Optical Properties of Makrolon® and Apec® for Non-Imaging Optics
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Glossary Physics (I-Introduction)
1 Glossary Physics (I-introduction) - Efficiency: The percent of the work put into a machine that is converted into useful work output; = work done / energy used [-]. = eta In machines: The work output of any machine cannot exceed the work input (<=100%); in an ideal machine, where no energy is transformed into heat: work(input) = work(output), =100%. Energy: The property of a system that enables it to do work. Conservation o. E.: Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it may be transformed from one form into another, but the total amount of energy never changes. Equilibrium: The state of an object when not acted upon by a net force or net torque; an object in equilibrium may be at rest or moving at uniform velocity - not accelerating. Mechanical E.: The state of an object or system of objects for which any impressed forces cancels to zero and no acceleration occurs. Dynamic E.: Object is moving without experiencing acceleration. Static E.: Object is at rest.F Force: The influence that can cause an object to be accelerated or retarded; is always in the direction of the net force, hence a vector quantity; the four elementary forces are: Electromagnetic F.: Is an attraction or repulsion G, gravit. const.6.672E-11[Nm2/kg2] between electric charges: d, distance [m] 2 2 2 2 F = 1/(40) (q1q2/d ) [(CC/m )(Nm /C )] = [N] m,M, mass [kg] Gravitational F.: Is a mutual attraction between all masses: q, charge [As] [C] 2 2 2 2 F = GmM/d [Nm /kg kg 1/m ] = [N] 0, dielectric constant Strong F.: (nuclear force) Acts within the nuclei of atoms: 8.854E-12 [C2/Nm2] [F/m] 2 2 2 2 2 F = 1/(40) (e /d ) [(CC/m )(Nm /C )] = [N] , 3.14 [-] Weak F.: Manifests itself in special reactions among elementary e, 1.60210 E-19 [As] [C] particles, such as the reaction that occur in radioactive decay. -
Molecular Materials for Nonlinear Optics
RICHARD S. POTEMBER, ROBERT C. HOFFMAN, KAREN A. STETYICK, ROBERT A. MURPHY, and KENNETH R. SPECK MOLECULAR MATERIALS FOR NONLINEAR OPTICS An overview of our recent advances in the investigation of molecular materials for nonlinear optical applications is presented. Applications of these materials include optically bistable devices, optical limiters, and harmonic generators. INTRODUCTION of potentially important optical qualities and capabilities Organic molecular materials are a class of materials such as optical bistability, optical threshold switching, in which the organic molecules retain their geometry and photoconductivity, harmonic generation, optical para physical properties when crystallization takes place. metric oscillation, and electro-optic modulation. A sam Changes occur in the physical properties of individual ple of various applications for several optical materials molecules during crystallization, but they are small com is shown in Table 1. pared with those that occur in ionic or metallic solids. The optical effects so far observed in many organic The energies binding the individual molecules together materials result from the interaction of light with bulk in organic solids are also relatively small, making organic materials such as solutions, single crystals, polycrystal molecular solids mere aggregations of molecules held to line fIlms, and amorphous compositions. In these materi gether by weak intermolecular (van der Waals) forces . als, each molecule in the solid responds identically, so The crystalline structure of most organic molecular solids that the response of the bulk material is the sum of the is more complex than that of most metals or inorganic responses of the individual molecules. That effect sug solids; 1 the asymmetry of most organic molecules makes gests that it may be possible to store and process optical the intermolecular forces highly anisotropic. -
The Walman Optical Perspective on High Index Lenses
Optical Perspective of Polycarbonate Material JP Wei, Ph. D. November 2011 Introduction Among the materials developed for eyeglasses, polycarbonate is one that has a number of very unique properties and provides real benefits to eyeglass wearers. Polycarbonate lenses are not only cosmetically thinner, lighter, and provide superior impact-resistance, but also produce sharp optical clarity for both central and peripheral vision. It is well-known that as the index of refraction increases dispersion also increases. In other words, the higher the refractive index, the low the ABBE value. An increase in dispersion will cause an increase in chromatic aberration. Therefore, one of the concerns in the use of lens materials such as polycarbonate is: will chromatic aberration negatively affect patient adaption? MID 1.70 LENS MATERIAL CR39 TRIVEX INDEX POLYCARBONATE 1.67 INDEX INDEX REFRACTIVE INDEX 1.499 1.529 1.558 1.586 1.661 1.700 ABBE VALUES 58 45 37 30 32 36 The refractive index of a material is often abbreviated “n.” Except for air, which has a refractive index of approximately 1, the refractive index of most substances is greater than 1 (n > 1). Water, for instance, has a refractive index of 1.333. The higher the refractive index of a lens material, the slower the light will travel through it. While it is commonly recognized that high index materials will have greater chromatic aberration than CR-39 or low refractive index lenses, there has been no quantification of the amount of visual acuity loss that results from chromatic aberration. The purpose of this paper is to review the optical properties of polycarbonate material, its advantages over other lens materials, and the impact of chromatic aberration caused by the relative low ABBE value of the material on vision and clinical significance. -
