The Fundamentals of Ac Electric Induction Motor Design and Application
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Methods for Rapid Estimation of Motor Input Power in Hvac Assessments
METHODS FOR RAPID ESTIMATION OF MOTOR INPUT POWER IN HVAC ASSESSMENTS A Thesis by KEVIN DAVID CHRISTMAN Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE May 2010 Major Subject: Mechanical Engineering METHODS FOR RAPID ESTIMATION OF MOTOR INPUT POWER IN HVAC ASSESSMENTS A Thesis by KEVIN DAVID CHRISTMAN Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Approved by: Chair of Committee, David E. Claridge Committee Members, Charles Culp Michael Pate Head of Department, Dennis O'Neal May 2010 Major Subject: Mechanical Engineering iii ABSTRACT Methods for Rapid Estimation of Motor Input Power in HVAC Assessments. (May 2010) Kevin David Christman, B.S.E., Walla Walla University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. David E. Claridge In preliminary building energy assessments, it is often desired to estimate a motor's input power. Motor power estimates in this context should be rapid, safe, and noninvasive. Existing methods for motor input power estimation, such as direct measurement (wattmeter), Current Method, and Slip Method were evaluated. If installed equipment displays input power or average current, then using such readings are preferred. If installed equipment does not display input power or current, the application of wattmeters or current clamps is too time-consuming and invasive for the preliminary energy audit. In that case, if a shaft speed measurement is readily available, then the Slip Method is a satisfactory method for estimating motor input power. -
Direct Torque Control of Induction Motors
DIRECT TORQUE CONTROL FOR INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVES MAIN FEATURES OF DTC · Decoupled control of torque and flux · Absence of mechanical transducers · Current regulator, PWM pulse generation, PI control of flux and torque and co-ordinate transformation are not required · Very simple control scheme and low computational time · Reduced parameter sensitivity BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DTC SCHEME + _ s* s j s + Djs _ Voltage Vector s * T + j s DT Selection _ T S S S s Stator a b c Torque j s s E Flux vs 2 Estimator Estimator 3 s is 2 i b i a 3 Induction Motor In principle the DTC method selects one of the six nonzero and two zero voltage vectors of the inverter on the basis of the instantaneous errors in torque and stator flux magnitude. MAIN TOPICS Þ Space vector representation Þ Fundamental concept of DTC Þ Rotor flux reference Þ Voltage vector selection criteria Þ Amplitude of flux and torque hysteresis band Þ Direct self control (DSC) Þ SVM applied to DTC Þ Flux estimation at low speed Þ Sensitivity to parameter variations and current sensor offsets Þ Conclusions INVERTER OUTPUT VOLTAGE VECTORS I Sw1 Sw3 Sw5 E a b c Sw2 Sw4 Sw6 Voltage-source inverter (VSI) For each possible switching configuration, the output voltages can be represented in terms of space vectors, according to the following equation æ 2p 4p ö s 2 j j v = ç v + v e 3 + v e 3 ÷ s ç a b c ÷ 3 è ø where va, vb and vc are phase voltages. -
Abstract Controlling Ac Motor Using Arduino
ABSTRACT CONTROLLING AC MOTOR USING ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER Nithesh Reddy Nannuri, M.S. Department of Electrical Engineering Northern Illinois University, 2014 Donald S Zinger, Director Space vector modulation (SVM) is a technique used for generating alternating current waveforms to control pulse width modulation signals (PWM). It provides better results of PWM signals compared to other techniques. CORDIC algorithm calculates hyperbolic and trigonometric functions of sine, cosine, magnitude and phase using bit shift, addition and multiplication operations. This thesis implements SVM with Arduino microcontroller using CORDIC algorithm. This algorithm is used to calculate the PWM timing signals which are used to control the motor. Comparison of the time taken to calculate sinusoidal signal using Arduino and CORDIC algorithm was also done. NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY DEKALB, ILLINOIS DECEMBER 2014 CONTROLLING AC MOTOR USING ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER BY NITHESH REDDY NANNURI ©2014 Nithesh Reddy Nannuri A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MASTER OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Thesis Director: Dr. Donald S Zinger ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Donald S. Zinger for his continuous support and guidance in this thesis work as well as throughout my graduate study. I would like to thank Dr. Martin Kocanda and Dr. Peng-Yung Woo for serving as members of my thesis committee. I would like to thank my family for their unconditional love, continuous support, enduring patience and inspiring words. Finally, I would like to thank my friends and everyone who has directly or indirectly helped me for their cooperation in completing the thesis. -
Electric Motors
