Polyalkylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether (PGME) for Handling
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The Toxicology of Glycol Ethers and Its Relevance to Man (Fourth Edition) Volume I
The Toxicology of Glycol Ethers and its Relevance to Man (Fourth Edition) Volume I Technical Report No. 95 ISSN-0773-8072-95 Brussels, February 2005 The Toxicology of Glycol Ethers and its Relevance to Man ECETOC TECHNICAL REPORT No. 95 © Copyright – ECETOC AISBL European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals 4 Avenue E. Van Nieuwenhuyse (Bte 6), B-1160 Brussels, Belgium. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, copied, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. Applications to reproduce, store, copy or translate should be made to the Secretary General. ECETOC welcomes such applications. Reference to the document, its title and summary may be copied or abstracted in data retrieval systems without subsequent reference. The content of this document has been prepared and reviewed by experts on behalf of ECETOC with all possible care and from the available scientific information. It is provided for information only. ECETOC cannot accept any responsibility or liability and does not provide a warranty for any use or interpretation of the material contained in the publication. ECETOC TR No. 95 The Toxicology of Glycol Ethers and its Relevance to Man The Toxicology of Glycol Ethers and its Relevance to Man CONTENTS - VOLUMES I AND II EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 3 Recommendations for further work 13 1. INTRODUCTION 14 1.1 Conversion factors and physico-chemical properties 14 1.2 Production and use 14 1.2.1 Manufacture of ethylene-series glycol ethers 14 1.2.2 Manufacture of propylene-series glycol ethers 15 1.2.3 Uses 15 2. -
Mathematical Formulation and Parametric Analysis of In
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Mathematical formulation and parametric analysis of in vitro cell models in microfuidic devices: application to diferent stages of glioblastoma evolution Jacobo Ayensa‑Jiménez1,2, Marina Pérez‑Aliacar1,2, Teodora Randelovic1,2, Sara Oliván1,2, Luis Fernández1,2,3, José Antonio Sanz‑Herrera4, Ignacio Ochoa1,2,3, Mohamed H. Doweidar1,2,3 & Manuel Doblaré1,2,3* In silico models and computer simulation are invaluable tools to better understand complex biological processes such as cancer evolution. However, the complexity of the biological environment, with many cell mechanisms in response to changing physical and chemical external stimuli, makes the associated mathematical models highly non‑linear and multiparametric. One of the main problems of these models is the determination of the parameters’ values, which are usually ftted for specifc conditions, making the conclusions drawn difcult to generalise. We analyse here an important biological problem: the evolution of hypoxia‑driven migratory structures in Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), the most aggressive and lethal primary brain tumour. We establish a mathematical model considering the interaction of the tumour cells with oxygen concentration in what is called the go or grow paradigm. We reproduce in this work three diferent experiments, showing the main GBM structures (pseudopalisade and necrotic core formation), only changing the initial and boundary conditions. We prove that it is possible to obtain versatile mathematical tools which, together with a sound parametric analysis, allow to explain complex biological phenomena. We show the utility of this hybrid “biomimetic in vitro‑in silico” platform to help to elucidate the mechanisms involved in cancer processes, to better understand the role of the diferent phenomena, to test new scientifc hypotheses and to design new data‑driven experiments. -
1,3:2,4-Dibenzylidene-D-Sorbitol (DBS)