Chapter 4 Reflected Light Optics
l CHAPTER 4 REFLECTED LIGHT OPTICS 4.1 INTRODUCTION Light is a form ofelectromagnetic radiation. which may be emitted by matter that is in a suitably "energized" (excited) state (e.g.,the tungsten filament ofa microscope lamp emits light when "energized" by the passage of an electric current). One ofthe interesting consequences ofthe developments in physics in the early part of the twentieth century was the realization that light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation can be described both as waves and as a stream ofparticles (photons). These are not conflicting theories but rather complementary ways of describing light; in different circumstances. either one may be the more appropriate. For most aspects ofmicroscope optics. the "classical" approach ofdescribing light as waves is more applicable. However, particularly (as outlined in Chapter 5) when the relationship between the reflecting process and the structure and composition ofa solid is considered. it is useful to regard light as photons. The electromagnetic radiation detected by the human eye is actually only a very small part of the complete electromagnetic spectrum, which can be re garded as a continuum from the very low energies and long wavelengths characteristic ofradio waves to the very high energies (and shortwavelengths) of gamma rays and cosmic rays. As shown in Figure 4.1, the more familiar regions ofthe infrared, visible light, ultraviolet. and X-rays fall between these extremes of energy and wavelength. Points in the electromagnetic spectrum can be specified using a variety ofenergy or wavelength units. The most com mon energy unit employed by physicists is the electron volt' (eV). -
Optical Properties of Tio2 Based Multilayer Thin Films: Application to Optical Filters
Int. J. Thin Fil. Sci. Tec. 4, No. 1, 17-21 (2015) 17 International Journal of Thin Films Science and Technology http://dx.doi.org/10.12785/ijtfst/040104 Optical Properties of TiO2 Based Multilayer Thin Films: Application to Optical Filters. M. Kitui1, M. M Mwamburi2, F. Gaitho1, C. M. Maghanga3,*. 1Department of Physics, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 190, 50100, Kakamega, Kenya. 2Department of Physics, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125 Eldoret, Kenya. 3Department of computer and Mathematics, Kabarak University, P.O. Private Bag Kabarak, Kenya. Received: 6 Jul. 2014, Revised: 13 Oct. 2014, Accepted: 19 Oct. 2014. Published online: 1 Jan. 2015. Abstract: Optical filters have received much attention currently due to the increasing demand in various applications. Spectral filters block specific wavelengths or ranges of wavelengths and transmit the rest of the spectrum. This paper reports on the simulated TiO2 – SiO2 optical filters. The design utilizes a high refractive index TiO2 thin films which were fabricated using spray Pyrolysis technique and low refractive index SiO2 obtained theoretically. The refractive index and extinction coefficient of the fabricated TiO2 thin films were extracted by simulation based on the best fit. This data was then used to design a five alternating layer stack which resulted into band pass with notch filters. The number of band passes and notches increase with the increase of individual layer thickness in the stack. Keywords: Multilayer, Optical filter, TiO2 and SiO2, modeling. 1. Introduction successive boundaries of different layers of the stack. The interface formed between the alternating layers has a great influence on the performance of the multilayer devices [4]. -
25 Geometric Optics
CHAPTER 25 | GEOMETRIC OPTICS 887 25 GEOMETRIC OPTICS Figure 25.1 Image seen as a result of reflection of light on a plane smooth surface. (credit: NASA Goddard Photo and Video, via Flickr) Learning Objectives 25.1. The Ray Aspect of Light • List the ways by which light travels from a source to another location. 25.2. The Law of Reflection • Explain reflection of light from polished and rough surfaces. 25.3. The Law of Refraction • Determine the index of refraction, given the speed of light in a medium. 25.4. Total Internal Reflection • Explain the phenomenon of total internal reflection. • Describe the workings and uses of fiber optics. • Analyze the reason for the sparkle of diamonds. 25.5. Dispersion: The Rainbow and Prisms • Explain the phenomenon of dispersion and discuss its advantages and disadvantages. 25.6. Image Formation by Lenses • List the rules for ray tracking for thin lenses. • Illustrate the formation of images using the technique of ray tracking. • Determine power of a lens given the focal length. 25.7. Image Formation by Mirrors • Illustrate image formation in a flat mirror. • Explain with ray diagrams the formation of an image using spherical mirrors. • Determine focal length and magnification given radius of curvature, distance of object and image. Introduction to Geometric Optics Geometric Optics Light from this page or screen is formed into an image by the lens of your eye, much as the lens of the camera that made this photograph. Mirrors, like lenses, can also form images that in turn are captured by your eye. 888 CHAPTER 25 | GEOMETRIC OPTICS Our lives are filled with light. -
