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Blue Cities Guide (Charles River Watershed Association)

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Blue Cities Guide (Charles River Watershed Association) BLUE CITIES GUIDE: ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE URBAN DEVELOPMENT Produced by Charles River Watershed Association with support from The Boston Foundation & Cabot Family Charitable Trust 2 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION: BUILDING BLUE CITIES.....................................................................3 CASE STUDIES: NortH Allston........................................................................................................4 ZAKIM NortH AreA................................................................................................15 LongWood MedicAL And ACAdeMic AreA..................................................25 Conclusions And Lessons LEArned......................................................................34 GlossARY OF TerMS........................................................................................................36 A TEMPLAte For BLUE CITIES RESTORATION...........................................................37 SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION APPENDIX A: WinslAMM Modeling For CAse studies APPENDIX B: URBAN loW IMPACT DEVeloPMENT BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE MATRICES AND INFORMATION SHeets APPENDIX C: CRWA EDUCATIONAL brocHURES - WATER PRIMER AND PHosPHorus FActs Printed on recycled paper with soy-based ink 1 Photo: Mark Garfinkel © Boston Herald 2 Introduction: Building Blue Cities: Water in Urban Development With 80% of the United States popu- establishes a consistent framework lation now living in cities, urban en- for analysis, understanding and ad- vironmental challenges – air quality, vocacy. The Template for Blue Cit- energy consumption, transportation ies Restoration lays out the process needs – are widely recognized. This in its simplest terms. Guide focuses on a less publicized is- sue that is likely to prove the most CASE STUDIES critical of all: water resource failure, and what can be done about it. In 2005, the Charles River Wa- tershed Association embarked on Many U.S. cities face water-related Erosion along the Charles River in North Allston Litter in a stream in the Longwood Medical Area Stormwater problems in the Zakim North area. an ambitious three-year project disasters. Clean water supplies are to explore in detail opportunities and cleanse water and convey it to rivers, lakes, THE Blue CITIES GUIDE becoming scarce; flood damage is widespread; wa- for redesigning densely developed urban areas and harbors gradually through natural, vegetated ter tables are unstable; rivers, lakes, and ponds are with a focus on water. The studies concentrated channels. The Blue Cities Guide offers a comprehensive ap- polluted; crumbling sewer and drain infrastructure on three diverse critical areas: the North Allston proach for addressing problems typical of most demands repair. Fortunately, a convergence of new neighborhood in Boston, where Harvard Univer- Blue Development incorporates designs for the urban water environments. Flooding, declining technologies and a growing interest in urban revi- sity is building a new, 200-plus acre campus; the built environment that engage with every stage base flows in streams, groundwater recession, wa- talization makes it possible to rethink urban water Longwood Medical and Academic Area (LMA), of the water cycle. It identifies critical watershed ter quality violations, eutrophication, build-up of management and apply solutions to make our cit- also in Boston, on the banks of the Muddy River problems, finds potential solutions, and brings peo- contaminated sediments, loss of habitat and recre- ies more sustainable. and Back Bay Fens; and Zakim North, a mixed ple together to support restoration efforts. Blue ational opportunities, polluted stormwater runoff, residential and industrial neighborhood in Boston, Development is a new paradigm for the urban en- combined sewer overflows, and excessive thermal Charles River Watershed Association (CRWA) has Cambridge, and Somerville, already undergoing vironment, solving problems with techniques that loading are persistent examples. The overarching developed a suite of tools and an approach to the dramatic transformation through redevelopment. improve today’s environment, and protect tomor- goal is to let the urban watershed function like a urban environment that will help create a new kind row’s. natural watershed - collecting rainfall, filtering it of place: a Blue City. Bringing together techniques Despite the differences among the sites – size, pop- through plants and soils, storing it for dry seasons, such as Low Impact Development (LID), Green ulation, land use, infrastructure, environmental and releasing it, clean and cool, to the river. Buildings, Green