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Chapter 2 Heating Oil Chapter 2 Heating Oil Chapter 2 Heating Oil and Its Properties Introduction to petroleum Refining oil Petroleum Fuels Our Modern Life Style Heating Oil is a fossil fuel, as are natural gas, propane, and coal. They are called More than six thousand products are fossil fuels because they are all made from made from petroleum. It is almost impos- the prehistoric plants and animals that form sible to get through a day without using fossils. dozens of petroleum products. Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons. Hydrocar- Oilheat is reliable bon molecules are the building blocks of Oilheat has a remarkable reliability life. Everything that is or was ever alive is record. Despite wars, embargoes, political made of molecules composed of hydrogen unrest, and natural disasters, oilheat keeps and carbon atoms. Carbon is normally a its customers warm. This reliability is solid, which, if not totally burned, becomes partly due to the variety of places where smoke and soot. Bonded together, hydro- crude oil is found, the resourcefulness of carbons can be a gas like propane, a liquid everyone from the refiners to the local oil like heating oil or a solid like candle wax. dealer, the flexibility of the delivery The hydrocarbon gases contain more system, and the stability and safety inherent hydrogen; the liquids and solids contain in heating oil. more carbon. Some Petroleum Products Gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, diesel fuel, heating oil, propane, butane, lubricating oils, greases, waxes, asphalt, nylon, plastics, fertilizers, washing, cleaning and polishing products, medicines and drugs, photographic film, pesticides, waxed paper, food preservatives, food flavorings, beauty products, Plexiglas®, vinyl, audio and video tape, synthetic rubber, synthetic fibers, textiles, explosives, solvents, wax for candles, candy, matches, and pol- ishes, toiletries, crayons, roofing materials, floor coverings, carbon fiber, paints, lacquers, printing inks, DVDs and CDs. Five percent of our electricity generated is oil powered. Chapter 2—Heating Oil and Its Properties 2-3 Chapter 2 Heating Oil Gases Propane and Burate Gasoline Naphtha Gasoline Kerosene No. 2 Distillate Heavy Light Cat- Cat- Heavy Gas Oil Cracked Cracked Gas Oil Gas Oil Crude In Slurry Oil Pitch Pump Residual Fuel Fractionating Vacuum Catalytic Column Flashing Cracker Sulfur, Nitrogen Hydro Water, etc. Treated Catalyst Distillate Additive Hydro Preheater Injection Treater Hydrogen Gas Figure 2-1: Refining oil Petroleum comes out of the ground in a mixture of various middle distillate the form of crude oil and wet gas. Both are products together also creates heating oil. a complex mix of compounds consisting (Figure 2-1). mostly of the elements carbon and hydro- gen. Sulfur and nitrogen are bound to some of these hydrocarbon compounds. This Properties of heating oil mixture of molecules is separated at the American Society for Testing refinery by distillation into their various and Materials (ASTM) boiling ranges. Heating oil, diesel fuel, jet ASTM publishes industry specifications fuel, and kerosene are classified as middle for many different materials including distillates because their boiling range is in petroleum products. The specification for the middle of the sweep of petroleum Fuel Oils is ASTM D396. This standard products separated in the distillation sets the minimum specifications for the process. Heating oil produced directly by fuel. the distillation process is called “straight run” product. Heating oil is also produced Flash point by catalytically and thermally cracking The flash point of fuel oil is the maxi- heavier, more complex molecules into the mum temperature at which it can be safely small heating oil hydrocarbon molecules. stored and handled without serious fire This is called “cracked” product. Blending hazard. The ASTM specified flash point 2-4 Heating Oil and Its Properties Chapter 2 Heating Oil for No.1 and No.2 oil is 100°F minimum. When oil Heating Oil’s Physical Properties (No. 2 oil) is heated to its flash point, some of the hydrogen ASTM Specification: D 396 flashes off but the fuel will Flashpoint: 100°F minimum (37.8°C) not continue to burn. Ignition Point: >500°F (260°C) Pour Point: 17°F (8.3°C) Ignition point Cloud Point: Pour point temp. plus 10-20° (F) The ignition or fire point Viscosity: Varies: increases as temp. drops is lowest temperature at Water/Sediment: ASTM allowable amount of H O: 0.1% which rapid combustion of 2 (Water content is usually much lower in practice) a fuel will take place in air. Sulfur Content: Ranges from 0.5% to 0.05% (5000 to 500 parts per million); It is the temperature at ASTM maximum allowable amount is 0.5%. which all the fuel has been Color: Colorless, but heating oil is dyed red for tax compliance reasons. sufficiently