Journal of SEAMEO Project in Archaeology and Fine Arts (SPAFA)

SPAFA DIGEST Vol. II NO. 1 1981

Workshop Paper: Exports of Chinese Porcelains up to the Yuan Dynasty 4

Research Notes: Settlement Patterns at LaemPo, Chaiya 8 The Thai Ceramics Dating Project 10 Anthropological Researches in the 12

Historical Accounts: Historical Relation Between and Indonesia in the 8th to the 9th 14 Century Abstract: The Ancient Mariners of the Philippines 18 Staff Training: Abinion Undergoes C-14 Training 19 Santiago Enrols in Archaeology 19

SPAFA Affairs: Ceramic Workshop Proposes Two Projects 20 Germany Donates Underwater Archaeology Equipment 23 Bibiliography on Prehistory Released 23

The Cover

This illustrates the SPAFA Digest is published bi-annually by balanghai, the boat used by the early the SEAMEO Project in Archaeology and settlers of the Philip- Fine Arts Coordinating Unit, Darakarn pines. It was about 15 Building, 920 Sukhumvit Road, Bangkok meters long and four meters wide and made 11, Thailand. It is printed by the Professio- of long wooden boards nal Publishing Co. Ltd., 2/2-3 Soi Kluay- joined at the edge by wooden pegs. See arti- nam-Tai, Sukhumvit Road, Bangkok, Thai- cle on page 18. land. Tel. 392-9673. 4

Workshop Paper

Exports of Chinese Porcelains Up to the Yuan Dynasty

By Professor Feng Xian Ming

Background to the Export of Chinese Porcelains

China is known the world over as the "country of porcelains". Far back in the Eastern Han period, more than seventeen centuries ago, mature green- glaze porcelains appeared in Zhejiang province, thus completing the transition from proto-porcelains to full-fledged ceramics. During the Tang dynasty, porcelain-making techniques were further advanced. The green porcelains of Yuyao county, the white- porcelains of Lincheng county, the underglazed porcelains of Changsha and the three-colored porce- lains of Gongxian county won fame throughout the country for their unique local flavor and style. Chang'an, capital of the Tang dynasty, was one of the centers of international trade in the orient and its West Market was reserved for trade with foreign merchants. Products of the kilns of Yuyao, Lincheng, Changsha and Gongxian, appearing for the first time on the market in Chang'an, caused a sensation among foreign merchants who hunted around for specimens to take back to their own countries. The market for Tang dynasty porcelains grew. They were shipped overland on the old Silk Road and overseas in Arab and Chinese bottoms to many countries in Asia. In those days Chinese porcelains were unique, since no other Asian countries had them as yet. Moreover, they were much more attractive than pottery. Contributing Factors to Increased Exports In the Song dynasty, exports increased dramatical- ly both in volume and in the number of foreign mar- kets. There were five factors behind this development: 1. In the early days of the Song dynasty new atten- tion was given to overseas trade. An agency was The map indicates the location of the kiln sites and established for the administration of foreign trade ports mentioned in the article. and related matters and mercantile shipping of- fices were later set up in such cities as Guangzhou, Mingzhou (today Ningpo in Zhejiang province), Hangzhou and along the southeastern coast. The Guangzhou shippinq office was establish- ed in the fourth year of the Emperor Tai Zu (971) This is the first part of the paper presented by and followed soon after by others in Hangzhou Prof. Feng on the Workshop on Ceramics of East and Mingzhou. The one in Quanzhou appeared and . Prof. Feng is a research fellow at the Palace Museum, Beijing. in the second year of the reign of Emperor Zhe Zong (1087). Large quantities of Song dynasty porce- lains were exported from these ports to Asian and spices in the Register of Comestibles in Volume African countries. 185 of History of the Song Dynasty contains the 2. Officials were dispatched abroad to open up trade following passage: routes. In History of the Song Dynasty and Chro- "In the sixth year of Shaoxing (1136) the ma- nicles of Major Events of the Song Dynasty, it is gistrate of Quanzhou, Lian Nanfu, sent a peti- recorded that during the reign of the Emperor Tai tion to the court to the effect that appropriate Zong, eight court officials with credentials and four promotions should be given to ships' masters boatloads of gold and silk were dispatched to coun- who could attract foreign merchant ships upon tries in the south seas t o make gifts to their sove- whose merchandise taxes amounting to fifty reigns and to purchase spices, medical substances, thousand and one hundred thousand strings of cash could be extracted. The Arab official, rhinoceros horns, elephant tusks, pearls and pre- Luo Xin, sold to the value of three cious stones. Each official had a number of blank hundred thousand strings of cash and the Chi- credentials to be filled in and presented in each 1 nese ship's master, Cai Jingfang, brought in ships country they came to. with cargoes that yielded nine hundred and 3. In order to increase tax revenues, the Song court eighty thousand strings of cash in taxes. Both instituted a system of rewards. In the Chronicles of were given the official post of Receiver of Im- Major Events of the Song Dynasty, the Emperor perial Messages. The officer in charge of mari- Gao Zong of the Southern Song dynasty is record- time affairs in and Guangdong provinces ed as saying in the year 1137: "Much profit can be obtained a million taels of silver worth of taxes made from merchant ships. Correctly handled they on frankincense for which he was given a pro- may bring in as much as a million strings of cash."2 motion."4 In the year 1146 he is again recorded as saying: By means of rewards and incentives the Song court "The profits from merchant shipping are most acquired enormous revenues, as recorded in the beneficial to the state. It is advisable to keep up Miscellaneous Records of Affairs In and Outside the old practice of attracting foreign merchants the Court Since the Reign of Jian Yan: to do business."3 For this purpose, the Song court " I n the seven years between the second year of even conferred official posts on foreign merchants Jian Yan (1128) and the fourth year of Shao as a form of reward and incentive. The section on Xing (1134) the maritime office in the city of Quanzhou gained profits amounting to nine hundred eighty thousand strings of cash; and in the final years of Shao Xing, the maritime of- fice in Guangzhou and Quanzhou obtained as much as two million strings of cash every year from taxes and purchases."5 From these accounts, it can be seen that the tax money obtained by the Song court increased year by year. 4. The Song court put much effort into developing shipbuilding. During the reign of the Northern Song dynasty, shipbuilding was highly developed in the Fujian and Guangdong districts along the south- eastern coast. Shipbuilders were able to construct ocean-going merchant vessels with a displacement of as much as two thousand dou (piculs). These ships were well-equipped with appliances for piloting, weighing anchor, jibbing their sails and depth sound- ing and, moreover, had compasses for navigation. Shen Kuo's Mengxi Notes contains a description of the structure and principles of the compass. The Diary of the Emperor Xuan He's Envoy to Korea described how ships' officers observed the stars and the sun during clear weather but took their bearings from the compass on cloudy days and nights. Such well-equipped ocean-going sailing vessels were among the most advanced in the world at the time. Merchants and envoys from other countries found much pleasure sailing in these ships when coming to China. This had a substantial effect on promoting friendly contacts and com- An assemblage of unique export ceramic wares decorated in underglaze iron oxide, copper red and cobalt blue were found in excavations in Pita, Laguna, Philippines. 6