Infrastructure, Green Corridors, Using water as a foundation problems, and development pressures – our fun- and stormwater management, the Blue Cities ap- damental approach includes consistent elements. When policy and design innovations converge to proach provides a way to solve problems and build for planning and design leads We chose the sites to be large enough, in size and restore natural water function in the built environ- a sustainable urban future. Using water as a foun- to a whole host of benefits: scope, to demonstrate environmental improve- ment, water quality improves, flooding is mitigated dation for planning and design leads to a whole ments on a neighborhood scale, but small enough more pleasant streets; or eliminated, habitat is restored, groundwater re- host of benefits: more pleasant streets; integrated to make it possible to track solutions in detail at charge is unimpeded, and beautiful, safe networks public open space; a cleaner, more accessible river; integrated public open space; building- and site-scale. In all cases, we analyze of pedestrian corridors and open space can be built and infrastructure that is flexible and resilient. a cleaner, more problems; integrate the regulatory and planning and sustained. In Boston, water-sensitivity in ar- contexts; address the concerns of residents and accessible river; and chitecture, landscape design, and civil engineer- New England receives over 40 inches of rainfall a stakeholders; and identify, develop, and evaluate ing is already improving the health of the Charles year on average. Properly managed, this water can infrastructure that is flexible design opportunities. River and surrounding neighborhoods. cool buildings (directly and through strategically- and resilient. used vegetation), improve air quality, add aesthetic Our case sites differ in development agendas, plan- This Guide presents three case studies, each of amenities, reduce flooding, and relieve drought. ning timeframes, and regulatory frameworks. But which helped CRWA develop the comprehensive By restoring natural hydrologic function, Blue all three reflect classic problems of impaired hy- Blue Cities approach. While every place has its Cities initiatives can improve human and aquatic drology. Our proposed solutions, therefore, have own site-specific needs and potential, this Guide ecosystems. We can redesign our cities to capture broad applicability. 3 Case Study - North Allston Harvard University’s 50-year project to develop a tremendous opportunities to improve the physi- polluted stormwater runoff. The infrastructure - new campus on more than 200 acres in North All- cal environment, reversing degradation and pollu- roads, buildings, sidewalks, parking lots, etc. - was ston, a neighborhood of Boston that borders the tion, and changing current development practices designed without regard to preexisting hydrology. Charles River, presents an opportunity to trans- through an environmentally sensitive approach to Rainfall and groundwater were treated as a nui- form the area from a deteriorating, environmen- planning. When urban redevelopment incorpo- sance, to be managed with engineering. As Allston rates environmental restoration, the proven eco- continued to grow, the basic problems inherent nomic and aesthetic benefits generate widespread in the engineered hydrologic cycle became more Since its origins in the early 17th century as an ag- public support. CRWA’s goal is to ensure that ma- and more severe: flooding, pollution, groundwater ricultural and cattle-raising outpost of Cambridge, jor infrastructure improvements to the water and fluctuations, and riverbank instability are all is- the area has witnessed intense transformations: from a market town and center for the beef indus- sewer systems, transportation systems, open space sues we identified in the area. The increase in the try; to a streetcar suburb built along Western Av- and pedestrian amenities, and the urban ecosystem amount and rate of runoff has already deprived enue, which continues to serve as North Allston’s are incorporated into large-scale urban redevelop- Allston of at least two acres of parkland by eroding Main Street; to a major rail transportation center, ment projects like Harvard’s new campus in North the riverbank (See Fig 1.3). vestiges of which are visible today in the Allston Allston. Yards; to textile factories once located where the Brighton Mills shopping center now sits; to the small- and medium-sized industrial businesses EXISTING CONDITIONS ANALYSIS scattered through the neighborhood. Historical evolution and current site analysis - North Allston Strategic Planning Framework issued by Boston Redevelopment Authority, The Charles River borders North Allston on three June 2004 sides. Much of the area was historically a tidal marsh, which was gradually drained and filled as tally degraded condition into a model of environ- the city
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