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Philippine Studies Ateneo De Manila University • Loyola Heights, Quezon City • 1108 Philippines philippine studies Ateneo de Manila University • Loyola Heights, Quezon City • 1108 Philippines Ma’l in Chinese Records -Mindoro or Bail? An Examination of a Historical Puzzle Go Bon Juan Philippine Studies vol. 53, no. 1 (2005): 119–138 Copyright © Ateneo de Manila University Philippine Studies is published by the Ateneo de Manila University. Contents may not be copied or sent via email or other means to multiple sites and posted to a listserv without the copyright holder’s written permission. Users may download and print articles for individual, noncom- mercial use only. However, unless prior permission has been obtained, you may not download an entire issue of a journal, or download multiple copies of articles. Please contact the publisher for any further use of this work at [email protected]. http://www.philippinestudies.net Fri June 27 13:30:20 2008 COMMENTARY Ma'l in Chinese Records-Mindoro or Bai? An Examination of a Historical Puzzle Go Bon Juan Ma7 is thefirst place in the Philippines ever mentioned in ancient Chi- nese records, or in any foreign account for that matter. Hence, Ma'l is sign8cant in Philippine historiography in general and in studies of Phil- ippine relations with foreign countries in particular. Early historians equated Ma7 with Mindoro because there were people there called Mait, apart from which no other basis existed for this equation. This paper points out that there are convincing grounds to take Bai (or Ba'l) in southwest Luzon as the Ma'l referred to in ancient Chinese records. Ball had a more advanced material culture than Mindoro, and it covered a wide area located in the present-day provinces of Rizal, Quezon, and Laguna that produced precious merchandise valued in the trade with China. KEYWORDS: Ma'l, Mindoro, Bai, Laguna, Chinese records The name Ma'I is significant in Phhppine historiography for being the first place in the Philippines ever mentioned in Chinese historical accounts or, for that matter, in any foreign account. Ma'I appeared in Vol. 186 of the Song Dynast3, Annals. An edict of the fourth year of Kai Bao (971 AD) mentioned Ma'I as part of the luxurious Chinese foreign trade in the tenth century.' PHILIPPINE STUDIES 53, no. 1 (2005): 119-38 120 PHILIPPINE STUDIES 53, no. 1 (2005) In the fourth year of the Kai Bao period, a superintendent of mari- time trade was set up in Guangzhou, and afterwards in Hangzhou and Mingzhou also a superintendent was appointed for all Arab, Achen, Java, Borneo, Ma-yi, and Srivijaya barbarians, whose trade passed through there, they taking away gold, silver, strings of cash, lead, tin, many-colored silk, and porcelain, and selling aromatics, rhinoceros horn and ivory, coral, amber, pearls, fine steel, sea-turtle leather, tor- toise shell, carnelians and agate, carriage wheel rims, crystal, foreign cloth, ebony, sapan wood, and such thmgs. (Scott 1989, 1) Aside from Vol. 186 of the Song Dynasty Annals, other records in the Song and Yuan Dynasties mentioned Ma'I, and these include "Champa Accounts" and "Po-Ni [Borneo] Accounts," Vol. 489, Song Dynaq Annak chapters on "Champa, Butuan," Book 197, Song Compen- dium of Important Events; chapter on "Kmgdom of Po-Ni [Borneo]," Vol. 179, Taiping Xing Guo Accounts; "Kingdom of Po-Ni [Borneo]" and "San-su phree Islands 1, Pd-lu," Vol. 1, Zhu Fan Zhi [An Account of Various Barbarians] and "Betel Nut" and "Yellow Wax," Vol. 2, and chapter on "Champa" and "Borneo," Vol. 332, Wen Xian Tong Kao pncyclopedia of Literary document^].^ However, most of the accounts in the list above did not cite the exact year the events in Ma'I happened or were recorded, except for "Chu-Po Accounts," in Vol. 489 of Song Dynasp Annals and the chapter on "Charnpa," in Vol. 332 of Wen Xian Tong Kao, whlch mentioned an event in the year 982 (seventh year of Taiping Xing-guo period): "There is also the country of Ma-i, which in the seventh year of the Taiping Xlng-guo period (982) brought valuable merchandise to the Guangdong coast." Therefore, Ma'I was first mentioned in ancient Chmese records in the year 971, and the first record of China-Pmp- pine relations, specifically bilateral relations with the Kmgdom of Ma'I, was in the year 982. A description of Ma'I from two ancient records appears below The first is taken from the volume on "Kingdom of Ma'I" in the custom's inspector Zhao Ru-gua's Zhu Fan Zhi (1225), and the second is from the chapter on "Ma-I" in Wang Da-yuan's Dao-I Zhi he[Records