DOCSLIB.ORG

Physico-Chemical Properties of Polypropylene Glycols

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Physico-Chemical Properties of Polypropylene Glycols PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOLS BY SALONI GUPTA [B.Sc. (Hons)] A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Greenwich for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy January, 2015 Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical & Environmental Sciences Faculty of Engineering & Science, University of Greenwich (Medway Campus), Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK I DECLARATION I certify that this work has not been accepted in substance for any degree, and is not concurrently being submitted for any degree other than that of Doctor of Philosophy being studied at the University of Greenwich. I also declare that the work is the result of my own investigations except where otherwise identified by references and that I have not plagiarised the work of others. Saloni Gupta (Candidate): ………………................................................................................................................................. PhD Supervisors Dr A. P. Mendham: Prof. S. A. Leharne: Prof. B. Z. Chowdhry: Date: January 15th, 2015 II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere thanks to Prof. Stephen A. Leharne, Prof. Babur Z. Chowdhry and Dr Andrew P. Mendham for the invaluable guidance, support and encouragement they have given me as my supervisors throughout my PhD journey. They have always believed in me and encouraged me to do better. I am indebted to everyone who has assisted and encouraged me in the course of my studies, particularly Prof. Peter Griffiths, Dr Samuel Owusu-Ware, Dr Milan Antonijevic, Dr Beatrice Cattoz and Dr Joanna Thorne. The technical support I have received from staff members, particularly, Devyani, Atiya, Mark Allen, Steve Williams and the Link laboratory technicians has been invaluable. Most importantly thank you to my wonderful parents, my sisters (Sanya and Mannat) and my brother (Yatharth) for their love and encouragement. My parents are the two most hard- working people I know and they have been my inspiration and the driving force to complete this doctoral thesis. None of this would have been possible without them. My little sister Sanya has always set an example for me to never give up no matter what the circumstances are. I cannot thank my husband Sunny Goyal enough for his love, support and patience. He has always pushed me to perform better. I am grateful to all my friends and family who have supported me emotionally throughout this process. I also believe that having the opportunity to undertake and complete this PhD has been a complete blessing from God. God has constantly blessed me with miracles when I thought I could not do it. III ABSTRACT Physico-chemical properties of polypropylene glycols Poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) samples of different molecular mass were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry, modulated differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry and thermally stimulated current (TSC) spectroscopy. It was shown, by TSC, that the glass transition temperature and the degree of molecular mobility increased with increasing molecular mass of PPG. Additional experiments showed that PPGs of molecular mass 425, 1000 and 2000 Da undergo one global relaxation process; however, PPG 2700 (Da) undergoes an additional relaxation process after the glass transition which has been attributed either to the release of the excess charge delocalised in the polymer structure or a liquid-liquid transition. Thermally induced phase separation in aqueous solutions of PPG has been examined using a variety of techniques including high sensitivity scanning calorimetry (HSDSC), hot stage microscopy, small angle neutron scattering, and turbidity measurements. The data suggest that phase separation is a consequence of PPG aggregation (droplets); the aggregates grow in size, as the temperature is raised further. It is postulated that phase separation occurs via nucleation and growth, which is corroborated by model fitting the calorimetric data using a mass action aggregation model. It is concluded that phase separation of PPG occurs as a result of the disruption of a hydrogen bonded network between water and PPG. The effect of five sugars (mannitol, maltose, raffinose, sucrose and trehalose) on the Tm (transition temperature) of aqueous PPG 1000 solutions was studied by HSDSC and turbidity measurements. All the sugars decreased the phase separation temperature of the PPG solutions, with trehalose and maltose showing the greatest effect. A series of experiments, using HPLC, showed that phase separated PPG (1000 Da) increased the apparent aqueous solubility of naphthalene. SALONI GUPTA [B.Sc. (Hons)] IV OVERVIEW Chapter 1 provides a brief background to the subject area of the research reported in the thesis and the project objectives. Chapter 2 gives a general introduction to polymers, in particular PPG, and the phase-separation behaviour of PPG is discussed. Chapter 3 provides the theory and the principles underlying the experimental techniques used in the research reported herein. In Chapter 4 the experimental thermal properties of five different molecular weight PPG samples obtained using different techniques are discussed. In Chapter 5 the experimental phase-separation behaviour of aqueous samples of PPG 1000, using different techniques, as a function of concentration, is reported and discussed. In Chapter 6 the effect of the presence of five sugars, at different concentrations, on the phase- separation behaviour of aqueous PPG solutions is reported. In Chapter 7 the use of aqueous PPG solutions as a solubilizing medium using a model hydrophobic compound, naphthalene, is reported. V CONTENTS DECLARATION..................................................................................................................... II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................. III ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... IV OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................ V FIGURES ............................................................................................................................... IX TABLES ........................................................................................................................... XVIII ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ................................................................................ XX CONFERENCE/SEMINAR PRESENTATIONS AND PUBLICATIONS ................ XXVI Chapter 1 : Project Overview ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Project Background .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Project Objectives ............................................................................................................ 5 Chapter 2 : Polymers and their Phase-Separation in Aqueous Solutions .................................. 8 2.1 Polymers ........................................................................................................................... 8 2.1.1 Classification of Polymers ......................................................................................... 8 2.1.2 Polymer Architecture ............................................................................................... 10 2.1.3 Molar Mass of Polymers .......................................................................................... 15 2.2 Glass-Transition and Melting: Important Polymer Properties ....................................... 16 2.3 Poly(Propylene Glycol) (PPG) ....................................................................................... 19 2.3.1 Properties ................................................................................................................. 21 2.3.2 Applications ............................................................................................................. 21 2.3.3 PPG as a Thermosensitive/Thermoresponsive Polymer .......................................... 22 2.4 Thermodynamics of Phase-Separation in Polymer Solutions ........................................ 22 2.4.1 Phase Diagrams ....................................................................................................... 27 Chapter 3 : Principal Experimental Techniques: Theory, Instrumentation and Applications . 43 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 43 3.2 Calorimetric Analysis ..................................................................................................... 43 3.2.1 Definition of Calorimetry ........................................................................................ 43 3.2.2 Classification of Calorimeters ................................................................................. 44 3.2.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry .......................................................................... 44 3.2.4 High Sensitivity Differential Scanning Calorimetry (HSDSC) ............................... 46 3.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) .............................................................................. 53 3.4 Hot Stage Microscopy (HSM)........................................................................................ 55 VI 3.5 Thermally Stimulated Current (TSC)
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Phase Separation Phenomena in Solutions of Polysulfone in Mixtures of a Solvent and a Nonsolvent: Relationship with Membrane Formation*
    Phase separation phenomena in solutions of polysulfone in mixtures of a solvent and a nonsolvent: relationship with membrane formation* J. G. Wijmans, J. Kant, M. H. V. Mulder and C. A. Smolders Department of Chemical Technology, Twente University of Technology, PO Box 277, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands (Received 22 October 1984) The phase separation phenomena in ternary solutions of polysulfone (PSI) in mixtures of a solvent and a nonsolvent (N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and water, in most cases) are investigated. The liquid-liquid demixing gap is determined and it is shown that its location in the ternary phase diagram is mainly determined by the PSf-nonsolvent interaction parameter. The critical point in the PSf/DMAc/water system lies at a high polymer concentration of about 8~o by weight. Calorimetric measurements with very concentrated PSf/DMAc/water solutions (prepared through liquid-liquid demixing, polymer concentration of the polymer-rich phase up to 60%) showed no heat effects in the temperature range of -20°C to 50°C. It is suggested that gelation in PSf systems is completely amorphous. The results are incorporated into a discussion of the formation of polysulfone membranes. (Keywords: polysulfone; solutions; liquid-liquid demixing; crystallization; membrane structures; membrane formation) INTRODUCTION THEORY The field of membrane filtration covers a broad range of Membrane formation different separation techniques such as: hyperfiltration, In the phase inversion process a membrane is made by reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, microfiltration, gas sepa- casting a polymer solution on a support and then bringing ration and pervaporation. Each process makes use of the solution to phase separation by means of solvent specific membranes which must be suited for the desired outflow and/or nonsolvent inflow.