Antireflective Coatings
materials Review Antireflective Coatings: Conventional Stacking Layers and Ultrathin Plasmonic Metasurfaces, A Mini-Review Mehdi Keshavarz Hedayati 1,* and Mady Elbahri 1,2,3,* 1 Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel 24143, Germany 2 Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht 21502, Germany 3 Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, Aalto 00076, Finland * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.K.H.); mady.elbahri@aalto.fi (M.E.); Tel.: +49-431-880-6148 (M.K.H.); +49-431-880-6230 (M.E.) Academic Editor: Lioz Etgar Received: 2 May 2016; Accepted: 15 June 2016; Published: 21 June 2016 Abstract: Reduction of unwanted light reflection from a surface of a substance is very essential for improvement of the performance of optical and photonic devices. Antireflective coatings (ARCs) made of single or stacking layers of dielectrics, nano/microstructures or a mixture of both are the conventional design geometry for suppression of reflection. Recent progress in theoretical nanophotonics and nanofabrication has enabled more flexibility in design and fabrication of miniaturized coatings which has in turn advanced the field of ARCs considerably. In particular, the emergence of plasmonic and metasurfaces allows for the realization of broadband and angular-insensitive ARC coatings at an order of magnitude thinner than the operational wavelengths. In this review, a short overview of the development of ARCs, with particular attention paid to the state-of-the-art plasmonic- and metasurface-based antireflective surfaces, is presented. Keywords: antireflective coating; plasmonic metasurface; absorbing antireflective coating; antireflection 1. -
Fiber Optics Standard Dictionary
FIBER OPTICS STANDARD DICTIONARY THIRD EDITION JOIN US ON THE INTERNET WWW: http://www.thomson.com EMAIL: [email protected] thomson.com is the on-line portal for the products, services and resources available from International Thomson Publishing (ITP). This Internet kiosk gives users immediate access to more than 34 ITP publishers and over 20,000 products. Through thomson.com Internet users can search catalogs, examine subject-specific resource centers and subscribe to electronic discussion lists. You can purchase ITP products from your local bookseller, or directly through thomson.com. Visit Chapman & Hall's Internet Resource Center for information on our new publications, links to useful sites on the World Wide Web and an opportunity to join our e-mail mailing list. Point your browser to: bttp:/Iwww.cbapball.com or http://www.thomson.com/chaphaWelecteng.html for Electrical Engineering A service of I ® JI FIBER OPTICS STANDARD DICTIONARY THIRD EDITION MARTIN H. WEIK SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.v. JOIN US ON THE INTERNET WWW: http://www.thomson.com EMAIL: [email protected] thomson.com is the on-line portal for the products, services and resources available from International Thomson Publishing (ITP). This Internet kiosk gives users immediate access to more than 34 ITP publishers and over 20,000 products. Through thomson.com Internet users can search catalogs, examine subject specific resource centers and subscribe to electronic discussion lists. You can purchase ITP products from your local bookseller, or directly through thomson.com. Cover Design: Said Sayrafiezadeh, Emdash Inc. Copyright © 1997 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Chapman & Hali in 1997 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 3rd edition 1997 Ali rights reserved. -
Correlation of the Abbe Number, the Refractive Index, and Glass Transition Temperature to the Degree of Polymerization of Norbornane in Polycarbonate Polymers
polymers Article Correlation of the Abbe Number, the Refractive Index, and Glass Transition Temperature to the Degree of Polymerization of Norbornane in Polycarbonate Polymers Noriyuki Kato 1,2,*, Shinya Ikeda 1, Manabu Hirakawa 1 and Hiroshi Ito 2,3 1 Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company, 2-5-2 Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8324, Japan; [email protected] (S.I.); [email protected] (M.H.) 2 Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan; [email protected] 3 Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 1 September 2020; Accepted: 16 October 2020; Published: 26 October 2020 Abstract: The influences of the average degree of polymerization (Dp), which is derived from Mn and terminal end group, on optical and thermal properties of various refractive indexed transparent polymers were investigated. In this study, we selected the alicyclic compound, Dinorbornane dimethanol (DNDM) homo polymer, because it has been used as a representative monomer in low refractive index polymers for its unique properties. DNDM monomer has a stable amorphous phase and reacts like a polymer. Its unique reaction allows continuous investigation from monomer to polymer. For hydroxy end group and phenolic end group polymers, the refractive index (nd) decreased with increasing Dp, and both converged to same value in the high Dp region. However, the Abbe number (νd) of a hydroxy end group polymer is not dependent on Dp, and the νd of a phenolic end group polymer is greatly dependent on Dp. -
