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Kung Tzu Confucius 500 BC the DOCTRINE of the MEAN The
Kung tzu Confucius 500 BC THE DOCTRINE OF THE MEAN The Doctrine of the the Mean [Zhong Yong Chung Yung], attrib. to Confucius, trans. In Wing-Tsit Chan, A Sourcebook in Chinese Philosophy, (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963), 95-115 this version available on the Internet via World Wide Web at gopher://gopher.vt.edu:10010/11/66/3 What Heaven has conferred is called The Nature; an accordance with this nature is called The Path of duty; the regulation of this path is called Instruction. The path may not be left for an instant. If it could be left, it would not be the path. On this account, the superior man does not wait till he sees things, to be cautious, nor till he hears things, to be apprehensive. There is nothing more visible than what is secret, and nothing more manifest than what is minute. Therefore the superior man is watchful over himself, when he is alone. While there are no stirrings of pleasure, anger, sorrow, or joy, the mind may be said to be in the state of Equilibrium. When those feelings have been stirred, and they act in their due degree, there ensues what may be called the state of Harmony. This Equilibrium is the great root from which grow all the human actings in the world, and this Harmony is the universal path which they all should pursue. Let the states of equilibrium and harmony exist in perfection, and a happy order will prevail throughout heaven and earth, and all things will be nourished and flourish. -
A Study of Ch' Eng
C143 ) A Study of Ch' eng -The Cosmo-ethical Principle in the Confucian Metaphysics of Morality- by Shim, Jae-Ryong* I. Introduction The efforts of some of the modern Confucian scholars seem to turn toward re-establishingConfucian order ~nd harmony with creative en thusiasm. They declare that the contribution of Confucianism to the eternal hope of mankind toward realizing the true sense of culture and peace is not to be simply discarded, because the true spirit of Confucianism is nothing but a craving for order and harmony. \\That, then, is the motive to achieye the ideal of Confucianists In their craving for harmony? The answer given from the time of its initiator Confucius himself down to the present is invariably one: ch' eng' (sincerity, truth, or absolute reality). The other key-concepts like hsing b (nature), jen C (humanity or benevolence), li d (principle or rationality) and ch'j e (principle of dynamic creativity or material force), etc. have been cast to incessant trnasformation and faced ups and downs according to the time and situations. The intricate relations and proper places of those key-concepts will be examined later on within the general framework of the Neo-Confucian metaphysics of morality centering around the concept of ch' eng. The purpose of this paper is, first, to trace the ongm and develop- * Assisstant Professor, Department of Philosophy; Seoul National University. mentof the concept ch' eng in the history of Chinese philosophy, and, second, to reconstruct the genuine philosophy of commitment in com pliance with the true spirit of Confucianism which is now . -
Study and Uses of the I Ching in Tokugawa Japan
Study Ching Tokugawa Uses of and I Japan the in Wai-ming Ng University Singapore National of • Ching $A (Book Changes) The of 1 particular significance has been book of a history. interest and in Asian East Divination philosophy basis its and derived from it on integral of Being civilization. Chinese within parts orbit the Chinese of the cultural were sphere, Japan traditional Ching development indebted for the the 1 of of its to aspects was culture. Japan The arrived in later sixth than the and little studied text in century no was (539-1186). Japan ancient readership expanded major It literate such Zen to groups as high-ranking monks, Buddhist courtiers, and period warriors medieval in the (1186- 1603). Ching scholarship 1 during reached Tokugawa its period the (1603-1868) apex Ching when the became 1 popular of the influential and Chinese This 2 most texts. one preliminary is provide work aims which brief Ching of overview 1 to essay a a scholarship highlighting Tokugawa Japan, in popularity themes: several of the the text, major writings, schools, the scholars, of/Ching and characteristics the and scholarship. 3 Popularity Ching The of the I popularity Ching Tokugawa of the The Japan in acknowledged I has been by a t• •" :i• •b Miyazaki Japanese number scholars. of Michio Tokugawa scholar of a thought, has remarked: "There by [Tokugawa] reached Confucians consensus was a pre-Tokugawa historical of the For overview Wai-ming in Japan, Ng, Ching "The 1 in text a see Japan," Quarterly Ancient (Summer Culture 1996), 26.2 Wai-ming 73-76; Asian and Ng pp. -
The Original I Ching : an Authentic Translation of the Book of Changes Pdf, Epub, Ebook
