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Protest by Other Means? Sex Workers, Social Movement Evolution and the Political Possibilities of Nonprofit Service Provision

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Protest by Other Means? Sex Workers, Social Movement Evolution and the Political Possibilities of Nonprofit Service Provision PROTEST BY OTHER MEANS? SEX WORKERS, SOCIAL MOVEMENT EVOLUTION AND THE POLITICAL POSSIBILITIES OF NONPROFIT SERVICE PROVISION A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Samantha Ann Majic February 2010 © 2010 Samantha Ann Majic PROTEST BY OTHER MEANS? SEX WORKERS, SOCIAL MOVEMENT EVOLUTION AND THE POLITICAL POSSIBILITIES OF NONPROFIT SERVICE PROVISION Samantha Ann Majic, Ph. D. Cornell University 2010 Is it possible for service organizations formed from protest movements to maintain their radical commitments, even when they partner with state agencies? Engaging with the social movements, civic engagement, and nonprofit sector literatures, I focus on the American prostitutes’ rights movement and the emergence from it of the California Prevention and Education Project (CAL-PEP) and the St James Infirmary (SJI) in the San Francisco Bay Area. As flagship nonprofit health service organizations, the SJI and CAL-PEP illustrate how a social movement’s radical impulses and claims-making capacities are both maintained and restricted when they are institutionalized into service provision organizations that seek to work with state agencies in an era of neo- liberal politics. Based on participant-observational, interview-based and archival research, I contend that CAL-PEP and the SJI express their radical impulses within their organizations by maintaining prostitution as a legitimate occupational choice and involving sex workers in service provision and management. Granting agreements encouraging local, community-based health service provision and an emphasis on professional, credentialed service provision permit this expression of their radical impulses, even as charitable nonprofit tax status and granting agency requirements for data collection constrain their capacities to advocate for sex workers' rights beyond their organizations. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Samantha Majic hails from Port Hope, Ontario Canada. She majored in political science and economics at the University of Toronto (Trinity College), graduating in 2001, and spent the following year as an intern with the Ontario Legislature Internship Program. From 2002 to 2003 she completed her Master’s Degree at York University, Toronto, where her research examined public education campaigns and domestic violence in Ontario. In 2003 she entered the PhD Program in the Department of Government at Cornell University, and completed her dissertation in August 2009. She is married to John Rasmussen, a film and television editor. iii For my parents, Sam & Charlotte Majic iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The “acknowledgments” section of any work always reminds me that even when there is a sole author, the final product would scarcely be possible without help from so many others. This project was no exception: although it was often a solitary effort, it would not have been possible without the generosity and encouragement of so many people. From the beginning, my dissertation chair, Professor Mary Katzenstein, was a model of both a scholar and a human being. With her guidance and seemingly endless patience, I grew as a researcher and a writer, and because of her will always ask, “what is this a case of?” when I begin any project. With Mary, the other members of my dissertation committee were nothing short of amazing. Professor Anna Marie Smith was an incredible role model, mentor and collaborator, and her commitment to marginalized women will always inspire my work. And Professor Theodore Lowi’s enthusiasm and suggestions for current and future projects was and always will be welcome. Special thanks also goes out to Professor Suzanne Mettler for serving as an external reader and providing so much wonderful feedback. Outside of my committee, this project would not have been possible without the access to and support from the staff and clients of the California Prevention and Education Project (CAL-PEP), and the St. James Infirmary (SJI). At CAL-PEP, Executive Director Gloria Lockett and Deputy Director Carla Dillard Smith will always stand out in my memory as some of the most formidable women I have ever met. They—and their incredible staff—were endlessly generous with their time and resources, and provided me with unparalleled access to their incredible organization. This project would not have been possible without them. At the St. James Infirmary, I will be forever grateful to Alexandra Lutnick for introducing me to the clinic and its staff and for providing insight, guidance and friendship along the way. Executive v Director Naomi Akers was also incredibly generous with her time, answering my endless questions and providing me with the opportunity to interview the clinic’s brilliant and committed staff. At both the SJI and CAL-PEP, my deepest and most heart-felt thanks goes out to the many sex workers who use their