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Cuadro Resumen De Pirámides Mayas Cuadro resumen de pirámides mayas Sitio Edificio Base (m) Altura (m) Referencias Becán IX 50 × 50 31.50 Campaña, 2002: 16. Calakmul II 150 × 130 55 Folan et al., 2001: 31. Calakmul I 100 × 100 50 Folan et al., 2001: 31. Caracol Caaná 120 × 80 43 Martin y Grube, 2000 Chacchoben Templo 1 30 × 30 20 Romero, 2000 Chichén Itzá Castillo 55 × 55 31 Marquina, 1964 Chakanbakán Nohochbalam 60 × 60 42 Cortés, 2000: 100. Cobá Nohoch Mul 60 × 50 42 Benavides, 1981: 52, 54. Cobá Gran Plataforma 125 × 110 30 Benavides, 1981: 60. Cobá La Iglesia 40 × 30 24 Benavide,s 1981: 34. Dzibanché Kinichná 70 × 60 35 Nalda et al., 1999 Dzibanché Templo del Búho 27 × 20 (?) 22 Campaña ,1995 Edzná Edificio de los Cinco Pisos 80 × 80 36.50 Benavides, 2014 Ek Balam Acrópolis 160 × 70 30 Vargas y Castillo, 1999 El Mirador Los Monos 70 × 80 48 Matheny, 1987 El Mirador El Tigre 70 × 70 55 Matheny, 1987 El Mirador La Danta 80 × 80 72 Matheny, 1987 El Tigre Estructura IV 40 × 40 28 Vargas, 2013: 153-154. Ichkabal Edificio 4 110 × 100 45 Balanzario, 2017, comunicación personal Ichkabal Edificio 5 110 × 70 35 Balanzario, 2017, comunicación personal Izamal Kinich Kak Moo 200 × 200 32 Marquina, 1964: 807. Lamanai Templo Elevado (N10-43) 60 × 50 33 Shelby, 2000 Moral Reforma Edificio 14A 25 × 25 20 Cuevas, 2010 Edificio 14B 30 × 30 23.50 Cuevas, 2010 Palenque Inscripciones 60 × 40 33 Marquina, 1964; Ruz, 1973 Tikal Templo IV 88 × 65 m 64.60 Marquina, 1964; Harrison, 1999 Tikal Templo III o del Sacerdote Jaguar 60 × 60 55 Marquina, 1964; Harrison, 1999 Uxmal Adivino 77 × 56 35 Marquina, 1964 Xunantunich Castillo 100 × 100 40 <es.wikipedia.org> Bibliografía Andrews, George F. Campaña Valenzuela, Luz Evelia 1975 Maya Cities. Placemaking and Urbanization, University 1995 “Una tumba en el Templo del Búho. Dzibanché”, Ar- of Oklahoma Press, Norman. queología Mexicana, núm. 14, pp. 28-31. 2002 “Hallazgo en Becán, Campeche”, Arqueología Mexica- Benavides C., Antonio na, núm. 53, p. 16. 1981 Cobá. Una ciudad prehispánica de Quintana Roo, inaH, México. Cortés de Brasdefer, Fernando 2012 Jaina: ciudad, puerto y mercado, Gobierno del Estado de 2000 “Chakanbakán. Ciudad maya del territorio Cehache”, Campeche, Campeche (Colección Justo Sierra, 1). en M. Velázquez (comp.), Guardianes del tiempo, Uni- 2014 La arquitectura precolombina de Edzná, Campeche, Go- versidad de Quintana Roo/inaH, México, pp. 89-105. bierno Municipal, Campeche. Cuevas Reyes, Francisco Bernal Romero, Guillermo 2010 “Moral-Reforma: un asentamiento estratégico en la 2015 “Glifos enigmáticos de la escritura maya. El logogra- ribera de San Pedro Mártir”, Arqueología, núm. 45, ma T514, yej, ’filo’”, Arqueología Mexicana, núm. 135, pp. 72-88. pp. 78-85. 313 Folan, William J., et al. Sánchez Nava, Pedro Francisco, e Iván Sprajc 2001 Las ruinas de Calakmul, Campeche, México: un lugar cen- 2012 “Arquitectura y planeación urbana en Calakmul, tral y su paisaje cultural, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, México: astronomía, calendario y geogra- Campeche/sep/famsi/fomes, Campeche. fía simbólica”, Los Investigadores de la Cultura Maya, vol. 20, núm. 2, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Graham, Ian Campeche, pp. 93-110. 1967 Archaeological Explorations in El Peten, Guatemala, Mi- ddle American Research Institute, Tulane University, Saturno, William A. New Orleans (Publication Series, 33). 2009 “High Resolution Documentation of the Murals of San Bartolo, Guatemala”, Maya Archaeology, núm. 1, Hansen, Richard D. pp. 8-27. 2006 “Primeras ciudades. Urbanización incipiente y for- mación de estados en las Tierras Bajas Mayas”, en N. Schele, Linda Grube (ed.), Los mayas. Una civilización milenaria, Kö- 1976 “Accession Iconography of Chan-Bahlum in the nemann, Colonia, pp. 50-65. Group of the Cross at Palenque”, en Merle Greene Ro- bertson (ed.), Art, Iconography & Dynastic History of Pa- Harrison, Peter D. lenque. Part III, Proceedings of Segunda Mesa Redonda 1999 The Lords of Tikal. Rulers of an Ancient Maya City, Tha- de Palenque, Pre-Columbian Art Research, The Robert mes & Hudson, Londres. Louis Stevenson School, Pebble Beach, California. Marquina, Ignacio Schele, Linda, y Peter Mathews 1964 Arquitectura prehispánica, inaH, México. 