THE ORIGINAL I CHING : AN AUTHENTIC TRANSLATION OF THE BOOK OF CHANGES PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Margaret J. Pearson | 256 pages | 10 Sep 2011 | Tuttle Publishing | 9780804841818 | English | Boston, United States The Original I Ching : An Authentic Translation of the Book of Changes PDF Book In the English translation, every effort has been made to preserve Wilhelm's pioneering insight into the spirit of the original. In relation to the human sphere, this shows how the great man brings peace and security to the world through his activity in creating order: "He towers high above the multitude of beings, and all lands are united in peace. He has also made the exceedingly strange decision to incorporate tags in Latin, taken from the early Jesuit translations, which he claims. Expect nothing from your life. Seek Guidance and Wisdom from the Book of Change. Entire chapters are devoted to such vital material as the hosts of the hexagrams, the mutual hexagrams, and the core hexagrams--all barely hinted at in previous versions of the I Ching. Richard Wilhelm, Cary F. The author begins by examining the discovery of the I Ching by the first mythical emperor of China, Fu Xi, a divine being with the body of a serpent. Goodreads helps you keep track of books you want to read. The difference between the two translations—the differences among all translations—is apparent if we look at a single hexagram: number 52, called Gen. The I Ching's purpose is universal: to provide good counsel to its users in making decisions during times of change. -
The Significance of Shendu in the Interpretation of Classical Learning and ZHU Xi's Misreading
Dao (2014) 13:305–321 DOI 10.1007/s11712-014-9395-9 The Significance of Shendu in the Interpretation of Classical Learning and ZHU Xi’s Misreading Tao LIANG Published online: 11 July 2014 # The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract According to recently excavated bamboo and silk material, the idea of du 獨 in the concept shendu 慎獨 does not refer to a spatial notion of dwelling in solitude or a solitary dwelling; rather it is the state before having made contact with external things, or the state “before feelings are aroused” (weifa 未發) of the inner heart/mind. It refers to internal thoughts and volitions, or “casting aside external sensations” (sheti 舍體). Shen 慎 should be glossed in accordance with the Erya 爾雅 (Approaching Elegance), rendering it as “sincerity” (cheng 誠). Shendu then means to “cause one’swilltobe sincere” (chengqiyi 誠其意). ZHENG Xuan 鄭玄, in explaining shendu as being “cautious of the actions one performs in private” (shen qi xianju suowei 慎其閒居所為), complete- ly strayed from the original meaning as found in the bamboo-silk texts. ZHU Xi 朱熹, seeing the insufficiencies of ZHENG Xuan’s interpretation of shendu, broadened the meaning of du, and in particular added a spiritual meaning to it. However, due to influence by ZHENG Xuan, ZHU Xi still preserved some misreadings of the term; especially in his interpretation of shendu in the Daxue 大學 (Great Learning) and Zhongyong 中庸 (Doctrine of the Mean). Considering that the Neo-Confucian methods of cultivation embodied in the ideas of “abiding in reverence and enriching the self” (jujing hanyang 居敬涵養), and “being refined and focused” (weijing weiyi 惟精惟一) actually accorded more with the original meaning of shendu,ZHU Xi’smisreadingof shendu is indirectly related to the loss of its original meaning due to the broken transmission of the ancient texts. -
A New Tradition: Legitimizing the Authority of the Tokugawa Through the Hands of Japanese Neo- Confucians Daniel S
Connecticut College Digital Commons @ Connecticut College East Asian Languages and Cultures Department East Asian Languages and Cultures Department Honors Papers Spring 5-2-2008 A New Tradition: Legitimizing the Authority of the Tokugawa through the Hands of Japanese Neo- Confucians Daniel S. Keiser Connecticut College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/eastasianhp Recommended Citation Keiser, Daniel S., "A New Tradition: Legitimizing the Authority of the Tokugawa through the Hands of Japanese Neo-Confucians" (2008). East Asian Languages and Cultures Department Honors Papers. 2. http://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/eastasianhp/2 This Honors Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the East Asian Languages and Cultures Department at Digital Commons @ Connecticut College. It has been accepted for inclusion in East Asian Languages and Cultures Department Honors Papers by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Connecticut College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The views expressed in this paper are solely those of the author. One Introduction: An Overview 1 I. A Brief Overview of Confucianism in Japan When examining the history of Japan’s political development, it is important to consider the influence that various religions and traditions have on the island nation. In dealing with a syncretistic society like Japan, where people’s daily religious practices are influenced by three major traditions (Shintô 神道, Buddhism, and Confucianism), the lines that divide the religions from each other can often seem to disappear, making the three appear to have always coexisted. In Japan, all three traditions play respective roles in the average citizen’s life, and all three serve specific purposes in answer to various ideological and metaphysical questions. -