services and so generously provided their time for interviews. And throughout the Bay Area, I will be forever thankful for the time and efforts of sex worker rights activists Margo St. James, Priscilla Alexander, Carol Leigh, Carol Stuart and Maxine Doogan. Without you, the movement for sex worker rights (and CAL-PEP and the SJI) would have never begun. And because of you-- unlike what the law might say-- I refuse to see sex workers as criminals, and will forever support your rights as workers. Over the course of this project, I have also benefited from the insights, support and time given to me by many individuals in the academic and governmental worlds. Professor Graham White at the University of Toronto and Jacqueline Krikorian of York University must be thanked for encouraging me to consider graduate school in the first place, and Professors Leah Vosko and Isabella Bakker at York University provided me with incredible guidance and instruction in the field of women and politics at York University. At Cornell University, I will always be grateful to Professors Michael Jones Correa and Sherry Martin for the research and teaching opportunities they provided me, and to the University’s incredible library staff for all of their help. And at the University of Toronto’s Centre for the Study of the United States, many thanks to Professors Elspeth Brown and Jeannine DeLombard for generously providing me with teaching opportunities and space to work and present my research. I also had the privilege of attending the National Sexuality Resource Center’s Summer Program at San Francisco State University in July 2007, and am especially vi thankful for the support and feedback provided by my colleagues there, including Professors Stephen Russell, Connie North and Brooke Wells. Over time, I have also presented parts of this thesis at various conferences, and am especially grateful to the Western Political Science Association for providing such fertile ground for a project like mine to grow. Various experts and officials in the City and County of San Francisco and the City of Oakland also provided time and information that greatly informed my research. Special thanks here is owed to Charles Cloniger and Dr. Jeff Klausner from the San Francisco Department of Public Health; Dr. Deborah Cohan from the University of California, San Francisco; and Professor Benjamin Bowser of Cal-State Hayward. Staff at the San Francisco and Oakland Public Libraries was also endlessly helpful and deserve thanks. Of course, meeting all of these people and carrying this project through would not have been possible without the generous financial and administrative support from so many organizations and individuals. Year-long fellowships from the Russell Sage and Mellon Foundations, and funding along the way from the Walter and Sandra LaFeber Faculty-Graduate Student Collaborative Research Fund, the John L. Senior Chair in American Institutions, the Graduate School, and Departments of American Studies and Feminist, Gender and Sexuality Studies (all at Cornell University) was essential for completing this project. And every step of the way, the administrative staff in the Department of Government at Cornell University was there to help me receive these grants and carry out my research. Laurie Coon administered every grant (and every receipt I submitted) with great efficiency, patience, and humor. Tina Slater consistently ensured my “status” was correct, and was a god-send during every step of the job search process. Jackie Pastore and Hollie Health in Ted Lowi’s office also made sure my pilot study vii and conference grants were efficiently administered and received every step of the way. As well, at the University of Toronto at Mississauga, a special thanks goes out to Norma Dotto for making my life as a lecturer so much easier. I wish I could take all of you with me. Thank you. I am also fortunate to have the love and support from my wonderful friends and family, even when completing this project made me very hard to love! At Cornell University, Shannon Mariotti provided friendship and was a great role model for “how to be a grad student”. Angela Carter’s support and kindness means the world to me, and I will be forever grateful to Roanne Bosch, Amy Jacobson and Molly Clark- Dunigan for the “girl time” they provided during my stay in Ithaca. Outside of the Cornell community, I am lucky to have many incredible friends who have stood by me and provided good conversation and many needed breaks from my work: Loren Kolar, Mary Sum, Elspeth Tory, Jennifer Trickett, Lindsay Mills, Hilary Walker, David Nagler, Melanie Martin-Griem, Maria DiFabrizio, Karim Bardeesy, Glenn Cohen, Andrew Bernstein, Lorraine Hawley, Juliane Edler and Julie Dowsett deserve a very special thanks here. Furthermore, I would like to thank the staff at Poor John’s Café in Toronto for providing good coffee and company through my many thesis drafts. Also in Toronto, Peter Nurse at Bloor Street Boxing and Fitness and Sasha and Aranka Shkolnikov at Bikram’s Yoga College of India also deserve thanks for letting me punch and sweat the dissertation out, and for keeping me in shape in the process.
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