of the Barbarians of the Isles] (1345). "Ma-I" [from Zhao Ru-gua's Zbu Fan Zhz] The country of Ma-I is to the north of Po-ni (Borneo). Over a thousand families are settled together along both banks of a creek. The natives cover themselves with a sheet of cotton cloth, or hide the lower part of the body with loin-cloth. There are bronze images of gods, of unknown origin, scattered about in the grassy wilder- ness. Pirates seldom come to this country. When tradmg ships enter the anchorage, they stop in front of the official's place, for that is the place for bartering of the country. Af- ter a ship has been boarded, the natives mix freely with the ship's folk. The chiefs are in the habit of using white umbrellas, for whch reason the traders offer them as gifts. The custom of the trade is for the savage traders to assemble in crowds and carry the goods with them in baskets; and, even if one cannot at first know them, and can but slowly distinguish the men who remove the goods, there will yet be no loss. The savage trad- ers will after ths carry these goods on to other islands for barter, and, as a rule, it takes them as much as eight or nine months till they return, when they repay the traders on shipboard with what they have obtained (for the goods). Some, however, do not return with the proper term, for which reason vessels tradmg with Ma-I are the latest in reaching home. The following places belong to this country: San-su [Three Islands], Pai-p'u-yen, P'u-li-lu, Li-lun-tung, Liu-Sin, and Li-han. The products of the country consist of yellow wax, cotton, pearls, tortoise-shell, medtcinal betel-nuts, and yuta cloth; and the foreign traders barter for these porcelain, trade-gold, iron censers, lead, coloured glass beads, and iron needles. (Zaide 1990, 1-2; Scott 1989) "Ma-I" [from Wang Da-yuan's Dao-I Zhi he] The mountainous range is flat and broad. The settlement is on the two banks of the stream. The fields are fertile. The clunate is rather hot. In their customs they esteem the quality of chastity and up- rightness. Both men and women do up their hair in a mallet-like tress. They wear a blue cotton shirt. When any woman is burying her husband, she shaves her hair and fasts for seven days, lying / 122 PHILIPPINE STUDIES 53, no. 1 (2005) beside her dead husband. Most of them nearly die. If after seven days they are not dead, their relatives urge them to eat. Should they get quite well they cherish their chastity by not marrylng again dur- ing their whole lives. There are some even, who, when the body of their dead husband is burning, get into the funeral pyre and de. At the burial of a great chief, two or three thousand (sic. could be twenty or thlrty) male or female slaves are put to death for burying with him. The people boil seawater to make salt and ferment treacle (molasses) to make liquor. The natural products are kapok, yellow bees-wax, tortoise-shell, betel nuts, and cloth of various pat- terns. The Chinese goods used in trading are caldrons, pieces of iron, red cloth or taffetas of various color stripes, ivory, "tint" or the like. After agreeing on prices, the barbarian traders carry off the goods for bartering the native products and bring these products back to the Chinese in the amount agreed on. The Chinese vessels' traders (Filipinos) are trustworthy. They never fail to keep the agreement of their bargains. (Zaide 1990, 10) Zhu Fan Zhi was published as a book in 1225, and Duo-I Zhi hein 1345. Historian have always based their interpretation of what or where Ma'I is on these two accounts. However, it is extremely dtfficult to make a definite statement concerning Ma'I based only on the obviously limited information provided by these two sources. In fact, the inference that Ma'I referred to Mindoro in the Chinese accounts is not really based on these two passages, but mainly on the fact that Mindoro used to be called "Mait," and the sound is homophonous with or sounds like the Chlnese word Ma'I. Because Ma'I was the first place in the Philippines ever to be men- tioned in ancient Chinese records, and hkewise the first place in the Phil- ippines ever to be mentioned in any extant foreign record anywhere in the world, it is undoubtedly of great importance. Therefore, determining with accuracy the place referred to as Ma'I is of great significance to Philippine historiography. Nevertheless, the articles and research work on Ma'I have not explored any further the precise location of Ma'I. One important reason is that scholars have come to accept that Ma'I is Mmdoro.
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