000 of Women Farmers
143 ix) Transfer of a) Kisan Mela/ 2 nos. 1.5 lakhs 2 nos. 1.5 Technology Goshti lakhs b) Farmers 5 nos. 0.50 lakhs 5 nos. 0.50 Fair-cum- lakhs Exhibition c) Training 20 2 lakhs 20 2 lakhs nos. nos. d) Farmers‟ 10 0.50 lakhs 10 0.50 Scientist nos. nos. lakhs Interaction Demonstration - 2.5 lakh - 1 lakh on Protected x) Hi-Tech Green Cultivation, House Sprinkler/Drip Irrigation, Procurement of good quality seeds and planting materials
144