merce between China and countries in Asia and ing all that was extraneous and keeping the essence Africa. which I wrote into the book A Description of 5. With the flourishing of porcelain manufacture, Foreign Countries." 6 new kilns rose in different parts of China like bam- The preface also contained an account of the writing boo shoots after a rain. Many were built near port of this book and the author's views and opinions. cities in Fujian, Guangdong, Zhejiang and Jiangsu The book itself listed fifty-six countries in Asia and provinces along the southeastern coast to meet Africa, fifteen, or one-quarter, of which had dealings the need for exports. with China in porcelains. This is an extremely impor- Exports of porcelains were even greater during the tant historical record and the only complete docu- Yuan Dynasty. At the outset, the Song practice of ment for the study of lines of communication, trade setting up maritime offices was continued. Pu Shou- and friendly contacts between China and foreign gen, Song dynasty administrator in charge of shipping countries during the Song dynasty. As such, it is most in the city of Quanzhou, was induced to work for the valuable and significant. The countries mentioned in new regime and given important power. Other mea- the book with which trade in porcelains was conduct- sures adapted were the following: a twenty-two-article ed were: law on merchant shipping was promulgated and foreign trade was placed under the direct control of the government. The income obtained every year from merchant shipping was quite considerable. Important Historical Data on Exports of Chinese Porcelains Export of porcelains had already started during the Tang dynasty. It is regrettable, however, that histori- cal records are lacking for the study of these exports. In 1225, during the Song dynasty, a book called A Description of Foreign Countries was written by Chao Rushe. The author, an official in charge of mari- time shipping in Fujian province, wrote in a preface: "I was ordered to read up on foreign countries during my spare time. In all the books I perused, there was nothing about the islands in the South Sea which I questioned foreign merchants about, the names of the countries there, customs and habits of their peoples, their distances from China and their mountains and rivers and natural resour- ces. I translated their replies into Chinese, delet-

Varieties of export wares from the Song to the Yuan Dynasties found in excavations in the Philippines: 1. te-hua types, ch'ing pai and other white wares 2. grey wares.

\ goods employed in trade with these countries. Porce- lain is mentioned in connection with forty-five of the places described. These are:

Name of Country In Today's Porcelain for Trade Liu Qiu Japan Rough bowls and green wares from Longchuan (cela- don) San Dao The Philippines Blue-and-white bowls Wu Zhi Ba India Green-and-white wares from Long- chuan (celadon) Zhan Cheng Vietnam Blue porcelain bowls Dan Ma Ling Malaysia Blue-and-white bowls Ri Li Indonesia Green ware, rough Some typical forms of celadons exported during bowls the Song to the Yuan periods. Ma Li Lu The Philippines Porcelain dishes, Green, light-blue and white porcelains are mention- porcelain water ed respectively in trade dealings with three different jars from Long- places; porcelain ware is a general designation; and chuan (celadon) green, light-blue and white porcelains are exported Xia Lai Wu Malaysia Green ware, rough to more than one place. bowls As far as states or kingdoms are concerned, the Peng Heng Malaysia Porcelain seventeen were situated in what are today Vietnam, Ji Lan Dan Malaysia Blue-and-white Kampuchea, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines and wares India on the Asian continent and Tanzania in Africa. Ding Jia Lu Malaysia Blue-and-white When Chao Rushe questioned the foreign merchants, it wares was quite possible that certain details were missed, Rong Malaysia Blue-and-white including details about trade in porcelain. Thus the bowls, vases and number of countries to which porcelains were actual- ewers ly exported may not have been limited to the seven- Lou Wei Malaysia Blue-and-white teen mentioned. As regards sailing distances, the bowls longest voyages were to Zanzibar in East Africa. Lou Duo Thailand Green wares Archaeological discoveries have confirmed the reliabi- dong Chong Ge Malaysia Blue-and-white lity of the accounts in the book A Description of La bowls, big and Foreign Countries. small jars China's Trading Partners Lu Lou Ga Malaysia Blue-and-white wares In the Yuan dynasty, Zhou Daguan, a native of Dan Miao Malaysia Coarse bowls, Yong Jia in Zheiiang province, wrote a book called green wares An Account of Local Conditions and Customs in Jian Shan Malaysia Blue bowls, and Cambodia. In 1296 Zhou Daguan accompanied an big and small jars imperial envoy to Cambodia and returned to Ming- for water zhou in 1297 to write his observations and impres- Ba Jie Na jian Indonesia Blue wares and jars sions. He wrote in a section devoted to the demand in Xiao Pen Indonesia Green wares Cambodia for Chinese goods that: "Chinese gold and Java Indonesia Blue-and-white silver come first in demand since that country does bowls not produce any; next come light and colorful silks; Wen Dan Indonesia Green wares then pewter ware from Zhenzhou, lacquerware from Porcelain wares 7 Su Lu Indonesia Wenzhou and blue porcelains from Quanzhou ..." from Longchuan Descriptions of Island Foreigners, ranking in im- (celadon) portance with the book A Description of Foreign Long Ya Xi Jiao Malaysia Blue-and-white Countries, provided indispensable materials for the wares study of Yuan dynasty exports. The author, Wang Dayuan, sailed abroad in the Zhi Zheng reign (1341 - 1368) and after returning wrote down what he had seen in the countries he visited, including a list of the 8

Research Notes

A general view of the excavation site in Ban Wong Samrong

The Thai Ceramics Dating Project

For the first time in Thailand, development of the ceramic indus- the Telemag, a fully automatic digi- try during the periods under study headed by Dr. Henry Polach con- tal magnetic surveying equipment are the focus of the investigation. ducts the C-14 test while Dr. Wil- developed by Dr. John Stanley of The research activities are grouped liam Spencer of the Australian Mi- the University of New England, into two major ones: field work to neral Development Laboratories Australia, will be used in locating be carried out in Thailand annually heads the group which analyzes the buried kilns. This will take place in within the life span of the Project glazes and clays. The sherds retriev- the excavation to be conducted in and continuing research and labora- ed are being classified in Thailand Ban Ko Noi, a major ceramic center tory analyses which are to be im- by Sechawat Naen-na and Anat of Ancient Thailand, by the Thai- plemented in both countries. Bamroongwong of the Fine Arts Australian team undertaking the Department. Since the beginning of the Pro- Thai Ceramics Dating Project. The Sample Tests field work is scheduled from De- ject in 1980, over 2000 titles and cember 1981 to January 1982. Trial excavation was conducted references in western languages early this year in Ban Wong Sam- have been collected and computeriz- The Project Goals rong occupation site in Amphoe ed. Further work involves gather- Sisatchnalai, Sukhotai Province. ing bibliographic materials on the The Project is a five-year research The samples uncovered are current- subject which are written in Thai. venture between Thailand and Aus- ly undergoing different testings in The Ban Wong Samrong excava- tralia. It seeks to investigate the his- Australia. Professor Prescott and tion has directed the research team tory of the Thai export ceramic Dr. G. Robertson of the Physics to concentrate in the Ban Ko Noi trade between the 12th and the Department of the University of area for the second phase of the 16th centuries A.D. Dating the Adelaide are doing the TL test. Project. Aside from the Telemag, various ceramic wares of Sukhotai The Radiocarbon Laboratory of the a device able to take samples for and Sawankhalok and tracing the Australian National University paleomagnetism will be employed 9 in the second field work. Unlike the samples from AD. 1200-1300 those produced from 1300-1450 do not lend itself well to C-14 tests due to the rapid geomagnetic field changes that occured in that period. Paloemagnetic testing suits the spe- cimens of the era better. Dr. Mike Sarbetti of Sydney University will supervise the use of the device.