SPECIFICATION GUIDE ELECTRIC MOTORS Motors | Automation | Energy | Transmission & Distribution | Coatings www.weg.net Specification of Electric Motors WEG, which began in 1961 as a small factory of electric motors, has become a leading global supplier of electronic products for different segments. The search for excellence has resulted in the diversification of the business, adding to the electric motors products which provide from power generation to more efficient means of use. This diversification has been a solid foundation for the growth of the company which, for offering more complete solutions, currently serves its customers in a dedicated manner. Even after more than 50 years of history and continued growth, electric motors remain one of WEG’s main products. Aligned with the market, WEG develops its portfolio of products always thinking about the special features of each application. In order to provide the basis for the success of WEG Motors, this simple and objective guide was created to help those who buy, sell and work with such equipment. It brings important information for the operation of various types of motors. Enjoy your reading. Specification of Electric Motors 3 www.weg.net Table of Contents 1. Fundamental Concepts ......................................6 4. Acceleration Characteristics ..........................25 1.1 Electric Motors ...................................................6 4.1 Torque ..............................................................25 1.2 Basic Concepts ..................................................7 -
Improvement of Electromagnetic Railgun Barrel Performance and Lifetime By
IMPROVEMENT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RAILGUN BARREL PERFORMANCE AND LIFETIME BY METHOD OF INTERFACES AND AUGMENTED PROJECTILES A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Aerospace Engineering by Aleksey Pavlov June 2013 c 2013 Aleksey Pavlov ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP TITLE: Improvement of Electromagnetic Rail- gun Barrel Performance and Lifetime by Method of Interfaces and Augmented Pro- jectiles AUTHOR: Aleksey Pavlov DATE SUBMITTED: June 2013 COMMITTEE CHAIR: Kira Abercromby, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Aerospace Engineering COMMITTEE MEMBER: Eric Mehiel, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Aerospace Engineering COMMITTEE MEMBER: Vladimir Prodanov, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Electrical Engineering COMMITTEE MEMBER: Thomas Guttierez, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Physics iii Abstract Improvement of Electromagnetic Railgun Barrel Performance and Lifetime by Method of Interfaces and Augmented Projectiles Aleksey Pavlov Several methods of increasing railgun barrel performance and lifetime are investigated. These include two different barrel-projectile interface coatings: a solid graphite coating and a liquid eutectic indium-gallium alloy coating. These coatings are characterized and their usability in a railgun application is evaluated. A new type of projectile, in which the electrical conductivity varies as a function of position in order to condition current flow, is proposed and simulated with FEA software. The graphite coating was found to measurably reduce the forces of friction inside the bore but was so thin that it did not improve contact. The added contact resistance of the graphite was measured and gauged to not be problematic on larger scale railguns. The liquid metal was found to greatly improve contact and not introduce extra resistance but its hazardous nature and tremendous cost detracted from its usability. -
Premium Efficiency Motor Selection and Application Guide
ADVANCED MANUFACTURING OFFICE PREMIUM EFFICIENCY MOTOR SELECTION AND APPLICATION GUIDE A HANDBOOK FOR INDUSTRY DISCLAIMER This publication was prepared by the Washington State University Energy Program for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Neither the United States, the U.S. Department of Energy, the Copper Development Association, the Washington State University Energy Program, the National Electrical Manufacturers Association, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or employees makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process described in this guidebook. In addition, no endorsement is implied by the use of examples, figures, or courtesy photos. PREMIUM EFFICIENCY MOTOR SELECTION AND APPLICATION GUIDE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Premium Efficiency Motor Selection and Application Guide and its companion publication, Continuous Energy Improvement in Motor-Driven Systems, have been developed by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) with support from the Copper Development Association (CDA). The authors extend thanks to the EERE Advanced Manufacturing Office (AMO) and to Rolf Butters, Scott Hutchins, and Paul Scheihing for their support and guidance. Thanks are also due to Prakash Rao of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Rolf Butters (AMO and Vestal Tutterow of PPC for reviewing and providing publication comments. The primary authors of this publication are Gilbert A. McCoy and John G. Douglass of the Washington State University (WSU) Energy Program. Helpful reviews and comments were provided by Rob Penney of WSU; Vestal Tutterow of Project Performance Corporation, and Richard deFay, Project Manager, Sustainable Energy with CDA. -
Permanent Magnet Servomotor and Induction Motor Considerations