This is a repository copy of 1,3:2,4-Dibenzylidene-d-sorbitol (DBS) and its derivatives- efficient, versatile and industrially-relevant low-molecular-weight gelators with over 100 years of history and a bright future. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/92625/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Okesola, Babatunde O., Vieira, Vânia M P, Cornwell, Daniel J. et al. (2 more authors) (2015) 1,3:2,4-Dibenzylidene-d-sorbitol (DBS) and its derivatives-efficient, versatile and industrially-relevant low-molecular-weight gelators with over 100 years of history and a bright future. Soft Matter. pp. 4768-4787. ISSN 1744-683X https://doi.org/10.1039/c5sm00845j Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Please do not adjust margins Journal Name ARTICLE 1,3:2,4-Dibenzylidene-D-sorbitol (DBS) and its derivatives - Efficient, versatile and industrially-relevant low-molecular-weight Received 00th January 20xx, gelators with over 100 years of history and a bright future Accepted 00th January 20xx a a a a DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x Babatunde O. -
Lubricants in Pharmaceutical Solid Dosage Forms
Lubricants 2014, 2, 21-43; doi:10.3390/lubricants2010021 OPEN ACCESS lubricants ISSN 2075-4442 www.mdpi.com/journal/lubricants Review Lubricants in Pharmaceutical Solid Dosage Forms Jinjiang Li * and Yongmei Wu Drug Product Science & Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Corporation, 1 Squibb Dr., New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-732-227-6584; Fax: +1-732-227-3784. Received: 18 December 2013; in revised form: 21 January 2014 / Accepted: 24 January 2014 / Published: 25 February 2014 Abstract: Lubrication plays a key role in successful manufacturing of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms; lubricants are essential ingredients in robust formulations to achieve this. Although many failures in pharmaceutical manufacturing operations are caused by issues related to lubrication, in general, lubricants do not gain adequate attention in the development of pharmaceutical formulations. In this paper, the fundamental background on lubrication is introduced, in which the relationships between lubrication and friction/adhesion forces are discussed. Then, the application of lubrication in the development of pharmaceutical products and manufacturing processes is discussed with an emphasis on magnesium stearate. In particular, the effect of its hydration state (anhydrate, monohydrate, dihydrate, and trihydrate) and its powder characteristics on lubrication efficiency, as well as product and process performance is summarized. In addition, the impact of lubrication on the dynamics of compaction/compression processes and on the mechanical properties of compacts/tablets is presented. Furthermore, the online monitoring of magnesium stearate in a blending process is briefly mentioned. Finally, the chemical compatibility of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) with magnesium stearate and its reactive impurities is reviewed with examples from the literature illustrating the various reaction mechanisms involved. -
Propylene Glycol TAP Report
CFNP TAP Review Propylene glycol 2002 PROPYLENE GLYCOL Livestock Executive Summary Propylene glycol is a 3-carbon compound derived from propylene which has applications in both industry and medicine. The subject of the current petition is a request for the approval of propylene glycol to the National List for medical use in organic livestock. Propylene glycol is used as a drench in the treatment of ketosis. Propylene glycol is considered GRAS, except when used in or on cat food. Summary of TAP Reviewers’ Analyses1 Synthetic/ Allow without restrictions? Allow only with restrictions? Nonsynthetic (See Reviewers’ comments for restrictions) Synthetic (3) Yes (1) Yes (2) No (2) No (1) Identification Chemical names: 1,2-propanediol; 1,2-dihdroxypropane; Methyl glycol; Methylethylene glycol; Trimethyl glycol, C3H8O2; CH3CHOHCH2OH Other Names: 1,2-propylene glycol; 2-hydroxypropanol; alpha-Propylene glycol; alpha-propyleneglycol; Colla- Moist WS; Dowfrost; Horsechestnut HS; Methylethyl glycol; Methylethylene glycol; Monopropylene glycol; PG 12; Propane-1,2-diol; Propylene glycol; Propylene glycol USP; Sentry Propylene glycol; Sirlene; Solar winter ban; Uantox 20; Uantox 3; 1,2-proylenglykol [German] CAS Number: 57-55-6 Other numbers: EPA Pesticide Chemical Code: 068603 Chemical Structure: Characterization 1 This Technical Advisory Panel (TAP) review is based on the information available as of the date of this review. This review addresses the requirements of the Organic Foods Production Act to the best of the investigator’s ability, and has been reviewed by experts on the TAP. The substance is evaluated against the criteria found in section 2119(M) of the OFPA [7 USC 6517(m)]. The information and advice presented to the NOSB is based on the technical evaluation against that criteria, and does not incorporate commercial availability, socio-economic impact, or other factors that the NOSB and the USDA may want to consider in making decisions. -