Research Supervisors The principal researchers of the Project are as follows: Dr. P.L. Burns, Senior Lecturer in Southeast Asian History at the University of Adelaide; Richard Richards, Cura- tor of Decorative Arts of the Art Gallery of South Australia; Donald Hein, Curator of the same gallery; Prachote Sankhanukit, Director of the Sukhotai Regional Office; Khemachart Thepchai, then from Sisatchnalai Branch of the Sukhotai Office; and Seehawat Naen-na, Khonkaen Office. The Thais are all archaeologists from the Fine Arts Department.

Funding Funds for the Project come from several Australian institutions, namely, the Australian Research Grants Council, the Australian Foreign Affairs Department and its sponsors — the University of Ade- laide and the Art Gallery of South Australia. Thailand's contribution cover the expenses of the Thai members of the team and the pro- vision of necessary equipment and facilities.

7. These sherds are samples of the type of stoneware unearthed in Ban Wong Samrong. 2. The Ban Wong Samrong site yielded bones of various animals when it was excavated in 1981. 10

The map shows the location of LaemPo and Chaiya environs.

Settlement Patterns at Laem Po, Chaiya in the Srivijava Period

The Southern Archaeological project of the Archaeological Di- vision, Department of Fine Arts, Thailand, has undertaken a survey and excavation at LaemPo and Chaiya environs in Surat Thani since early 1981. The research focuses on the settlement patterns including sea-faring, entrepots and markets of the area during the Sri- vijava Period in Southern Thailand from the 8th to the 13th century. Initial findings indicate the possi- bility of Chaiya being the centre of trading in the early centuries of the Srivijava Kingdom. The archaeo- logical evidence yields T'ang cera- mics dating back from A.D. 618 to 906, T ang cash coins going back Work goes on in the coastal area to gather more data to establish the importance of LaemPo. 11

to Emperor Kao Tsu (AD. 618- 627) where the Chinese characters "Kai Yuan T'ung Po" meaning current money of the Kai Yuan era were inscribed, Sung ceramics of A.D. 960-1280 vintage, local red painted pottery, glass beads, Ro- man qlasswares and iron wares. These point to the possibility that LaemPo was an entrepot frequent- ed by foreign merchants such as Arabs, Persians, Indians, Romans and Chinese. The existence of sea-trading dur- ing that period is also supported by traces of a shipwreck found in the vicinity. The wooden boat tail un- covered measures 7.17 metres in length. Its pole is 3.85 metres long. Signs of Earlier Culture Evidences of an earlier culture in the area from that currently being investigated were revealed by polish- fields with a fishing village nearby ed stone implements of late Neo- since the river is wide and deep lithic or early Bronze Age found enough for anchoring. near the source of Klong Chaiya or Chaiya River. In addition, a bronze Surveys and excavations are still kettle drum shaped like a boat and continuing to uncover further evi- with symbolic marks was excavated dence that will shed light on the in Koh Samui. significance of LaemPo and its LaemPo is situated in Phumriang environs during the Srivijava Period. village about seven kilometres from Data forwarded by other scholars Chaiya at the latitude 9° 22' 34" who had investigated the place are and longitude 99° 16' 14". It is on re-analyzed and compared with re- a cape at the estuary of Klong Yai cent findings to make definitive Phumriang or Phumriang River. The conclusions that possibly will change mouth is now an open forest grass the history of Southeast Asia.

/. These sherds presumably of Tang attribution recovered from the Laem Po site. 2. A water jar discovered intact is identified as of the type used as water storage in long journeys. 3. Types of beads and sherds of ex- port ceramics indicate existence of foreign trade. 12

A Brief Description Ongoing Researches of the Philippine National Museum

The National Museum of the Phi- lippines through its Anthropology Division actively engages in anthro- pological researches in several parts of the country. These include both archaeological and ethnological studies. Aside from research acti- vities, the Division also conducts support activities like preservation and conservation work and educa- tional programmes to inform the public of its cultural heritage. Researches in Archaeology

The archaeological projects cur- rently being undertaken are as fol- lows: 1. Early Man Project in Cagayan Valley Researches are conducted in 7. The Minori Cave in Penablanca, open and cave sites. The open- Cagayan has been the object of site research consists of pleisto- archaeological work for some cene geological studies to deter- time now. mine the character and distribu- 2. Mapping is conducted with the tion of the Awidon Mesa forma- aid of modern surveying equip- tion and archaeological excava- tions at the Cortez Site, Calama- ment. niugan, Cagayan Province. graves with porcelain, stoneware Excavations also continue at the and earthenware sherds have various cave sites at the Penablan- been discovered. ca limestone formation. Lattuc- 4. Intramuros Archaeology and lattuc and Cailao caves are two Restoration of the caves explored. The National Museum provides 2. Agusan Valley Archaeological support and assistance to this Project project through excavations of Two sites have been excavated — key areas and determination of the habitation site of Upper the historical value of some Caasinan, Cabadbaran, Agusan structures. It conducts laborato- del Norte (a Song site) and the ry work to ascertain the kinds of Ma-rug site at Prosperidad, Agu- stones to be used as replacement san del Sur (a Paleolithic and for the destroyed portions of the Neolithic site). A thorough ex- wall. ploration of the area is planned. 5. Survey and Census of the Kaba- 3. La Union Archaeological Project yan Mummy Caves This is part of the archaeological Three burial rockshelters in Ka- exploration being undertaken in bayan, Benguet were surveyed. the Western flank of the Cordil- The investigation revealed that the mummies, improvement of lera Mountain Range and the the following activities have to the rockshelter approaches and Ilocos Region in general. Twelve be undertaken: conservation of posting of guards in the area. 13

Anthropologists of the Natio- nal Museum in consultation as they go about mapping the cave.