Permanent Magnet Servomotor and Induction Motor Considerations Kollmorgen B-104 PM Brushless Servomotor at 0.4 HP Kollmorgen M-828 PM Brushless Rotor Kollmorgen B-802 PM Brushless Servomotor at 15 HP Kollmorgen B-808 PM Brushless Rotor Permanent Magnet Servomotor and Induction Motor Considerations 1 Lee Stephens, Senior Motion Control Engineer Permanent Magnet Servomotor and Induction Motor Considerations Motion long considered a mainstay of induction motors, encroachment in the area of 50 HP and greater have been seen recently for some applications by permanent magnet (PM) servomotors. These applications usually have dynamic considerations that require position-time closed loop and high accelerations. When accelerating large loads, permanent magnet servomotors can work with very high load to inertia ratios and still maintain performance requirements. Having a lower inertia typically will allow for less permanent magnet motor can result in a greater torque energy wasted within the motor. Torque (τ), is the density than an equivalent induction system. If size product of inertia (j) and rotary acceleration (α). If you matters, then perhaps a system should use one require inertia matching, ½ of your energy is wasted technology over another. Speaking of size, the inertia accelerating the motor alone. If the inertia ratio from ratio can be an important figure of merit should motor to load is large, then control schemes must be dynamic needs arise. If you are going to have high dynamic enough to prevent the larger load from driving accelerations and decelerations, the size of the rotor the motor as opposed to the motor controlling the load. will significantly increase the inertia and decrease the Tradeoffs and knowing what can be negotiated. -
Hyperloop Accelerator Design Review
Hyperloop Accelerator Design Review TA: Benjamin Cahill ECE 445 February 25, 2015 Mohammad Jaber Michael Eraci Shivam Sharma Group #24 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction............................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Statement of Purpose................................................................................. 3 1.2 Objectives...................................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 Benefits ........................................................................................... 3 1.2.2 Features .......................................................................................... 3 2.0 Design......................................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Block Diagram .............................................................................................. 4 2.2 Block Descriptions...................................................................................... 5 3.0 Schematics and Simulation .................................................................................. 6 3.1 Circuit Diagram ............................................................................................ 6 3.2 Control Flow Diagram ................................................................................ 7 3.3 Simulations ................................................................................................... 7 4.0 Requirements -
Motors & Generators
Motors & Generators www.nidec-industrial.com Number one in electric motors Nearly 200 years Nidec: destined to be of experience number one in the design in industrial power and manufacture solutions. of electric motors With the acquisition of Ansaldo Sistemi Industriali and the Emerson motors and & generators generators divisions Nidec can now offer customers more than 200 years of combined experience in the design and manufacture of electric motors & generators for the energy, metal, environmental, marine and industrial markets. Nidec has the experience to deliver process oriented electric motors either as a stand-alone component or a fully engineered system with drives, switch gears and controls. The combination of technologies and background is the base of our expertise in engineering flexible, customized solutions for global industrial markets at competitive prices. NIDEC INDUSTRIAL SOLUTIONS | Motors & Generators 3 Pareto Efficiency solutions Designing motors The most efficient and and generators with the robust machines for right fit for your needs heavy duty industrial applications Nidec Industrial Solutions has built its reputation in the electric motors & generators market based on the ability to engineer and manufacture machines to meet Customer specifications right down to the choice of color. It should come as no surprise that our motors and generators are widely used in demanding applications such as oil and gas where new technical challenges emerge with each new project. We also have a line of standard motors that offer the highest level of efficiency available on the market today. Key features such as our rigid shaft design for 2 pole machines, long life bearings, rugged fabricated steel frames, standard aggressive environment painting cycle, and one of the most advanced test rooms in Europe - able to perform full load testing up to 60 MW (in back-to-back configuration) - ensure maximum reliability. -