Fiber Optic Communications
FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak Optical Fibers Fiber optics (optical fibers) are long, thin strands of very pure glass about the size of a human hair. They are arranged in bundles called optical cables and used to transmit signals over long distances. EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak Fiber Optic Data Transmission Systems Fiber optic data transmission systems send information over fiber by turning electronic signals into light. Light refers to more than the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is near to what is visible to the human eye. The electromagnetic spectrum is composed of visible and near -infrared light like that transmitted by fiber, and all other wavelengths used to transmit signals such as AM and FM radio and television. The electromagnetic spectrum. Only a very small part of it is perceived by the human eye as light. EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak Fiber Optics Transmission Low Attenuation Very High Bandwidth (THz) Small Size and Low Weight No Electromagnetic Interference Low Security Risk Elements of Optical Transmission Electrical-to-optical Transducers Optical Media Optical-to-electrical Transducers Digital Signal Processing, repeaters and clock recovery. EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak Types of Optical Fiber Multi Mode : (a) Step-index – Core and Cladding material has uniform but different refractive index. (b) Graded Index – Core material has variable index as a function of the radial distance from the center. Single Mode – The core diameter is almost equal to the wave length of the emitted light so that it propagates along a single path. -
Optical Properties of Materials JJL Morton
Electrical and optical properties of materials JJL Morton Electrical and optical properties of materials John JL Morton Part 5: Optical properties of materials 5.1 Reflection and transmission of light 5.1.1 Normal to the interface E z=0 z E E H A H C B H Material 1 Material 2 Figure 5.1: Reflection and transmission normal to the interface We shall now examine the properties of reflected and transmitted elec- tromagnetic waves. Let's begin by considering the case of reflection and transmission where the incident wave is normal to the interface, as shown in Figure 5.1. We have been using E = E0 exp[i(kz − !t)] to describe waves, where the speed of the wave (a function of the material) is !=k. In order to express the wave in terms which are explicitly a function of the material in which it is propagating, we can write the wavenumber k as: ! !n k = = = nk0 (5.1) c c0 where n is the refractive index of the material and k0 is the wavenumber of the wave, were it to be travelling in free space. We will therefore write a wave as the following (with z replaced with whatever direction the wave is travelling in): Ex = E0 exp [i (nk0z − !t)] (5.2) In this problem there are three waves we must consider: the incident wave A, the reflected wave B and the transmitted wave C. We'll write down the equations for each of these waves, using the impedance Z = Ex=Hy, and noting the flip in the direction of H upon reflection (see Figure 5.1), and the different refractive indices and impedances for the different materials. -
Development of Highly Transparent Zirconia Ceramics
11 Development of highly transparent zirconia ceramics Isao Yamashita *1 Masayuki Kudo *1 Koji Tsukuma *1 Highly transparent zirconia ceramics were developed and their optical and mechanical properties were comprehensively studied. A low optical haze value (H<1.0 %), defined as the diffuse transmission divided by the total forward transmission, was achieved by using high-purity powder and a novel sintering process. Theoretical in-line transmission (74 %) was observed from the ultraviolet–visible region up to the infra-red region; an absorption edge was found at 350 nm and 8 µm for the ultraviolet and infrared region, respectively. A colorless sintered body having a high refractive index (n d = 2.23) and a high Abbe’s number (νd = 27.8) was obtained. A remarkably large dielectric constant (ε = 32.7) with low dielectric loss (tanδ = 0.006) was found. Transparent zirconia ceramics are candidates for high-refractive index lenses, optoelectric devices and infrared windows. Transparent zirconia ceramics also possess excellent mechanical properties. Various colored transparent zirconia can be used as exterior components and for complex-shaped gemstones. fabricating transparent cubic zirconia ceramics.9,13-19 1.Introduction Transparent zirconia ceramics using titanium oxide as Transparent and translucent ceramics have been a sintering additive were firstly reported by Tsukuma.15 studied extensively ever since the seminal work on However, the sintered body had poor transparency translucent alumina polycrystal by Coble in the 1960s.1 and low mechanical strength. In this study, highly Subsequently, researchers have conducted many transparent zirconia ceramics of high strength were studies to develop transparent ceramics such as MgO,2 developed.