Polymeric Substances
polymers.txt TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT INVENTORY REPRESENTATION FOR POLYMERIC SUBSTANCES I. Introduction This paper explains the conventions that are applied to listings of polymeric chemical substances for the Chemical Substance Inventory that is maintained by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). These conventions have been in place largely without changes since the inception of the Inventory. The Agency's goal in developing this paper is to make it easier for the users of the Inventory to interpret listings for polymers and to understand how new substances should be identified for Inventory inclusion. Fundamental to the Inventory as a whole is the principle that entries on the Inventory are identified as precisely as possible for the commercial chemical substance, as reported by the submitter. Substances that are chemically indistinguishable, or even identical, may be listed differently on the Inventory, depending on the degree of knowledge that the submitters possess and report about such substances, as well as how submitters intend to represent the chemical identities to the Agency and to customers. Although these chemically indistinguishable substances are named differently on the Inventory, this is not a "nomenclature" issue, but an issue of substance representation. Submitters should be aware that their choice for substance representation plays an important role in the Agency's determination of how the substance will be listed on the Inventory. A. Polymer Definition For the purposes of the TSCA Inventory, a substance must meet the following compositional requirements in order to be considered a polymer: ===================================== NOTICE: The policies set out in this document are not final Agency action, but are intended solely as guidance. -
Route and Type of Formulation Administered Influences The
Journal of Functional Biomaterials Article Route and Type of Formulation Administered Influences the Absorption and Disposition of Vitamin B12 Levels in Serum Luis Vitetta 1,2,* ID , Joyce Zhou 2, Rachel Manuel 2, Serena Dal Forno 2, Sean Hall 2 ID and David Rutolo 2 1 Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia 2 Medlab Clinical, Sydney 2015, Australia; [email protected] (J.Z.); [email protected] (R.M.); [email protected] (S.D.F.); [email protected] (S.H.); [email protected] (D.R.) * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] Received: 23 December 2017; Accepted: 18 January 2018; Published: 21 January 2018 Abstract: The administration of biological compounds that optimize health benefits is an ever-evolving therapeutic goal. Pharmaceutical and other adjunctive biological compounds have been administered via many different routes in order to produce a systemic pharmacological effect. The article summarizes the findings from an Australian comparative study in adults administered vitamin B12 through different oral delivery platforms. A total of 16 subjects (9 males, 7 females) voluntarily partook in a comparative clinical study of five different vitamin B12 formulations across a six-month period, completing 474 person-hours of cumulative contribution, that was equivalent to an n = 60 participation. A nanoparticle delivered vitamin B12 through a NanoCelle platform was observed to be significantly (p < 0.05) better absorbed than all other dose equivalent platforms (i.e., tablets, emulsions, or liposomes) from baseline to 1, 3, and 6 h of the study period. The nanoparticle platform delivered vitamin B12 demonstrated an enhanced and significant absorption profile as exemplified by rapid systemic detection (i.e., 1 h from baseline) when administered to the oro-buccal mucosa with no reports of any adverse events of toxicity. -
Effect of Processing and Formulation Conditions on Physicochemical Characteristics of Food Emulsions
Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 12-2008 Effect of Processing and Formulation Conditions on Physicochemical Characteristics of Food Emulsions Megan Tippetts Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Food Science Commons Recommended Citation Tippetts, Megan, "Effect of Processing and Formulation Conditions on Physicochemical Characteristics of Food Emulsions" (2008). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 147. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/147 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EFFECT OF PROCESSING AND FORMULATION CONDITIONS ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FOOD EMULSIONS by Megan Tippetts A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Nutrition and Food Sciences Approved: ___________________ ___________________ Dr. Silvana Martini Dr. Marie Walsh Major Professor Committee Member ___________________ ___________________ Dr. Donald McMahon Dr. Byron R. Burnham Committee Member Dean of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSTY Logan, Utah 2008 ii Copyright © Megan Tippetts 2008 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Effect of Processing and Formulation Conditions on Physicochemical Characteristics of Food Emulsions by Megan Tippetts, Master of Science Utah State University Major Professor: Dr. Silvana Martini Department: Nutrition and Food Sciences The objective of this research was to systematically study the effect of processing conditions on crystallization behavior and destabilization mechanisms of oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions. -
Polyols, Propylene/Ethylene Oxide
Report No. 46 POLYOLS FROM ETHYLENE OXIDE AND PROPYLENE OXIDE by YEN-CHEN YEN December 1968 A private report by the PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM I STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA I CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION, . , , . , . , , . , . , . , , . 1 2 SUMMARY . ,., ,, ,., , , , , , ,,,., , 3 3 INDUSTRY STATUS . , . , . , . 15 4 CHEMISTRY . , . , . 25 Oxyalkylation Reactions . , . 25 Catalysts . , . , . 27 Hydroxy1 Groups and Unsaturation . , . , 29 Kinetics...,..,..,.............. 31 Mechanism of Base-catalyzed Polyoxyalkylation . 33 Mechanism of Polyoxyalkylation with Boron-Trifluoride Catalyst . 37 Mechanism of Polyoxyalkylation Using Other Catalysts , , 38 Polymerization of Tetrahydrofuran . , , . 38 5 POLYGLYCOLS FROM ETHYLENE OXIDE AND PROPYLENE OXIDE , . 43 Review of Processes . , . , , . , , . 43 Reactors................ , . 47 Purification . , . , . , . , . 48 Manufacture of Polypropylene Glycol . , . , . 52 Process Description . , . , . , . , . , 52 Process Discussion , . , 57 Cost Estimate . , . , . , . 57 Manufacture of Polyethylene Glycol , . , . 64 Process Description . 64 Process Discussion . , . , . , . , . 68 Cost Estimate . , . , . , . 69 Other Polyglycols . , . , , , . , . , . 69 6 POLYOLS FROM POLYHYDRIC ALCOHOLS ............ 75 Review of Processes .................. 75 Control of Diol Content ............... 81 Dealing with Polyhydric Alcohols Having High Melting Points ....................... 81 Manufacture of Polyol from Glycerol and Propylene Oxide 82 Process Description ................. 82 Process Discussion -
Chemical Compatibility Chart
Chemical Compatibility Chart 1 Inorganic Acids 1 2 Organic acids X 2 3 Caustics X X 3 4 Amines & Alkanolamines X X 4 5 Halogenated Compounds X X X 5 6 Alcohols, Glycols & Glycol Ethers X 6 7 Aldehydes X X X X X 7 8 Ketone X X X X 8 9 Saturated Hydrocarbons 9 10 Aromatic Hydrocarbons X 10 11 Olefins X X 11 12 Petrolum Oils 12 13 Esters X X X 13 14 Monomers & Polymerizable Esters X X X X X X 14 15 Phenols X X X X 15 16 Alkylene Oxides X X X X X X X X 16 17 Cyanohydrins X X X X X X X 17 18 Nitriles X X X X X 18 19 Ammonia X X X X X X X X X 19 20 Halogens X X X X X X X X X X X X 20 21 Ethers X X X 21 22 Phosphorus, Elemental X X X X 22 23 Sulfur, Molten X X X X X X 23 24 Acid Anhydrides X X X X X X X X X X 24 X Represents Unsafe Combinations Represents Safe Combinations Group 1: Inorganic Acids Dichloropropane Chlorosulfonic acid Dichloropropene Hydrochloric acid (aqueous) Ethyl chloride Hydrofluoric acid (aqueous) Ethylene dibromide Hydrogen chloride (anhydrous) Ethylene dichloride Hydrogen fluoride (anhydrous) Methyl bromide Nitric acid Methyl chloride Oleum Methylene chloride Phosphoric acid Monochlorodifluoromethane Sulfuric acid Perchloroethylene Propylene dichloride Group 2: Organic Acids 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Acetic acid 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Butyric acid (n-) Trichloroethylene Formic acid Trichlorofluoromethane Propionic acid Rosin Oil Group 6: Alcohols, Glycols and Glycol Ethers Tall oil Allyl alcohol Amyl alcohol Group 3: Caustics 1,4-Butanediol Caustic potash solution Butyl alcohol (iso, n, sec, tert) Caustic soda solution Butylene -