ALTERNATORS ➣ Armature Windings ➣ Wye and Delta Connections ➣ Distribution Or Breadth Factor Or Winding Factor Or Spread Factor ➣ Equation of Induced E.M.F
CHAPTER37 Learning Objectives ➣ Basic Principle ➣ Stationary Armature ➣ Rotor ALTERNATORS ➣ Armature Windings ➣ Wye and Delta Connections ➣ Distribution or Breadth Factor or Winding Factor or Spread Factor ➣ Equation of Induced E.M.F. ➣ Factors Affecting Alternator Size ➣ Alternator on Load ➣ Synchronous Reactance ➣ Vector Diagrams of Loaded Alternator ➣ Voltage Regulation ➣ Rothert's M.M.F. or Ampere-turn Method ➣ Zero Power Factor Method or Potier Method ➣ Operation of Salient Pole Synchronous Machine ➣ Power Developed by a Synchonous Generator ➣ Parallel Operation of Alternators ➣ Synchronizing of Alternators ➣ Alternators Connected to Infinite Bus-bars ➣ Synchronizing Torque Tsy ➣ Alternative Expression for Ç Alternator Synchronizing Power ➣ Effect of Unequal Voltages ➣ Distribution of Load ➣ Maximum Power Output ➣ Questions and Answers on Alternators 1402 Electrical Technology 37.1. Basic Principle A.C. generators or alternators (as they are DC generator usually called) operate on the same fundamental principles of electromagnetic induction as d.c. generators. They also consist of an armature winding and a magnetic field. But there is one important difference between the two. Whereas in d.c. generators, the armature rotates and the field system is stationary, the arrangement Single split ring commutator in alternators is just the reverse of it. In their case, standard construction consists of armature winding mounted on a stationary element called stator and field windings on a rotating element called rotor. The details of construction are shown in Fig. 37.1. Fig. 37.1 The stator consists of a cast-iron frame, which supports the armature core, having slots on its inner periphery for housing the armature conductors. The rotor is like a flywheel having alternate N and S poles fixed to its outer rim. -
13 Electric Motors
13 ELECTRIC MOTORS Modern underwater vehicles and surface vessels are making increased use of electrical ac tuators, for all range of tasks including weaponry, control surfaces, and main propulsion. This section gives a very brief introduction to the most prevalent electrical actuators: The DC motor, the AC induction motor, and the AC synchronous motor. For the latter two technologies, we consider the case of three-phase power, which is generally preferred over single-phase because of much higher power density; three-phase motors also have simpler starting conditions. AC motors are generally simpler in construction and more robust than DC motors, but at the cost of increased control complexity. This section provides working parametric models of these three motor types. As with gas turbines and diesel engines, the dynamic response of the actuator is quite fast compared to that of the system being controlled, say a submarine or surface vessel. Thus, we concentrate on portraying the quasi-static properties of the actuator – in particular, the torque/speed characteristics as a function of the control settings and electrical power applied. The discussion below on these various motors is generally invertible (at least for DC and AC synchronous devices) to cover both motors (electrical power in, mechanical power out) and generators (mechanical power in, electrical power out). We will only cover motors in this section, however; a thorough treatment of generators can be found in the references listed. The book by Bradley (19??) has been drawn on heavily in the following. 13.1 Basic Relations 13.1.1 Concepts First we need the notion of a magnetic flux, analagous to an electrical current, denoted �; a common unit is the Weber or Volt-second. -
Price Book Teco Westinghouse Motors (Canada) Inc
TECO-WESTINGHOUSE MOTORS (CANADA) INC. MOTORS AND CONTROLS PRICE BOOK TECO WESTINGHOUSE MOTORS (CANADA) INC. Your Authorized TECO-Westinghouse Representative is: Your Base Motor Multiplier is: Your Base Controls Multiplier is: Date: TECO-Westinghouse Motors (Canada) Inc. - Your Representative For more information visit: www.tecowestinghouse.ca or call: 1-800-661-4023 Notes Notes For more information visit: www.tecowestinghouse.ca or call: 1-800-661-4023 MOTOR PRODUCT INDEX PRODUCT SECTION MOTORS No. THREE PHASE TEFC Rolled Steel TEFC 1 Optim® TEFC 3 Advantage Plus IEEE Ready 7 Advantage Plus IEEE 841 10 Optim® TEXP 14 Optim® Oilwell 17 MAX-HT 19 THREE PHASE ODP Rolled Steel ODP 23 A Optim® ODP 26 MEDIUM VOLTAGE Global XPE 29 MOTORS Global TEFC 32 Global ODP 35 SINGLE PHASE Farm Duty 38 PUMP MOTORS Optim® JP 40 Optim® JM 42 Optim® VH 44 Rolled Steel TEFC Optim® TEFC Advantage Plus Advantage Plus Optim® TEXP Optim® Oilwell IEEE Ready IEEE 841 A-1 A-3 A-7 A-10 A-14 A-17 MAX-HT Rolled Steel ODP Optim® ODP Global XPE Global TEFC Global ODP A-19 A-23 A-26 A-29 A-32 A-35 Farm Duty Optim® JP Optim® JM Optim® VH A-38 A-40 A-42 A-44 Motor Product Index 1 For more information visit: www.tecowestinghouse.ca or call: 1-800-661-4023 PARTS & ACCESSORIES INDEX PRODUCT SECTION PARTS & ACCESSORIES No. C-Flange Kits - TEFC - Cast-Iron Optim® TEFC / Global XPE 1 Advantage Plus IEEE Ready 1 Advantage Plus IEEE 841 1 C-Flange Kits - ODP - Cast-Iron Optim® ODP 2 C-Flange Kits - TEFC - Rolled Steel Farm Duty 2 Rolled Steel TEFC 2 C-Flange Kits - ODP - Rolled