An ethnographic profile of the I locos Coast and its ethnic inhabitants — llocano, Bago, Kankana-ey, Ibaloy and Tingian — will result from the study. This consists of photographic docu- mentation, collection of repre- sentative ethnological specimens and research on subsistence and economic-related activities of the people. Negrito Study . Palawan Archaeological Project The bandsize, population distri- 7. Salvage Archaeology at Abra bution, subsistence patterns and This involves excavation of key A burial site in San Quintin Abra cave sites in Quezon, Palawan other cultural activities of the which dates back to the Song Ata Negrito, a hunting and and the re-excavation of the Guri period was disturbed by pot hun- Cave, a post-pleistocene habita- gathering tribe in the Cagayan ters. It is now being systematical- Valley, are the subjects of this tion site. The activities have ly studied to determine the early shown that the findings of the study. It also includes collec- burial practices of the people in tion of ethnological specimens. first and second excavations have that area. to be re-analyzed and collated Okir Project before some conclusions can be The Philippine ethnic arts and made. Ethnographic Studies crafts are the research topics of a joint project of the National The activity is part of the train- The studies in ethnology are as Museum and the Design Center ing programme in pre-history follows: of the Philippines. It aims to that the National Museum is un- study the ethnographic art tradi- dertaking with SPAFA. 1. Ethnographic Survey and Photo- tions of the country and to in- graphic Documentation of the sure their preservation through I locos Coast and its Ethnic Popu- adaption/application in contem- lation porary arts and crafts.

These two scenes taken at different angles show the diggings being done in Chamber D of the cave. Historical Accounts

The Relation Between Cambodia and Indonesia in the 8th to the 9th Century

By Soewadji Syafei

Did Jayavarman II, ruler of Cambodia in 802-850 A.D., descend from the Cailendra Dynasty of Indonesia? The author brings up evidence supporting the hypothesis.

Angkor kingdom. Unfortunately, emanated from a king named Ja- he was almost unique among the yavarman. The inscription of 770 Introduction kings of Cambodia in that he did AD came from Preach Theat Preah not leave a single inscription; at Srei in Thbong Khmum. That This paper containing prelimina- least none has been found up to of 781 AD was found at Lobok ry notes looks more closely at the now. Fortunately, the principal Srot, in the region of Kratie. (G. evidence of the relation between episode of his reign was related in Coedes, 1970). I am inclined to Cambodia and Java at the eighth some detail in an eleventh century think that these two inscriptions to the ninth century. The eighth inscription on the stele of Sdok had been made by King Jayavar- century is a troubled period in Kak Thorn, which cited the follow- man II before he became king of the history of South East Asia. In ing information: Man vrah pada Cambodia. A serious study of these Cambodia it saw the partition of parameqvara mok amvi jawa piku- two inscriptions is necessary to the country into several principa- run ni nau nagara indrapura = His establish the identity of the author lities, grouped, according to Chi- Majesty came from Java to reign Jayavarman's Ancestry nese sources, into two kingdoms: in the city of Indrapura. Water , in the Mekong basin About the parentage of King Ja- If this information can be verifi- yavarman II, G. Coedes believed and the basin of the Big Lake, and ed, it will raise some questions Land Chenla, on Korat plateau and that King Jayavarman II was only about the relation between the distantly related to the ancient the middle Mekong. It also presents ruler of Cambodia and that of Java an interesting historical problem. dynasties of pre-Angkorien Cambo- in the beginning of the ninth cen- dia. He was the great-grandnephew Certain historfc aspects remain tury. Who was actually KingJava- obscure despite the attention that a through the female line of Pushkara- varman II? Was he related to the ksha, the prince of Aninditapura great number of scholars have paid ancient dynasties of pre-Angkorien to the relation between Cambodia who became king of Sambhupura Cambodia? Or was he an Indone- through his marriage with a princess under the reign of King Jayavar- sian who came from Java as a con- of this state. And he was also the man II and Indonesia, in this case queror? What was the historical nephew of King Jayendradhipa- Java, at the beginning of the ninth relation between Cambodia and tivarman. Further. G. Coedes sug- century. Indonesia from the end of the gested that the family of Jayavarman seventh century to the middle of II which was linked with the In the history of Cambodia, Ja- the ninth century? dynasties of the eighth century yavarman 11 was known as a king of Inscription of Jayavarman II took refuge in Java during the ancient Cambodia who ruled be- As Jayavarman II did not ap- disturbance over the succession. tween 802 AD and 850 AD. He was (G. Coedes, 1968). Palmer Briggs also known as the founder of the parently leave any inscriptions dur- ing his reign, information about assumed that King Jayavarman II him should be gathered from sour- was chosen by the ministers of king ces datinq from the period before Mahipativarman who was beheaded A reprint from the Majalah or after his reign. For instance, some by the Qailendra Maharaja. (P. Arkeologi, September 1977. inscriptions from the region of Briggs, 1951). Historians were inclin- The author teaches at the Uni- Sambhupura (Sambor), two of versitas Indonesia. ed to think that king Jayavarman II which, dated 770 AD and 781 AD, was a Khmer, but they did not 15