    [Show full text]
  • 1,3:2,4-Dibenzylidene-D-Sorbitol (DBS)
    This is a repository copy of 1,3:2,4-Dibenzylidene-d-sorbitol (DBS) and its derivatives- efficient, versatile and industrially-relevant low-molecular-weight gelators with over 100 years of history and a bright future. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/92625/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Okesola, Babatunde O., Vieira, Vânia M P, Cornwell, Daniel J. et al. (2 more authors) (2015) 1,3:2,4-Dibenzylidene-d-sorbitol (DBS) and its derivatives-efficient, versatile and industrially-relevant low-molecular-weight gelators with over 100 years of history and a bright future. Soft Matter. pp. 4768-4787. ISSN 1744-683X https://doi.org/10.1039/c5sm00845j Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Please do not adjust margins Journal Name ARTICLE 1,3:2,4-Dibenzylidene-D-sorbitol (DBS) and its derivatives - Efficient, versatile and industrially-relevant low-molecular-weight Received 00th January 20xx, gelators with over 100 years of history and a bright future Accepted 00th January 20xx a a a a DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x Babatunde O.
    [Show full text]
  • Propylene Glycol TAP Report
    CFNP TAP Review Propylene glycol 2002 PROPYLENE GLYCOL Livestock Executive Summary Propylene glycol is a 3-carbon compound derived from propylene which has applications in both industry and medicine. The subject of the current petition is a request for the approval of propylene glycol to the National List for medical use in organic livestock. Propylene glycol is used as a drench in the treatment of ketosis. Propylene glycol is considered GRAS, except when used in or on cat food. Summary of TAP Reviewers’ Analyses1 Synthetic/ Allow without restrictions? Allow only with restrictions? Nonsynthetic (See Reviewers’ comments for restrictions) Synthetic (3) Yes (1) Yes (2) No (2) No (1) Identification Chemical names: 1,2-propanediol; 1,2-dihdroxypropane; Methyl glycol; Methylethylene glycol; Trimethyl glycol, C3H8O2; CH3CHOHCH2OH Other Names: 1,2-propylene glycol; 2-hydroxypropanol; alpha-Propylene glycol; alpha-propyleneglycol; Colla- Moist WS; Dowfrost; Horsechestnut HS; Methylethyl glycol; Methylethylene glycol; Monopropylene glycol; PG 12; Propane-1,2-diol; Propylene glycol; Propylene glycol USP; Sentry Propylene glycol; Sirlene; Solar winter ban; Uantox 20; Uantox 3; 1,2-proylenglykol [German] CAS Number: 57-55-6 Other numbers: EPA Pesticide Chemical Code: 068603 Chemical Structure: Characterization 1 This Technical Advisory Panel (TAP) review is based on the information available as of the date of this review. This review addresses the requirements of the Organic Foods Production Act to the best of the investigator’s ability, and has been reviewed by experts on the TAP. The substance is evaluated against the criteria found in section 2119(M) of the OFPA [7 USC 6517(m)]. The information and advice presented to the NOSB is based on the technical evaluation against that criteria, and does not incorporate commercial availability, socio-economic impact, or other factors that the NOSB and the USDA may want to consider in making decisions.
    [Show full text]
  • Polymeric Substances
    polymers.txt TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT INVENTORY REPRESENTATION FOR POLYMERIC SUBSTANCES I. Introduction This paper explains the conventions that are applied to listings of polymeric chemical substances for the Chemical Substance Inventory that is maintained by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). These conventions have been in place largely without changes since the inception of the Inventory. The Agency's goal in developing this paper is to make it easier for the users of the Inventory to interpret listings for polymers and to understand how new substances should be identified for Inventory inclusion. Fundamental to the Inventory as a whole is the principle that entries on the Inventory are identified as precisely as possible for the commercial chemical substance, as reported by the submitter. Substances that are chemically indistinguishable, or even identical, may be listed differently on the Inventory, depending on the degree of knowledge that the submitters possess and report about such substances, as well as how submitters intend to represent the chemical identities to the Agency and to customers. Although these chemically indistinguishable substances are named differently on the Inventory, this is not a "nomenclature" issue, but an issue of substance representation. Submitters should be aware that their choice for substance representation plays an important role in the Agency's determination of how the substance will be listed on the Inventory. A. Polymer Definition For the purposes of the TSCA Inventory, a substance must meet the following compositional requirements in order to be considered a polymer: ===================================== NOTICE: The policies set out in this document are not final Agency action, but are intended solely as guidance.