Chinese Dialectical Thinking—The Yin Yang Model Xinyan Xinyan* University of Redlands
Philosophy Compass 8/5 (2013): 438–446, 10.1111/phc3.12035 Chinese Dialectical Thinking—the Yin Yang Model Xinyan Xinyan* University of Redlands Abstract The yin yang model of thinking is most essential to the Chinese cosmology, ontology and outlook on life. This paper is a systematic discussion of such a dialectical way of thinking and its signifi- cance. It starts with investigating the origin and the meaning of terms ‘‘yin’’ and ‘‘yang’’, and explains the later developed yin yang doctrine; it then shows how greatly and profoundly the yin yang model of thinking has influenced Chinese philosophy and Chinese character. It concludes that Chinese naturalistic, dialectical, and optimistic attitudes toward the world and life are all based on the yin yang model of thinking and that the yin yang doctrine is the starting point for anyone to understand Chinese people and their philosophies. One cannot understand Chinese people and Chinese philosophy without understanding the yin yang model of thinking. Such a dialectical attitude toward everything has been an essential part of the Chinese character and Chinese way of living. Endorsed by many Chinese philosophers crossing different schools, it is most essential to the Chinese cos- mology, ontology and outlook on life. 1. The Origin and Meaning of ‘‘Yin’’ and ‘‘Yang’’ To understand the yin yang model of thinking, first it is necessary to know the origin and meaning of ‘‘yin’’ and ‘‘yang’’. Etymologically, what are yang and yin? It has been said that ‘‘yang’’ ( ) originally refers to sunshine or what pertains to sunshine and light; and ‘‘yin’’ ( ) refers to the absence of sunshine, i.e., shadow or darkness. -
A Comparative Study of Two Doctrines of the Mean Between Aristotle and Confucius
Exam No. 9509603 A Comparative Study of Two Doctrines of the Mean between Aristotle and Confucius Examination Number: 9509603 Name of Degree: MSc in Philosophy The University of Edinburgh Year of Presentation: 2009 Exam No. 9509603 TABLE OF CONTENT 1. Introduction................................................................................................................... 1 2. The Doctrine of the Mean in Nicomachean Ethics..................................................... 2 2.1 Moral virtue as State ........................................................................................... 2 2.2 Moral virtue as Mean.......................................................................................... 8 2.3 Various interpretations of the doctrine of the Mean...................................... 10 3. The Doctrine of Zhong Yong (Confucius’ Mean) in Zhongyong ............................ 16 3. 1 “Zhong Yong” 中庸 in Zhongyong.................................................................. 17 3.2 Various identifications of “Zhong Yong” 中庸............................................... 25 4. Comparison of doctrines of the Mean between Aristotle and Confucius .............. 33 4.1 Structural similarity.......................................................................................... 33 4.2 Different methods: Habit and Ritual............................................................... 36 4.3 Different natures: neutral nature and innate good nature............................ 42 5. Final thought .............................................................................................................. -
Neo-Confucianism Zhu Xi Zhu Xi (Chu Hsi) Brought the Development of Neo-Confucianism to a Culminating Synthesis
Neo-Confucianism Zhu Xi Zhu Xi (Chu Hsi) brought the development of Neo-Confucianism to a culminating synthesis. He brought together Zhou Dunyi’s conception of the Great Ultimate (Taiji/T’ai-chi ) together with the concept of principle (li ) emphasized by the Cheng brothers. A great scholar, he edited and compiled the Four Books (the Analects, the Mencius, the Great Learning, the Doctrine of the Mean), establishing the basis for the state examination system that last until 1905. He is credited with restoring Confucianism to its original focus on moral cultivation. The selections here are from A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy compiled and translated by the 20th century Neo-Confucian philosopher Wing-Tsit Chan. The comments included within the selections are from Professor Chan. Zhu Xi (Chu Hsi) (1130–1200) Selections from The Complete Works of Chu Hsi 1. Moral Cultivation a. How to Study 1. Question: Does what is called the fundamental task consist only in preserving the mind, nourishing the nature, and cultivating and controlling them? Answer: Both the effort of preserving and nourishing and that of the investigation of principle (li ) to the utmost must be thorough. However, the effort of investigating principle to the utmost is already found within that of preserving and nourishing, and the effort of preserving and nourishing is already found within that of the investigation of principle to the utmost. To investigate principle to the utmost is the same as investigating to the utmost what is preserved, and to preserve and nourish is the same as nourishing what has been investigated. -