know who his father was. All of the the latter, the Qailendras were the inscription of Mantyasih dated opinions cited showed that the paren- formerly Civaites but for unknown 907 AD. This inscription contained tage of king Jayavarman II remains reasons, Sanjaya, a givaitic Qai- a list of Javanese kings who reigned unknown. lendra king who had erected a before its author, Qri Maharaja linga temple in 732 AD, ordered Rakai Watukura Dyah Balitung Qri his son, Rakai Panamkaran, to aban- don the faith of his ancestors and Dharmodaya Mahagambhu. The list, The Cailendra Dynasty which does not give any account of to become a buddhist. (Poerbot- genealogical relation, is as follows: G. Coedes in his "The Making of jaroko, 1958). Further, in his "Ri- Southeast Asia" remarked that the wayat Indonesia I", Poerbotjaroko history of Cambodia in the eighth proposed that a grandson of King "Rahyangta rumuhun ri mdang century and the beginning of the Sanjaya named Gajayana, however, ri poh pitu, rakai mataram sang ninth century could not be un- held to the givaitic religion. Conse- ratu Sanjaya; Qri Maharaja Rakai derstood properly without a quently, he had to migrate to east Panamkaran; Qri Maharaja Rakai knowledge of happenings in Indo- Java where he built a new kingdom Panunggalan; Qri Maharaja Rakai nesia from the end of the seventh in the region of Malang in East Java Warak; Qri Maharaja Rakai Ga- century. (G. Coedes, 1970). and, in 760 AD, erected the Agast- rung; Qri Maharaja Rakai Pika- ya temple. (Poerbotjaroko, 1952). tan; Qri Maharaja Rakai Kayu- Moreover, Louis Finot's transla- wangi; Qri Maharaja Rakai Watu- tion of the inscription of Sdok humalang; Iwifiasangkarika landa- Kak Thorn: Alors, S.M. Paramec- pan yan pakacapatha Cri Maha- vara vint de Java pour re'gner dans raja Rakai Watukura Dyah Bali- la cite' d'lndrapura, inclined us to tung Qri Dharmodaya Mahagam- think that King Jayavarman II was bhu." not related to the ancient dynasties It seemed to indicate that King of pre-Angkorien Cambodia but, Sanjaya was the founder of the that his forefather came from In- dynasty. (W.F. Stutterheim, 1927). donesia. Hence events in Indonesian The inscription of Mantyasih The inscription of Kalasan dated history may be helpful in solving enumerates the Javanese 778 AD, however, gave evidence the problem of whether King Jaya- kings from Sanjaya to that the successor of King Sanjaya, varman II was in some way related Mahacambhu Maharaja Dyah Pancapana Panam- to any Javanese royal family. karana or Rakai Panamkaran was a Qailendra king who commemorated the foundation of the Candi Kala- san as shrine to the Buddhist goddess Selendra, the Origin of Qailendra Tara. (F.D.K. Bosch, 1928). For some time after the discove- If the information of this inscrip- The name Sanjaya was also men- ry of the West Java Purnawarman tion can be verified, it will raise tioned in a Sanskrit inscription of some questions in the ancient his- inscriptions of the middle of the 732 AD found in Canqgal. Central fifth century, no epigraphic do- tory of Indonesia from the end of Java. This incription told of a the eighth century to the middle cuments about Java had been givaitic king called Sanjaya and the of the ninth century. What happen- found. The island re-entered the erection of a linga on the island ed in the history of Indonesia in scene in an Old Malay inscription of Java in the country of Kun- that period? Were there two dynas- found at the village of Sojomerto jarakunja. The ruins of the Civaite ties reigning in Central Java of near Batang in Central Java. Paleo- sanctuary where the linga' had which one were Qivaite kings and graphically, M. Boechari supposed been erected can still be found to- the other adherents of the Buddhist that this inscription dated from day on the hill of Gunung Wukir, religion? Or was there only one the beginning of the seventh cen- southeast of Borobudur. dynasty "the Qailendras" that were tury. This inscription bore the According to a later tradition, formerly adherents of the Qivaitic name Dapunta Selendra which i.e. Kitab Carita Parahiyangan, King religion? Boechari believed was the "vamga- Sanjaya had sent expeditions to kara" of the Cailendra dynasty. Bali, Sumatra, Cambodia and even The name Selendra, a personal name, China. There iseemedtobe some was undoubtedly an Indonesianized truth in this tradition since the Panamkaran, the Successor of form of Qailendra. Selendra was an Vietnamese Annals recorded that in King Sanjaya ardent worshipper of Civa. (M. the year of 767 AD, the delta area Some scholars assumed that two Boechari, 1966). was invaded by bands from Java. dynasties reigned in Central Java If Boechari's opinion can be veri- from the eighth to the beginning fied, it will support the opinion of The name of Sanjaya was found of the tenth century, the Sanjayas the late Poerbotjaroko that only not only in the inscription of Canq- and the Qailendras. (Vogel, 1919; one dynasty ruled Central Javs, gal dated 732 AD and in the Kitab Van Naersen, 1947; de Casparis, i.e. the Cailendras. According to Carita Parahiyangan but also in 1950). According to Vogel's inter- 16 pretation of the Kalasan inscrip- teachers from Bengal to the ro- tion, Maharaja Dyah Pancapana yal household resulted to the Panamkarana or Rakai Panamkaran disestablishment of conservative was not a Qailendra king but a Brahmanist interest associated with Rakai Panunggalan vassal of the Qailendra king Vishnu. the previous regime in Central Java. (J.P. Vogel, 1919). But if we read This, at any rate, was the interpre- migrated to Cambodia carefully the inscription of Kala- tation of the Chinese sources which at an opportune time san, especially strophe 5 and 6, mentioned the removal of the king- we undoubtedly would conclude dom of Holing to the east by a king that Maharaja uyan rancapana Pa- named Ki-yen between 742 and at West Baray, Angkor Thorn re- namkarana was none other than 755 AD as a result of the acceptan- flected that at that time the coun- Rakai Panamkaran, a Qailendra king ce of Mahayana Buddhism in Cen- try was ruled by a woman, Jayadevi. who had built Candi Kalasan, a tral Java. Ki-yen was none other than In the opinion of Coedes, she was sancturary dedicated to the Bud- prince Gajayana mentioned in the the widow of Jayavarman I who dhist goddess, Tara, located in the inscription of Dinoyo dated 760 reigned after his death. (Coedes, plain of Prambanan east of the AD from East Java. This inscription 1964: 162; LP. Brigges, 1951:57). city of Yogyakarta. commemorated the foundation of a In this incription, Jayadevi men- tioned donations to a sanctuary of This fact was strengthened by the sanctuary, in honor of Agastya. discovery of the Sojomerto inscrip- (F.D.K. Bosch, 1924). Civa Tripurantaka and complained tion which bore the name Daounta of the misfortunes of the time. A Selendra as a personal name. It was It is quite probable that Gajaya- group of petty kings sprang into quite possible that the illustrious na, a son of King Dewasimha. was a prominence and the country be- Cailendra derived their family name grandson of King Sanjaya. He came divided into a Land and a from this person. If this supposition tried to escape from Mahayana Water Chenla. Water Chenla itself can be verified, it is likely that all Buddhist influence in Central Java divided into several kingdoms and the king's name in the Mantyasih in- and to look for a new place in principalities which, respectively, strove for supremacy over each scription dated 907 AD were Qai- East Java where he could continue ; lendras. The inscription also men- his worship to Civa. (Poerbotjaro- other. The T'ang history said the; tioned the name Rakai Panamkaran division into Land and Water Chenla took place after 706 AD. who was known as the successor of ko, 1952). King