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Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide Fourth Edition Notice NREL/TP-540-43672 National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future September 2008 Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide Fourth Edition Notice This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessar- ily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States govern- ment or any agency thereof. Available electronically at http://www.osti.gov/bridge Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 phone: 865.576.8401 fax: 865.576.5728 email: mailto:[email protected] Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 phone: 800.553.6847 fax: 703.605.6900 email: [email protected] online ordering: www.ntis.gov/ordering.htm Contents 1.0 Introduction . 5 2.0 Biodiesel Basics..............................................................................6 2.1 What Is Biodiesel? ..........................................................................6 2.2 Benefits of Biodiesel Use.....................................................................7 2.3 Other Biodiesel Attributes . 9 3.0 Biodiesel (B100).............................................................................10 3.1 B100 Quality Specification...................................................................12 3.2 Variation in Biodiesel Properties . 15 3.3 Energy Content . .16 3.4 Low-Temperature Properties .................................................................17 3.5 Cetane Number...........................................................................19 3.6 Transport and Storage......................................................................19 3.6.1 Stability .............................................................................19 3.6.2 Microbial Contamination . 21 3.6.3 Cleaning Effect . .21 3.6.4 Materials Compatibility . .21 3.6.5 Storage Tanks and Dispensing Equipment . .22 3.6.6 Transport............................................................................22 3.7 Use of B100 and High Blend Levels . 23 4.0 Biodiesel Blends.............................................................................23 4.1 Specifications . 23 4.1.1 B5 and Lower Blends ...................................................................23 4.1.2 B6 to B20 Blends......................................................................23 4.2 Low-Temperature Properties .................................................................25 4.3 Lubricity . 29 4.4 Blending, Storage, and Transport..............................................................29 4.4.1 Blending . 29 4.4.2 Stability.............................................................................32 4.4.3 Cleaning Effect . .33 4.4.4 Materials Compatibility . .34 5.0 BQ-9000 Program for Supply Chain Management . .34 6.0 Engine Warranties . .35 7.0 Taxes and Incentives . .35 7.1 Off-Road Diesel . 35 8.0 Safety, Health, and Environmental Issues..........................................................36 8.1 Signs, Labels, and Stickers . 36 8.2 Fire Safety Considerations...................................................................36 9.0 Frequently Asked Questions....................................................................37 10.0 Information Resources .......................................................................38 11.0 Glossary..................................................................................39 Appendix A. Sample Biodiesel Material Safety Data Sheet . 41 Appendix B. Renewable Identification Number . 44 Appendix C. Biodiesel Use as an EPAct Alternative Fuel . 44 2008 • Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide (Fourth Edition) • 1 Appendix D. Density and Viscosity as a Function of Temperature . .44 Appendix E. Biodiesel Materials Compatibility Summary Tables . 48 Elastomers . .48 Metals.....................................................................................49 Appendix F. BQ-9000 Sample Certificate of Analysis . 50 References . .52 2 • Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide (Fourth Edition) • 2008 Figures Figure 1. Basic Transesterification Process . .6 Figure 2. Average Emission Impacts of Biodiesel Fuels in CI Engines . 8 Figure 3. Composition of Various Biodiesel Feedstocks in Order of Increasing Saturated Fatty Acid Content ..........16 Figure 4. Cetane Number of Two Petroleum Diesels and Several Biodiesels . 19 Figure 5. ASTM D4625 Long-Term Storage Stability for B100 Samples Having a Range of Initial Induction Periods. 20 Figure 6. Biodiesel/Diesel Blend Cloud Point Test Results................................................26 Figure 7. Biodiesel/Diesel Blend Cloud Point Test Results (0%–10% Biodiesel Blend Range)......................26 Figure 8. Biodiesel/Diesel Blend Pour Point Test Results.................................................26 Figure 9. Biodiesel/Diesel Blend Pour Point Test Results (0%–10% Biodiesel Blend Range) . 26 Figure 10. Biodiesel/Diesel Blend Cold Filter Plugging Point Test Results . .26 Figure 11. Biodiesel/Diesel Blend Cold Filter Plugging Point Test Results (0%–10% Biodiesel Blend Range) . .26 Figure 12. Adjusting Cloud Points of B20 Fuels with Blends of No. 1 and No. 2 Diesel . .27 Figure 13. Cold Flow Properties of Some Soy Biodiesel Blends, ºF . 28 Figure 14. HFRR Lubricity as a Function of Biodiesel Content for a No. 1 and a No. 2 Diesel Fuel ...................29 Figure 15. D4625 Storage Results for B5 Blends Made from B100 with Varying Levels of Oxidation Stability as Measured by the OSI Induction Time ........................................................32 Figure 16. D4625 Storage Results for B20 Blends Made from B100 with Varying Levels of Oxidation Stability as Measured by OSI or Rancimat Induction Time . .33 Tables Table 1. Select Properties of Typical No. 2 Diesel and Biodiesel Fuels . .11 Table 2. Requirements for Biodiesel (B100) Blend Stock as Listed in ASTM D6751-08a..........................12 Table 3. Fuel Properties as a Function of Fuel Composition in Diesel Engines . .16 Table 4. Heating Value of Diesel and Some Biodiesel (B100) Fuels..........................................17 Table 5. Cold Flow Data for Various B100 Fuels........................................................18 Table 6. ASTM D7467 Specification for Diesel Blends B6 to B20 ...........................................24 2008 • Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide (Fourth Edition) • 3 Abbreviations and Acronyms AFV .......alternative fuel vehicle ASTM . .ASTM International B100 . .100% biodiesel B20 .......20% biodiesel, 80% petroleum diesel Btu . .British thermal unit Ca ........calcium CFPP ......cold filter plug point CI . compression ignition CO........carbon monoxide COA.......certificate of analysis CO2 . .carbon dioxide DOE.......U.S. Department of Energy DOT.......U.S. Department of Transportation ECRA......Energy Conservation Reauthorization Act of 1998 EPA . .U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPAct......Energy Policy Act of 1992 (amended in 1998) FAME......fatty acid methyl esters GHG.......greenhouse gas HC........hydrocarbon HFRR......high-frequency reciprocating rig IRS . .Internal Revenue Service K .........potassium KOH.......potassium hydroxide LTFT . low-temperature flow test Mg........magnesium MSDA . .material safety data sheet MSHA . .U.S. Department of Labor Mining Safety Health Administration Na ........sodium NBB.......National Biodiesel Board NOx .......nitrogen oxides NFPA ......National Fire Protection Association NREL......National Renewable Energy Laboratory OEM . original equipment manufacturer OSHA......Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSI . .Oil Stability Index PAH .......polyaromatic hydrocarbons PM........particulate matter ppm.......parts per million RCRA......Resource Conservation & Recovery Act of 1976 RFS .......Renewable Fuels Standard SO2 . .sulfur dioxide UL ........Underwriters Laboratories VOC .......volatile organic compound 4 • Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide (Fourth Edition) • 2008 1.0 Introduction This document is a guide for those who blend, store, distribute, and use biodiesel and biodiesel blends. It provides basic information on the proper and safe use of biodiesel and biodiesel blends in compression-ignition engines and boilers, and it is intended to help fleets, individual users, blenders, distributors, and those involved in related activities understand procedures for handling and using biodiesel fuels. Biodiesel is manufactured from plant oils, animal fats, and recycled cooking oils. Biodiesel’s advantages are as follows: • It is renewable. • It is energy efficient. • It displaces petroleum-derived diesel fuel. • It can be used as a 20% blend in most diesel equipment
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