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Methacrylated Poly(Ethylene Glycol)S As Precursors

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Methacrylated Poly(Ethylene Glycol)S As Precursors METHACRYLATED POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL)S AS PRECURSORS FOR SUPERPLASTICIZERS AND UV-CURABLE ELECTRICAL CONTACT STABILIZATION MATERIALS A Dissertation Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Ali Javadi October, 2017 1 METHACRYLATED POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL)S AS PRECURSORS FOR SUPERPLASTICIZERS AND UV-CURABLE ELECTRICAL CONTACT STABILIZATION MATERIALS Ali Javadi Dissertation Approved: Accepted: Advisor Department Chair Dr. Mark D. Soucek Dr. Sadhan Jana Committee Member Dean of the College Dr. Sadhan Jana Dr. Eric J. Amis Committee Member Interim Dean of the Graduate School Dr. Miko Cakmak Dr. Chand Midha Committee Member Date Dr. Toshikazu Miyoshi Committee Member Dr. J. Richard Elliott ii ABSTRACT Poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEGs) are an important class of polymeric materials. In addition to standard linear PEGs, polymers synthesized from (meth)acrylated PEGs are specially versatile in modern technological applications. Comb-like copolymers derived from (meth)acrylated PEGs, such as polycarboxylate ethers (PCEs) are widely used as hydration and setting modifiers in cement while the working mechanisms in cement hydration have remained uncertain. The first part of this dissertation uncovers correlations between copolymer architecture and setting properties of cement for a range of synthesized PCEs architecture. Adsorption of PCEs on calcium silicate hydrate surfaces involves migration of Ca2+ ions in the acrylate backbone to the calcium silicate hydrate surface and subsequent ion pairing of the anionic polymer backbone with the positively charged surfaces of calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) gel. Two consistent sets of property correlations are identified as a function of copolymer design. The adsorption strength of PCEs onto cement pastes, the conductivity, and retardation of cement hydration correlate in the same order. The water-to-cement ratio necessary for processing, zeta potentials, and the fluidity of the cement pastes correlate in a different order. The adsorption set directly correlates with the density of carboxylate groups, leading to strong, flexible ionic packing of multimolecular layers for low density and short length of side chains. The fluidity increases with density and length of PEG side chains, leading to less flexible, flat-on conformation, and lower adsorbed iii mass. Best dispersion of cement particles and greatest water reduction require a compromise reached by low density and intermediate length of PEG side chains. The mechanisms support the design of cement materials and related particle dispersions. A new series of ultraviolet (UV) curable electrical contact stabilization materials, which contain polypropylene glycol (PPG)-block-polyethylene glycol (PEG)-block- polypropylene glycol (PPG) capped with methacrylate functional groups on both ends as the reactive polymer and methacrylated PEGs as reactive diluents were developed in the second part of this dissertation. The photo-crosslinking behavior of these formulations was studied in detail. The effects of reactive diluents, including functionalities, molecular weight, and content were investigated via a combination of dynamic rheological measurements and real time Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. In general, it was found that both crosslinking kinetics and dynamic modulus were affected by the selection of reactive diluents. In the case of mono-functional reactive diluents, the conversion rate and ultimate modulus were not significantly influenced by the molecular weight of reactive diluents because they could only form dangling ends in the crosslinked networks. Moreover, approximately 6% decrease in the contact resistance of electrical contact surfaces using these formulations was observed compared to the co-operating surfaces without applying the stabilization materials. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank God for giving me the strength, ability, and opportunity to undertake this research study. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Mark D. Soucek, for his continuous support, patience, and immense knowledge. I would like to thank Dr. Miko Cakmak for his insightful discussions and valuable advice. I would also like to thank Dr. Sadhan Jana, Dr. Toshikazu Miyoshi, Dr. J. Richard Elliott, and Dr. Hendrik Heinz for their insightful comments and encouragement which incented me to widen my research from various perspectives. I am thankful for the financial support from the Department of Polymer Engineering and Imagine Research and Technology Inc. In my daily work, I have been blessed with a cheerful and friendly group of colleagues at the Department of Polymer Engineering. I would like to thank them for their support. v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... xi LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... xvii INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................ 6 2.1. Poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEGs) ..................................................................................... 6 2.2. (Meth)Acrylated PEGs................................................................................................. 9 2.3. (Meth)Acrylated PEGs as superplasticizers for cement ............................................ 10 2.3.1. Portland cement ................................................................................................... 10 2.3.2. Chemical composition of Portland cement ......................................................... 11 2.3.3. Mechanisms of cement hydration ....................................................................... 13 2.3.4. Superplasticizers.................................................................................................. 15 2.3.5. Synthesis of PCEs based on (meth)acrylated PEGs ............................................ 18 2.3.6. Chemical architecture of PCEs ........................................................................... 19 2.3.7. Earlier studies on the working mechanism of PCEs ........................................... 23 2.4. Electrical contact stabilization materials based on PEG/PPG ................................... 41 COMB-LIKE SUPERPLASTICIZERS: SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, AND CONDUCTION CALORIMETRY .................................................................................. 44 vi 3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 44 3.2. Experimental section .................................................................................................. 47 3.2.1. Materials .............................................................................................................. 47 3.2.2. Synthesis and characterization of copolymers .................................................... 48 3.2.3. Conduction calorimetry measurements ............................................................... 49 3.3. Results ........................................................................................................................ 50 3.3.1. Polymer synthesis and characterization .............................................................. 50 3.3.2. Conduction calorimetry ....................................................................................... 52 3.4. Discussion .................................................................................................................. 55 3.4.1. RAFT copolymerization of MMA and MPEGMA in aqueous media ................ 55 3.4.2. Hydration of Portland cement and effects of superplasticizers ........................... 57 3.4.2.1. Hydration of alite .......................................................................................... 57 3.4.2.2. Hydration of Portland cement....................................................................... 60 3.4.2.3. Role of molecular architecture of PCEs on hydration of Portland cement .. 60 3.5. Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 62 COMB-LIKE SUPERPLASTICIZERS: FLUIDITY TESTS AND ADSORPTION MEASUREMENTS .......................................................................................................... 63 4.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 63 4.2. Experimental section .................................................................................................. 71 4.2.1. Slump test ............................................................................................................ 71 vii 4.2.2. Adsorption measurement..................................................................................... 74 4.3. Results ........................................................................................................................ 75 4.3.1. Dispersion properties........................................................................................... 75 4.3.2. Adsorption of PCEs ............................................................................................
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