Sanjaya. Undoubtedly, King (Coedes, 1964: 161; P. Pelliot, It was likely that Rakai Panungga- 1904:211). Sanjaya was also a Qailendra King lan, another grandson of king San- who adhered to the Qivaite religion. jaya and the successor of Rakai The Conquest of Panamkaran according to the inscription of Mantyasih, also tried Cambodia Effects of Buddhism to escape from the Mahayana Bud- Java might indeed have taken ad- it seemed that after the reign of dhist influence in Central Java and vantage of the partition of Cambo- King Sanjaya, central Java began to seek a new place in Cambodia dia and launched an expedition to respond to the new influence where he could proceed with his against it. The first expedition was of Mahayana Buddhism. This sect faith. This supposition was strengthen- more likely sent by King Sanjaya of Buddhism showed a strong ten- ed by the fact that Rakai Panung- of the Cailendra dynasty in 767 galan, like King Gajayana, did not dency toward assimilation with the AD. The Vietnamese Annals record- leave a single inscription in Cen- Brahmanist cults, especially with ed that the delta area and the tral Java. that of Qiva. The inscription of southern region of Cambodia was in- vaded by bands from Java. (Coedes, Kelurak dated 782 AD told us that Cambodia's Political Condition during the reign of a Qailendra king 1964: 173). This supposition was known as "the killer of enemy Fortunately, he had the good op- strengthened by the later tradition portunity to develop his politi- heroes" and crowned under the of Kitab Carita Parahiyangan men- cal power in Cambodia which name of Sangramadhananjaya Ku- tioned before. passed through a very troubled maraghosha, a teacher from the period for more than a century The second expedition was more country of Gaudi— India—consecra- after the death of King Jayavarman likely led by king Rakai Panungga- ted in Kelurak an image of the in 682 AD. Jayavarman I did not lan, a grandson of king Sanjaya who Bodhisattva Manjugri. It synthesized seem t o have left male heirs and left his native country due to poli- the Three Buddhist Jewels (Trirat- that, probably, among others ac- tical and religious problems in na), the Brahmanic trinity (Tri- counted for the partition of Cam- Central Java. Quite probably in 770 murti), and all the gods. (F.D.K. bodia. He seemed to have been AD, he attacked and occupied the Bosch, 1928). succeeded by his wife. But nothing region of Sambhupura, Cambodia, However, it was quite probable indicated when Jayavarman I ceas- and made this region as the base of that the acceptance of Mahayana ed to reign or when his wife suc- his army. This fact was strengthen- Buddhism and, perhaps, of ceeded him, if she did. ed by the discovery of some inscrip- the appointment of Mahayanist tions in this region, two of them An inscription of 713 AD found dated 770 and 781 A.D. These two 17 inscriptions were made by a king also to liberate himself from all Volkenkunde. Uit- named Jayavarman, whom G. dependence on Java. gegeven door het Coedes named as Jayavarman I In this occasion, he also held a Koninklijk Bata- (bis). (G. Coedes, 1964: 178). I special ceremony to commemorate viaasch Genoots- am inclined to think that king Ja- the establishment of ritual for the chap van Kunsten yavarman mentioned in those two worship of devaraja. (Soekmono, en Wegtenschappen, inscriptions was none other than 1974: 127, 128). The ceremony Vol. LXVIII, pp. 1- Rakai Panunggalan who came from consisted of founding a linga on 64. Java. It was possible that in order to the hill. This symbolized that his Briggs, L.P. "The Ancient Khm- be accepted by the Khmers, he used authority was equivalent to that of 1951, er Empire," Tran- the name Jayavarman and placed Mahendra (Civa), the king of the sactions of the Ame- himself as a valid heir of the Ang- gods. Jayavarman II instituted the rican Philosophical kor kingdom, especially of Sam- cult of the devaraja. A sanctuary in Society held at Phi- bhupura. a pyramid was erected on a natural ladelphia for promo- A Sanskrit inscription of Nha- or artificial mountain. It sheltered ting useful know- trang dated 774 AD. told us that a the linga as a symbol of devaraja. ledge. New series — band who came in ships burnt It is likely that the worship done by Volume 41, Part 1. down the temple of Po-Nagar near King Jayavarman II in Cambodia Buchari, "Preliminary report Nha-trang. But, they were routed was an effort to think back to his 1966, on the discovery of and driven back to the sea by the native country, Java, and to con- an Old-Malay inscrip- king of Champa. This raid was re- tinue the worship proceedings of tion at Sojomerto", Majalah llmu-llmu peated in the year of 787 AD and his ancestor King Sanjaya, a zealous Sastra Indonesia. another temple of Civa, near Vira- adherent of linga Girisa, as was (Indonesian Journal pura, was burnt down (L.P. Briggs, mentioned in the inscription of Canggal in Central Java. of Cultural Studies), 1951: 67). I am of the opinion JiIitd III, No. 2 & 3. that this invasion was also led by pp. 241 -252. King Rakai Panunggalan who four Conclusion Casp.aris,J.G.de "Inscripties uit de years before had occupied Sambhu- All these accounts strongly indi- 1950 Qailendra-tijd", Pra- pura-Cambodia. cate that King Jayavarman II of sasti Indonesia I. The above account was also con- Cambodia was none other than Djawatan Poerbaka- firmed by an early tenth century Rakai Panunggalan from the Qailen- la R.I. . Arab writer, Abu Zaid Hasan, who dra dynasty in Central Java. Never- told the story of the travels of a theless, a search for further evi- Coedes, G. "Les Etats Hindoui- merchant named Sulaiman. The lat- dence to support this hypothesis is 1964, ses d'lndochine et ter visited Angkor in the year of still needed. A careful study of Old d'lndonesie", Nou- 851 AD.; and picked up an account Javanese and Old Kmer inscriptions velle edition revue of a Javanese expedition against and the inscription of Sdok Kak et mise a jour. Paris. Chenla in the closing years of the Thorn will throw more light upon 1968 "The Indianized eighth century. Although legenda- the forefather of King Jayavarman States of Southeast ry, there is justification in suppos- II and the relation between Cambo- Asia," Edited by ing that it may have been inspired dia and Indonesia, in this case Java, Walter F. Vella, by some historical event. at the end of the seventh century Translated by Su- to the middle of the ninth century. san Brown Cowing. The Coronation of Jayavarman II University of Mala- ya Press. Kuala Believing that his power was References Lumpur. firm enough, Rakai Panunggalan Bosch. F.D.K. "Het lingga-heilig- 1970, "The Making of proclaimed himself ruler of the 1924, dom van Dinojo", South East Asia," Khmers of the Angkor and took the Translated by H.M. name Jayavarman II. According to Tijdschrift voor Indis- Wright, London. the incription of Sdok Kak Thorn, che Taal—, Land Hall, D.G.E. "A History of South- Jayavarman II began his long reign — En Volkenkunde. by building his capital named In- Uitgegevendoor het 1960 East Asia" drapura at a place identified with Koninklijk Bata- New York. St Mar- the archaeological site at Bantey viaasch Genoots- tin's Press. Prei Nokor, east of Kompong Cham chap van Kunsten Naerssen, F.H. "The Qailendra in- on the lower Mekong. The inscrip- en Wetenschappen, van, 1947 terregnum", India tion also tells us that in 802AD.,, Vol. LXIV, pp. 227 Antiqua. A volume Jayavarman 11 held a big ceremony -291. of Oriental Studies at the summit of Mahendraparwata 1928, "De Inscriptie van presented to Jean (the hill of Phnom Kulen) to es- Keloerak", Tijds- Philippe Vogel, tablish himself as sole sovereign chrift voor Indische CLE. pp. 249 - (cakravartin) in Kambujadeca and Taal— Land— en 253. Continued on page 22 18