    [Show full text]
  • Vapor Condensation Under Nonequilibrium Conditions Victor Henry Heiskala Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1963 Vapor condensation under nonequilibrium conditions Victor Henry Heiskala Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Chemical Engineering Commons, and the Nuclear Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Heiskala, Victor Henry, "Vapor condensation under nonequilibrium conditions " (1963). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 2935. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/2935 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This dissertation has been 64—3956 microfilmed exactly as received HEISKALA, Victor Henry, 1938- VAPOR CONDENSATION UNDER NONEQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS. Iowa State University of Science and Technology Ph.D., 1963 Engineering, chemical University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan VAPOR CONDENSATION UNDER NONEQUI LIBRIUM CONDITIONS ty Victor Eenry Heiskala A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Subject: Nuclear Engineering Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of Ms^ Work Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. Iowa State University Of Science and Technology Ames, Iowa 1963 ii TABLE OP CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE "3 A. Liquid Drop Theory 3 B. Constant Number Theory 7 C. Statistical Mechanical Theory 8 D. Other Theories 9 III., THE THEORY 11 A.
    [Show full text]
  • Facile Fabrication, Properties and Application of Novel Thermo-Responsive Hydrogel
    Home Search Collections Journals About Contact us My IOPscience Facile fabrication, properties and application of novel thermo-responsive hydrogel This article has been downloaded from IOPscience. Please scroll down to see the full text article. 2011 Smart Mater. Struct. 20 075005 (http://iopscience.iop.org/0964-1726/20/7/075005) View the table of contents for this issue, or go to the journal homepage for more Download details: IP Address: 143.89.188.2 The article was downloaded on 01/06/2011 at 02:21 Please note that terms and conditions apply. IOP PUBLISHING SMART MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES Smart Mater. Struct. 20 (2011) 075005 (7pp) doi:10.1088/0964-1726/20/7/075005 Facile fabrication, properties and application of novel thermo-responsive hydrogel Jiaxing Li1,2, Xiuqing Gong1,XinYi1, Ping Sheng1 and Weijia Wen1 1 Department of Physics and Institute of Nano Science and Technology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 2 Key Laboratory of Novel Thin Film Solar Cells, Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 1126, 230031, Hefei, People’s Republic of China E-mail: [email protected] Received 21 February 2011, in final form 5 May 2011 Published 31 May 2011 Online at stacks.iop.org/SMS/20/075005 Abstract The authors report a novel thermo-responsive hydrogel design based on the thermally induced aggregation of two kinds of nonionic surfactants: triblock copolymer poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide)–poly(ethylene oxide) (EPE) and 4-octylphenol polyethoxylate (TX-100). In the preparation of the hydrogel, agarose is used to host the aqueous surfactant molecules, allowing them to move freely through its intrinsic network structure.
    [Show full text]
  • Triton X-114 and SRP
    FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES AND POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF CLOUD POINT EXTRACTION By MELISSA ENSOR FREIDERICH A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Department of Chemistry DECEMBER 2011 To the Faculty of Washington State University: The members of the Committee appointed to examine the dissertation of MELISSA ENSOR FREIDERICH find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. ___________________________________ Kenneth L. Nash, Ph.D., Chair ___________________________________ Sue B. Clark, Ph.D. ___________________________________ James O. Schenk, Ph.D. ___________________________________ Glenn Fugate, Ph.D. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT “There are two possible outcomes: if the result confirms the hypothesis, then you've made a measurement. If the result is contrary to the hypothesis, then you've made a discovery.” Enrico Fermi “Failure is simply the opportunity to begin again, this time more intelligently.” Henry Ford “A man who carries a cat by the tail learns something he can learn in no other way.” Mark Twain The preceding quotes, to me, sum up my graduate school experience. The past five years have not been easy and often times seemed impossible. I need to acknowledge and thank the people who helped me get to where I am today because without them I would not have completed this journey. First of all, I want to thank my husband, John. He has been my rock and sometimes only friend and source of comfort during my time in Pullman. John never wavered in his support of me and usually believed in me more than I believed in myself. I would not have completed my Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Polyols, Propylene/Ethylene Oxide