The Great Learning the Doctrine of the Mean
The Great learning 大學 and the doctrine of the mean 中庸 translation, commentary, and notes Robert eno version 1 . 0 June 2016 © 2016 Robert Eno This online translation is made freely available for use in not for profit educational settings and for personal use. For other purposes, apart from fair use, copyright is not waived. Open access to this translation is provided, without charge, at http://hdl.handle.net/2022/23424 Also available as open access translations of the Four Books: The Analects of Confucius: An Online Teaching Translation http://hdl.handle.net/2022/23420 Mencius: An Online Teaching Translation http://hdl.handle.net/2022/23421 Mencius: Translation, Notes, and Commentary http://hdl.handle.net/2022/23423 The Great Learning and The Doctrine of the Mean: An Online Teaching Translation http://hdl.handle.net/2022/234242 contents Prefatory Note on the Translation …………………………………………………….. ii General Introduction ………………………………………………………………….. 1 The Great Learning Introduction ………………………………………………………………………… 7 Translation, Commentary, and Notes …………………………………………… 11 Appendix: The Original Liji Version of The Great Learning ………………….. 25 The Doctrine of the Mean Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….. 33 Translation, Commentary, and Notes …………………………………………… 37 Glossary ………………………………………………………………………………... 56 prefatory note on the translation These translations of The Great Learning and The Doctrine of the Mean are revisions of versions that I used for many years in teaching classes at the college level. The commentary conveys ideas that I introduced -
Advanced Introduction to Neo-Confucianism
TOPICS IN THE HISTORY OF CHINESE PHILOSOPHY: ADVANCED INTRODUCTION TO NEO-CONFUCIANISM Instructor: Harvey Lederman Contact: harvey.lederman@ Time: M 3-5:50pm Place: Marx 201 Overview. This course is an advanced introduction to the movement in Chinese philosophy commonly called “neo-Confucianism” in English (in Chinese, daoxue (道㈻), lixue (理㈻), or lixue and xinxue (心㈻)). The course will focus on four major authors – Cheng Hao (程顥 1032-1085), Cheng Yi (程頤 1033-1107), Zhu Xi (朱熹 1130-1200), and Wang Yangming (王陽明 1472-1529) – with briefer looks at Zhou Dunyi (周敦頤 1017-1073), Zhang Zai (張載 1020-1077) , Lu Xiangshan (陸象山, 1139-1192) and (as a kind of retrospect) Dai Zhen (戴震, 1724-1777). Each meeting will be spent close- reading a small selection of texts in translation. The aim is for students to gain a set of skills in philosophical close reading, as well as for them to acquire a body of knowledge about the key concepts and authors in this tradition. The course will be biased towards these authors’ views in meta- physics, the philosophy of mind and moral psychology, as opposed to their (equally important) views in normative ethics and political philosophy. It is also (inevitably) selective: I have opted for more in depth treatments of what I see as the most philosophically interesting authors, rather than mak- ing any attempt at a comprehensive discussion of authors who might de- serve to be on a “greatest hits” list of the tradition. Our aim in the seminar will be to understand what these historical thinkers thought. The questions we ask will lean philosophical, as opposed to cultural- historical. -
Confucius and Sons” in America
Confucianism “Confucius and Sons” in America “Confucius and Sons” in America Summary: Confucian teaching and interpretation largely became based on four key texts called The Four Books: Analects, Book of Mencius, Great Learning, and Doctrine of the Mean. East Asian immigrant communities in the United States differ in the way they view Confucian teachings: Some deem the teachings irrelevant for scientific society and democratic governance, while others uphold the teachings as an integral component of their cultural traditions. The Scholarly Tradition first emerged in China as a powerful cultural force enjoying imperial patronage during the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE). For the next thousand years, Confucian learning focused on what were known as the Five Classics, a set of works said to have been written or edited by Confucius. The Five Classics are: Classic of Poetry, Book of Documents, Book of Rites, I Ching (Book of Changes), and Spring and Autumn Annals. The Analects, Book of Mencius, Great Learning, and Doctrine of the Mean only became the central texts for the tradition much later, when the Neo- Confucian Zhu Xi (1130-1200 CE) grouped them together as the so-called Four Books. In Zhu Xi’s opinion, the frequent references in these works to humaneness, human nature, virtue, and sincerity provided more fruitful resources for self-cultivation than did the more elliptical passages and verses found in the Five Classics. Zhu Xi’s ideas gained the status of orthodoxy in 1313 CE, when the imperial house designated the Four Books as the basis of China’s civil service examinations.