An Abstract Ancient Mariners of the Philippines

by Jesus Peralta

Folk historians had hypothesized that the early Filipinos originated from sea farers. They had talked of group migration to the country by people aboard large ocean-going vessels called balanghai. However, no evidence had been unearthed to prove the veracity of this postulate although records of Portuguese and Spanish explorers, notably the Francisco Alcina ma- nuscripts of 1668, had referred to the boat. The Alci- na manuscript had also contained a detailed descrip- tion of the construction and appearance of the boat.

The original article appeared in the September-Octo- ber 1980 issue of Archaeology. SPAFA Digest thanks the author, curator of the Anthropology division of the Philippine National Museum, for permission to re- print the illustration of the balanghai. 19

Staff Training It was only in the seventies that archaeological evidence was unco- vered to confirm the hypothesis. Abinion Undergoes C-14 Training Three balanghais were excavated successively near Butuan City and their physical features matched the Alcina description perfectly. Orlando V. Abinion, head of the liquid benzene. He also learned how Chemistry and Conservation Labo- to calculate the age of the sample. ratory of the Philippine National His training done under Mr. Henry Museum, underwent training on ra- Pollach, head of ANU's C-14 La- Dating the Artifacts diocarbon dating at the Australian boratory, covered basic theory and National University in Canberra on laboratory work. Since the first balanghai was 16 January to 26 March 1981. unearthed by pothunters, dating The training was in line with the Recommendations the boat and other artifactual mate- plan to establish a radiocarbon da- In his report, Abinion ack- rials like sherds of Yueh ceramics, ting laboratory in the Philippines nowledged that the short training metallic fragments etc. found in the to serve not only its archaeological period limited his preparation to be site posed some problems. The needs but also those of the other able to install a C-14 laboratory. pothunters appropriated many of Southeast Asian countries. He, therefore, suggested the em- the artifacts and disturbed the lay- Abinion's training focused on the ployment of an expert radiocarbon ers of midden surrounding the boat. transformation of materials to be dater as consultant in setting up Luckily, the midden at one end of dated into liquid benzene. This was the laboratory. He also stressed the boat was untouched. It provid- the most important aspect of the the need for developing relation- ed clues on the time sequence of dating process since the accuracy ships with other radiocarbon labo- the artifactual materials. Carbon and reliability of the dating depend- ratories, especially that of the ANU, dating showed that the first ed on the purity of that product. and subscribing to relevant publi- balanghai was 1630 (plus or minus The process involved sample prepa- cations. 110) years old while the shell mid- ration by physical and chemical The Australian Development As- den layer was dated between A.D. methods, preparation and collec- sistance Bureau provided the grant 1310 and 1730. The Yueh wares tion of carbon dioxide from sample which enabled Abinion to study in shreds were of the tenth century. combustion and its conversion to Australia. The second boat discovered was 700 years old (plus or minus 90 years).

Preservation Measures Santiago Enrols in Archaeology Recovery and conservation of the boats also caused some diffi- culties. They had been partially Rey Santiago, a museum resear- paleolithic period. He also learned resting under water when discover- cher of the Anthropology Division, a more efficient, accurate and sim- ed, so were waterlogged. The Philippine National Museum, parti- ple methods and techniques of National Museum developed the cipated in a short-term training illustrating stone artifacts. His time polyethlene glycol (PEG) method course in Archaeology held in was also devoted to the collection of preservation to prevent them Paris from December 1980 to May of bibliographic materials on the from rotting. The first boat was left 1981. His studies focused on the subject. Within the training period, in the excavation site while the se- typology of paleolithic materials. Santiago also had a three-month cond, the more intact, was brought In this regard, he enrolled in the French Language training in the to Manila for future exhibition. following courses: "Typologie Lithi- Centre Audio-Visual de Langues Work on the third boat has been que, Chronologie du Pale'olithique Modemes in Vichy. suspended. et Pre'histoire du Monde Indo-Paci- Professor Jose Garanger, the Di- fic" at the Universite de Paris I in rector of the UER D'Art et D'Ar- Sorbonne. cha^ologie of the University, super- vised Santiago's training. The course Jn graphics was conducted Activities Undertaken in Musee de L'Homme. The French government provided the scholar- Santiago reported that the train- ship to Santiago through the ing gave him insights on how to SPA FA. develop a system of analyzing the typology of stone materials of the 20

SPAFA Affairs Ceramic Workshop Proposes Two Projects

studies, and environmental and technological studies on trade pro- ducts, both perishable and durable. Country reports from Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand centered on the status of ceramic research in each country and a description and summary of the ceramic wares unearthed in the dif- ferent excavation sites. The mari- time trade routes that gave rise to the presence of large quantities of export ceramics in the region were also mentioned. A system of clas- sifying ceramic materials was pro- vided for further discussion.

Papers Presented In addition, workshop consul- The participants to the Regional Workshop on tants and resource persons present- Ceramics of East and Southeast Asia ed research papers on archaeolo- gical findings which shed light on other aspects of ceramic analysis. A representative from the People's A workshop on ceramics of East me is expected to consolidate Republic of China, Professor Feng and Southeast Asia was held in existing researches and to con- Xian Ming who is a research fellow Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia on 18 duct other studies on the move- from the Palace Museum, Beijing, 26 May 1981. Sponsored by the ment of people and trade goods gave the perspective from the major SEAMEO Project in Archaeology from CA 500 BC to CA 1800 AD. porcelain exporting country in the and Fine Arts, the workshop pre- Four basic researches are recom- past, China. He traced the develop- pared two project proposals to be mended: bibliographic studies, nau- ment of Chinese trade with South- incorporated into the SPAFA Deve- tical studies, archaeo-ethnological east Asia and other countries and lopment Plans for 1981-1986. One, a training programme, aims to meet the urgent need for trained per- sonnel in ceramic research. The other, a research proposal, will trace the patterns of early mari- time shipping and trade networks in Southeast Asia in the protohis- toric and early historic times.

Details of the Proposals The training programme is direct- ed to professionals and technicians. It will serve as a venue for obtain- ing a more precise identification, analysis and dating of Asian cera- mics and for promoting regional ' exchange of expertise, facilities, and needed information and docu- mentation. The research program- Workshop sessions were conducted in the Sarawak Museum at Kuching. 21 described the porcelains found in various Asian countries. Dr. Janice Stargardt of the University of Cambridge reported on the "Place Other Workshop Activities in of Satingpura Ceramics Sequence in Asian Maritime Trade, 8th to Photo 14th Century A.D." Dr. Pierre Yves Manguin summarized his paper on "The Southeast Asian Ship: An Historical Approach" while Dr. Zuraina Majid-Loewe talked of the temmoku ware and the need to conduct comparative studies of the wares found in Sara- wak and those in China.

Issues Discussed Discussions on the complexity of dating ceramics were also con- ducted. They focused on the vali- dity of utilizing associations of ceramics and other categories of artifacts in burial and other archaeo- logical contexts for dating purposes and on the discrepancies found in dating based on archaeological evidence vis-a-vis those based on stylistic grounds. Field trips to archaeological sites in Kabong and the Niah Caves were also organized. These involved all forms of travel: by air, sea, river, land and on foot. The Sarawak The participants relaxed in the boat which took them to the Kabong site. Museum also arranged a Ceramics Exhibition where wares excavated in Sarawak and Sabah were display- ed.