heated and Color resembles cranberry juice. vaporized to the point BTU Content: 139,000 (approx.) where it continues to burn for at least 5 seconds. For No. 2 oil, the ignition point is over 500°F. Pour point temperature decreases, viscosity increases. Pour point is the lowest temperature at Normally the temperature of oil in a which fuel will flow. Below this, it turns to basement tank is 60°F. In the winter, you waxy gel. The ASTM standard for un- might get a delivery of 5°F oil. The colder treated No. 2 oil is 17°F. Additives or oil will have a higher viscosity and burner kerosene are added to heating oil during the winter to ensure that it flows. Cloud point Cloud point is the temperature at which wax crystals begin to form in the fuel— typically 10 to 20 degrees above the pour point. These crystals can clog filters and strainers, restricting fuel flow. Raising the temperature causes the crystals to go back into solution. ASTM does not list a specification for cloud point for heating oil. Both pour point and cloud point affect winter performance, and could cause problems if the fuel is not properly treated. Viscosity Viscosity is the thickness of the fuel and its resistance to flow. Grease has a high viscosity. Gasoline has a low viscosity—it flows easily. Heating oil’s viscosity changes dramatically with temperature. As the Chapter 2—Heating Oil and Its Properties 2-5 Chapter 2 Heating Oil performance will be affected until Color the fuel warms. As stated in the Heating oil is dyed red to differentiate it Good housekeep- Nozzle Chapter (Chapter 5), cold from on-road diesel fuel for tax compliance ing, installing filters oil causes poor atomization, delayed reasons. Problems with the fuel are not on all customers’ burners, and an ignition, noisy flames, pulsation, indicated by the darkness of the color. A aggressive and possible sooting. murky appearance, however, may indicate a problem-tank replacement fuel quality problem. program can cut Water and sediment fuel related service calls dramatically. Accumulation of water in tank Fuel related service calls bottoms is undesirable, since it leads The oilheat industry’s top two service to the formation of sludge and ice. priorities are improved reliability and Sludge is largely oil and water. Water and reduced heating equipment service costs. A oil usually do not mix, but if organic significant number of unscheduled no-heat sediment is present in the fuel, it acts as a service calls are caused by inconsistent fuel binder to stabilize the mix of fuel and quality, fuel degradation, and contamina- water. This forms a white milky substance tion. that will not burn. The ASTM limit for water is 0.1%, but most fuel sold has much Heating oil varies during the season. less water. Unfortunately, water can get Wholesalers get their product from around into the system from condensation, leaks in the world, from Malaysia to Texas. Each of lines, or missing vent and fill caps. these products is slightly different; as a result, the product in the customer’s tank Sulfur content may be a mixture of a variety of fuels. A Sulfur exists in varying degrees in all great deal of our product is created by fossil fuels. The sulfur content of heating blending various fuels together to meet the oil ranges from 0.5% to 0.05%; the ASTM rather loose definition for #2 heating oil maximum is 0.5%. laid out in the ASTM D 396 specification. Additionally, over time, fuel degrades— When the sulfur burns, it mixes with water may enter the system and bacteria oxygen and forms sulfuric dioxide. It also have an opportunity to grow. Good house- creates a small amount of sulfur trioxide. keeping, installing filters on all customers’ The sulfur trioxide reacts with the water burners, and an aggressive problem-tank vapor in the combustion gases to create a replacement program can cut fuel related sulfuric acid aerosol. If the acid condenses service calls dramatically. (at 150-200°) it adheres to the heat ex- changer, flue pipe and the inside of the Potential problems in the tank chimney. It creates a scaly yellow to red The population of oil tanks in the field colored crust. Scale makes up 50% of is aging. As the tanks age, rust and sedi- deposits on the heat exchanger. It down- ments build up in the tank. Secondly, oil grades efficiency by 1% to 4% over the has a finite shelf life and breaks down over year. It also blocks flue passages, restricting time. The third problem is the size and air flow and increasing smoke and soot. speed of delivery. Filling a tank kicks-up Using low sulfur fuel all but eliminates all the sediments and rust in the bottom of scale and soot formation on heat exchanger the tank, and that leads to plugged lines, surfaces. The efficiency does not degrade filters and nozzles. The solutions here are over the heating season, saving energy.
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