    Report No. 46 POLYOLS FROM ETHYLENE OXIDE AND PROPYLENE OXIDE by YEN-CHEN YEN December 1968 A private report by the PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM I STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA I CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION, . , , . , . , , . , . , . , , . 1 2 SUMMARY . ,., ,, ,., , , , , , ,,,., , 3 3 INDUSTRY STATUS . , . , . , . 15 4 CHEMISTRY . , . , . 25 Oxyalkylation Reactions . , . 25 Catalysts . , . , . 27 Hydroxy1 Groups and Unsaturation . , . , 29 Kinetics...,..,..,.............. 31 Mechanism of Base-catalyzed Polyoxyalkylation . 33 Mechanism of Polyoxyalkylation with Boron-Trifluoride Catalyst . 37 Mechanism of Polyoxyalkylation Using Other Catalysts , , 38 Polymerization of Tetrahydrofuran . , , . 38 5 POLYGLYCOLS FROM ETHYLENE OXIDE AND PROPYLENE OXIDE , . 43 Review of Processes . , . , , . , , . 43 Reactors................ , . 47 Purification . , . , . , . , . 48 Manufacture of Polypropylene Glycol . , . , . 52 Process Description . , . , . , . , . , 52 Process Discussion , . , 57 Cost Estimate . , . , . , . 57 Manufacture of Polyethylene Glycol , . , . 64 Process Description . 64 Process Discussion . , . , . , . , . 68 Cost Estimate . , . , . , . 69 Other Polyglycols . , . , , , . , . , . 69 6 POLYOLS FROM POLYHYDRIC ALCOHOLS ............ 75 Review of Processes .................. 75 Control of Diol Content ............... 81 Dealing with Polyhydric Alcohols Having High Melting Points ....................... 81 Manufacture of Polyol from Glycerol and Propylene Oxide 82 Process Description ................. 82 Process Discussion
    [Show full text]
  • Low Cloud Point Biodiesel 9/4/2014
    Shanti Johnson Low cloud Point Biodiesel 9/4/2014 Low Cloud Point Biodiesel Shanti Christopher Johnson Mentors: Dr. David Hackleman Dr. Travis Walker School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering Oregon State University, 103 Gleeson Hall Corvallis, OR 97331 BioResource Research, Bioenergy Oregon State University, 137 Strand Agriculture Hall Corvallis, OR 97331 1 Shanti Johnson Low cloud Point Biodiesel 9/4/2014 _________________________________________________ _______________ David Hackleman, June 3, 2014 Department of Chemical, Biological, & Environmental Engineering _________________________________________________ _______________ Travis Walker June 3, 2014 Department of Chemical, Biological, & Environmental Engineering _________________________________________________ ________________ Katharine G. Field, BRR Director June 3, 2014 ©Copyright by Shanti C. Johnson, June 3, 2014 I understand that by project will become part of the permanent collection for the Oregon State University Library, and will become part of the Scholars Archive collection for BioResources Research. My signature below authorizes release of my project and thesis to any reader upon request. ____________________________________________ ______________ Shanti C. Johnson June 3, 2014 2 Shanti Johnson Low cloud Point Biodiesel 9/4/2014 Abstract The synergetic interplay between the removal of saturated methyl esters and the addition of deoxygenated fatty acids on depressing the cloud point temperature of biodiesel was investigated in this study. Canola biodiesel was produced in batch as a standard with a cloud point of 1.37 +/- 6.3 oC. Saturated methyl esters were removed from the standard via urea fractionation resulting in a low saturate biodiesel with a cloud point of -21.06 +/- 0.5 oC. Heptadecene was used as a standard for the major products produced from the deoxygenation of saturated fatty acids.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 2 Heating Oil