The Participants. The participants coming from the Southeast Asian countries were as follows: Indonesia — Mrs. Satya- wati Suleiman, Mr. Santoso Sugon- dho, and Mrs. Sri Soejatmi Satari; Malaysia — Mr. Adi Haji Taha, Mr. Lucas Chin, Mr. Jimmy Foo, Mr. Michael Chong, Mr. Mohd Mokthar bin Abu Bakar, Mr. Mohamed bin Haji Abdullah, Mr. Tuton Kaboy, Mr. R. Nyandoh, and Mr. Edmund Kurui; Brunei — Mr Ahmad bin Sha'ari; Philippines: Dr. Alfredo E. Evangelista, Dr. Jesus T. Peralta, and Mrs. Leonisa Ramas; Thailand — Dr. Phasook Indrawooth, Mrs. Natthapatra Chandvij, and Mr. Seehawat Naenna. Going to the Niah Caves meant The sherds excavated in Kabong Continued on page 22 walking through forest areas. were laid out for inspection of the participants. 22

The Relation Jiu Gang Indonesia Longchuan cela- don and big and small jars Indonesia Green-ware rough Pelliot, Paul "Deux itine'raires Pu Ban bowls, and big 1904, de Chine en Inde a and small jars la fin du VIM siecle. Green wares, jars B.E. 4: 131 -385. Wen Lao Gu Indonesia and the like Poerbotjaroko "Riwayat Indonesia Indonesia Longchuan celadon R.Ng. 1952, I". P.T. Pembangu- Long Ya Men Indonesia Rough bowls and nan Djakarta. Hua Mian green Longchuan "Crivijaya, de Cai- 1958, porcelain lendra — en de San- Indonesia Rough bowls and jaya vamca", Bijdra- Dan Yang the like gen Tot de Taal—, Indonesia Green wares and Land— en Volken- Gou Lan Shan the like kunde, deel 114, pp. Blue-and-white 254 - 264. Ban Da Li India wares Soekmono, R. "Candi, Fungsi dan Man Tuo Lang Unidentified Green wares 1974, Pengertiannya". Di- sertasi untuk mem- Nan Wu Li Indonesia Blue-and-white peroleh gelar Doc- wares tor dalam ilmu-ilmu Jia Li Na Iran Blue-and-white Sastra pada Univer- wares sitas Indonesia di Qian Li Ma Unidentified Rough bowls Jakarta. Xiao Ba Nan India Blue-and-white wares Stutterheim, "Een Belangrijke W.F. 1927, oorkonde uit de Ke- Peng Jia La Bangladesh | Blue-and-white doe", Tijdschrift wares voor IndischeTaal—, Tian Tang Saudi Arabia Blue-and-white Land-en Volken- wares kunde. Uitgegeven Tian Zhu India Blue-and-white door het Koninklijk wares Bataviaasch Genoot- Gan Mai Li Iran Blue-and-white schap van Kunsten wares, jars and en Wetenschappen, vases deel LXVII, pp. 172 Wu Die India Blue-and-white -215. wares Fogel, J.P. "Het Koninkrijk Sri- The above list mentions green procelains (cela- 1919, vijaya", Bijdragen dons) fifteen times, Chu hou porcelains five times, Tot de Taal—, Land- blue-and-white floral porcelains sixteen times, blue en Volkenkunde, and white porcelains three times, porcelain ware deel 75. pp. 626- three times and rough bowls five times. Most of the 637. exports came from the kilns in Jiangxi and Xhejiang provinces and a lesser number from those in Fujian province. Ceramic (to be continued)

Footnotes The consultants/resource persons 1Page 1868. Vol 3, Zhonghua Shuqu were the following: Prof. Feng edition. Xian-Ming and Mr. Li Hui-Ping from China; Dr. Janice Stargardt 2'3Page 2516, Vol 3, Zhonghua Shuqu from Cambridge University; Dr. edition. Pierre-Yves Manguin from Ecole Franchise D'Extreme-Orient; Prof. 4-5Page 4537-38, Vol 13, Zhonghua Meitoku Kamei from Kyushu His- Shuqu edition. torical Museum; and Dr. Zuraina "Zhu Fan Zhi, Revised and Anno- Majid-Loewe from the Universiti tated" Page 5, 1966 edition, Zhong- Sains Malaysia. Dr. Rosa Tenazas hua Shuqu edition. represented the SPAFA Coordinat- ing Unit. 'Page 7. "Ku Jin Yi Shi" (photome- chanical Printing), Germany Donates Underwater Archaeology Equipment

The Government of Germany through its Ambassador to Thai- Mr. Vidya Intakosai expresses his gratitude for the donation to land, Walter Boss, presented the Thai SPAFA sub-center with some Ambassador Walter Boss. Others in phto are Dr. Marianne Lapper, underwater archaeology equipment. Ambassador Boss confers with counselor of the German Embassy, and Dr. Sippanonda Ketudat. H.E. Dr. Sippanonda Ketudat, Minister of Education and Mr. Vidya Intakosai, head of the Underwater Archaeology Section.

In 1978 the Federal Republic of Germany commissioned a Consul- Bibliography on Prehistory tant, Dr. H.H.E. Loofs from the Department of Asian Civilizations of the Australian National Univer- Released sity, to conduct a survey of the SPAFA Sub-Centres to determine urgent needs in the form of equip- To acquaint scholars with avail- Vietnam; China and Hong Kong; ment to facilitate the implementa- able materials on Southeast Asian Oceania; and which, tion of SPAFA training program- archaeology /prehistory and fine though in Africa, has been highly mes. This survey culminated in the arts in the region, the SEAMEO influenced by Malay language and donation by the FRG of under- Project in Archaeology and Fine culture. water archaeology equipment to Arts (SPAFA) is undertaking the However, the bibliography is not the SPAFA Thai Sub-Centre. compilation of a comprehensive exhaustive. Financial constraints li- The donation amounting to US$ bibliographical data on the subject. mited data gathering to 20 institu- 80,000 were in the form of the They are meant to facilitate the tions — 3 in Indonesia, 8 in the Phi- most up-to-date equipment. They conduct of comparative studies lippines, 1 in Singapore and 8 in were as follows: two man decom- among Southeast Asian scholars Thailand. Funds for the documen- pression chamber/treatment cham- also. tation projects in the Philippines ber with air cylinders, high-pressure As part of this effort, SPAFA and Indonesia came from the Ford- compressor for oxygen, diesel-gene- has published recently the first of Foundation grants while the Bang- rator for the compressor, one set of the special bibliographic series. It kok Bank supported similar activi- underwater communication system. contains a list of sources of prehis- ties in Thailand. These pieces of equipment were tory materials only. The list can be Currently, the holdings of the installed by German technicians divided into two major headings: who came from Germany to the SPAFA Library and Documenta- the general references and the coun- tion Centre number over a thou- SPAFA Thai Sub-Centre's Under- try-specific bibliography. The latter water Archaeology Station at Satta- sand. A bulk of the collection covers Southeast Asia — Brunei, comes from donations of the Go- hip, Cholburi Province early in Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, 1981. vernments of France and Nether- Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and lands.