Methacrylated Poly(Ethylene Glycol)S As Precursors
METHACRYLATED POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL)S AS PRECURSORS FOR SUPERPLASTICIZERS AND UV-CURABLE ELECTRICAL CONTACT STABILIZATION MATERIALS A Dissertation Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Ali Javadi October, 2017 1 METHACRYLATED POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL)S AS PRECURSORS FOR SUPERPLASTICIZERS AND UV-CURABLE ELECTRICAL CONTACT STABILIZATION MATERIALS Ali Javadi Dissertation Approved: Accepted: Advisor Department Chair Dr. Mark D. Soucek Dr. Sadhan Jana Committee Member Dean of the College Dr. Sadhan Jana Dr. Eric J. Amis Committee Member Interim Dean of the Graduate School Dr. Miko Cakmak Dr. Chand Midha Committee Member Date Dr. Toshikazu Miyoshi Committee Member Dr. J. Richard Elliott ii ABSTRACT Poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEGs) are an important class of polymeric materials. In addition to standard linear PEGs, polymers synthesized from (meth)acrylated PEGs are specially versatile in modern technological applications. Comb-like copolymers derived from (meth)acrylated PEGs, such as polycarboxylate ethers (PCEs) are widely used as hydration and setting modifiers in cement while the working mechanisms in cement hydration have remained uncertain. The first part of this dissertation uncovers correlations between copolymer architecture and setting properties of cement for a range of synthesized PCEs architecture. Adsorption of PCEs on calcium silicate hydrate surfaces involves migration of Ca2+ ions in the acrylate backbone to the calcium silicate hydrate surface and subsequent ion pairing of the anionic polymer backbone with the positively charged surfaces of calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) gel. Two consistent sets of property correlations are identified as a function of copolymer design. -
Application of Atomic Force Microscopy in Formulation Engineering a Versatile Tool for Surface Analysis
https://doi.org/10.1595/205651318X15342609861275 Johnson Matthey Technol. Rev., 2018, 62, (4), 438–452 www.technology.matthey.com Application of Atomic Force Microscopy in Formulation Engineering A versatile tool for surface analysis Lawrence Shere and Zhenyu Jason based on fundamental understanding of the Zhang* physical, chemical and biological properties of School of Chemical Engineering, University the compounds involved (1, 2). The properties of of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, formulated products such as texture and rheology B15 2TT, UK are determined by the microstructure. However, this correlation is often poorly understood. The Jon A. Preece formulation engineering approach is used to School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, develop innovative new products with enhanced Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK properties and address challenges such as replacing key product constituents and reducing energy *Email: [email protected] consumption during manufacture. Examples are the development of low fat mayonnaise or the replacement of environmentally harmful chemicals Atomic force microscopy (AFM) an analytical (3, 4). technique based on probing a surface or interface Despite the wide range of physical instruments with a microcantilever, has become widely used available to characterise formulations, very few of in formulation engineering applications such them can be used to analyse complex structures as consumer goods, food and pharmaceutical at the required submicron resolution. Conventional products. Its application is not limited to imaging optical microscopes were limited by the wavelength surface topography with nanometre spatial of light to approximately 200 nm resolution due to resolution, but is also useful for analysing material the diffraction of light, although the development properties such as adhesion, hardness and surface of super-resolution microscopy has increased the chemistry.