    Chapter 2 Heating Oil Chapter 2 Heating Oil and Its Properties Introduction to petroleum Refining oil Petroleum Fuels Our Modern Life Style Heating Oil is a fossil fuel, as are natural gas, propane, and coal. They are called More than six thousand products are fossil fuels because they are all made from made from petroleum. It is almost impos- the prehistoric plants and animals that form sible to get through a day without using fossils. dozens of petroleum products. Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons. Hydrocar- Oilheat is reliable bon molecules are the building blocks of Oilheat has a remarkable reliability life. Everything that is or was ever alive is record. Despite wars, embargoes, political made of molecules composed of hydrogen unrest, and natural disasters, oilheat keeps and carbon atoms. Carbon is normally a its customers warm. This reliability is solid, which, if not totally burned, becomes partly due to the variety of places where smoke and soot. Bonded together, hydro- crude oil is found, the resourcefulness of carbons can be a gas like propane, a liquid everyone from the refiners to the local oil like heating oil or a solid like candle wax. dealer, the flexibility of the delivery The hydrocarbon gases contain more system, and the stability and safety inherent hydrogen; the liquids and solids contain in heating oil. more carbon. Some Petroleum Products Gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, diesel fuel, heating oil, propane, butane, lubricating oils, greases, waxes, asphalt, nylon, plastics, fertilizers, washing, cleaning and polishing products, medicines and drugs, photographic film, pesticides, waxed paper, food preservatives, food flavorings, beauty products, Plexiglas®, vinyl, audio and video tape, synthetic rubber, synthetic fibers, textiles, explosives, solvents, wax for candles, candy, matches, and pol- ishes, toiletries, crayons, roofing materials, floor coverings, carbon fiber, paints, lacquers, printing inks, DVDs and CDs.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Compatibility Chart
    Chemical Compatibility Chart 1 Inorganic Acids 1 2 Organic acids X 2 3 Caustics X X 3 4 Amines & Alkanolamines X X 4 5 Halogenated Compounds X X X 5 6 Alcohols, Glycols & Glycol Ethers X 6 7 Aldehydes X X X X X 7 8 Ketone X X X X 8 9 Saturated Hydrocarbons 9 10 Aromatic Hydrocarbons X 10 11 Olefins X X 11 12 Petrolum Oils 12 13 Esters X X X 13 14 Monomers & Polymerizable Esters X X X X X X 14 15 Phenols X X X X 15 16 Alkylene Oxides X X X X X X X X 16 17 Cyanohydrins X X X X X X X 17 18 Nitriles X X X X X 18 19 Ammonia X X X X X X X X X 19 20 Halogens X X X X X X X X X X X X 20 21 Ethers X X X 21 22 Phosphorus, Elemental X X X X 22 23 Sulfur, Molten X X X X X X 23 24 Acid Anhydrides X X X X X X X X X X 24 X Represents Unsafe Combinations Represents Safe Combinations Group 1: Inorganic Acids Dichloropropane Chlorosulfonic acid Dichloropropene Hydrochloric acid (aqueous) Ethyl chloride Hydrofluoric acid (aqueous) Ethylene dibromide Hydrogen chloride (anhydrous) Ethylene dichloride Hydrogen fluoride (anhydrous) Methyl bromide Nitric acid Methyl chloride Oleum Methylene chloride Phosphoric acid Monochlorodifluoromethane Sulfuric acid Perchloroethylene Propylene dichloride Group 2: Organic Acids 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Acetic acid 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Butyric acid (n-) Trichloroethylene Formic acid Trichlorofluoromethane Propionic acid Rosin Oil Group 6: Alcohols, Glycols and Glycol Ethers Tall oil Allyl alcohol Amyl alcohol Group 3: Caustics 1,4-Butanediol Caustic potash solution Butyl alcohol (iso, n, sec, tert) Caustic soda solution Butylene
    [Show full text]
  • Cloud and Pour Points in Fuel Blendsq
    Fuel 81A2002) 963±967 www.fuel®rst.com Short Communication Cloud and pour points in fuel blendsq J.A.P. Coutinhoa,*, F. Mirantea, J.C. Ribeirob, J.M. Sansotc, J.L. Daridonc aDepartamento de QuõÂmica da Universidade de Aveiro, 3810 Aveiro, Portugal bPetrogal, Re®naria do Porto, Apartado 3015, 4451-852 LecËa da Palmeira, Portugal cGroupe Haute Pression, Laboratoire des Fluides Compexes, Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 64000 Pau, France Received 13 August 2001; revised 19 November 2001; accepted 29 November 2001; available online 4 January 2002 Abstract Cloud and pour points are part of the speci®cations for diesel fuel oils. This work studies the dilution of a diesel with a jet fuel of very low cloud point to produce fuel blends with lower cold characteristics. It is shown that the cloud point of the blend is a highly non-linear combination of the cloud points of the original fuels and is mainly dependent on the cloud point of the heavier ¯uid. Using a thermodynamic model previously proposed, an accurate description of the cloud point for the fuel blends is achieved. This model also allows an estimation of the amount of solid at the pour point showing that as little as 0.5±1wt% of solids are enough to gel the fuel. q 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Wax; Cloud point; Modelling 1. Introduction 2. Experimental At low temperatures crystals of paraf®ns form in fuels Both the diesel and the jet fuel used on this work are non- imposing restrictions to its use.
    [Show full text]