1998 The Code of Kings. The Language of Seven Sacred Maya Martin, Simon, y Nikolai Grube Temples and Tombs, Scribner, Nueva York. 2000 Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering Shelby, Thomas Mark the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya, Thames & Hudson, 2000 “Report of the 1998 and 1999 Investigations on the Londres. Archaeology and Iconography of the Polychrome Matheny, Ray T. Stucco Façade of Structure N10-28”, Lamanai, Belize. 1987 “An Early Maya Metropolis Uncovered: El Mirador”, Recuperado de <www.famsi.org>. National Geographic, vol. 172, núm. 3, pp. 316-339. Suyuc Ley, Edgar, y Richard D. Hansen Nalda, Enrique, Luz Evelia Campaña y Javier López Camacho 2013 “El complejo piramidal La Danta: ejemplo del auge 1999 “Proyecto Dzibanché, Temporada de Campo 1993- en El Mirador”, en M. C. Arnauld y A. Breton (eds.), 1994”, Informe al Consejo de Arqueología, inaH, Millenary Maya Societies: Past Crises and Resilience, pp. México, vol. II. 217-234. Recuperado de <www.mesoweb.com/publi- cations/MMS/14_Suyuc-Hansen.pdf>. Recinos, Adrián (traducción y notas) 1971 Popol Vuh. Las antiguas historias del Quiché, FCe, México. Thompson, J. Eric S. 1984 Historia y religión de los mayas, Siglo XXI Editores, México. Rodríguez Campero, Omar 2012 “Arquitectura”, en Regina Martínez Vera (coord.), Ca- Thompson, J. Eric S., Harry E.D. Pollock y Jean Charlot lakmul. Patrimonio de la humanidad, Grupo Azabache/ 1932 A Preliminary Study of the Ruins of Coba, Quintana Roo, Gobierno del Estado de Campeche/inaH, México, pp. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington 117-131. (Pub. 424). Romero R., María Eugenia Vargas de la Peña, Leticia, y Víctor Castillo Borges 2000 “Chacchobén. Un sitio del Clásico Temprano en la re- 1999 “Ek Balam: un sitio arqueológico que no se parece a gión de los Lagos”, en M. Velázquez (comp.), Guar- otro”, I’inaj. Semilla de Maíz. Revista de Divulgación del dianes del tiempo, Universidad de Quintana Roo/inaH, Patrimonio Cultural de Yucatán, núm. 10, Conaculta/ México, pp. 73-87. inaH, junio, pp. 11-18. Roys, Ralph Loveland Vargas Pacheco, Ernesto 1973 The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel, University of 2013 Itzamkanac, El Tigre, Campeche. Exploración, consolida- Oklahoma Press, Norman. ción y análisis de los materiales de la Estructura 1, Ins- tituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas-uNaM/ Ruppert, Karl, y John H. Denison Conaculta, México. 1943 Archaeological Reconnaissance in Campeche, Quintana Roo, and Peten, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington (Pub. 543). <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/list of tallest structures built Ruz Lhuillier, Alberto before the 20th century>. 1973 El Templo de las Inscripciones. Palenque, inaH, México (Colección Científica, 7). <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/list of Mesoamerican pyra- mids>. 314 Edzná, Campeche (INAHMEDIOS/HM). Labná, Yucatán (INAHMEDIOS). Sayil, Yucatán (INAHMEDIOS/MM). La obra pública monumental y el origen precoz de la civilización maya en el norte de Yucatán FERNANDO ROBLES CASTELLANOS Centro INAH Yucatán Mesoamérica es un término geohistórico que hace re- y socioculturalmente compleja. Esta metamorfosis so- ferencia al territorio situado en medio del continen- cial acontece cuando una sucesión de líderes poderosos te americano, entre la mitad meridional de México, los logra instaurar un régimen coercitivo-centralizado que, territorios de Guatemala, El Salvador y Belice, y el occi- durante un periodo prolongado, impone su autoridad a dente de Honduras, Nicaragua y Costa Rica, donde en la los dirigentes dispersos de una determinada comarca o época precolombina se desarrollaron patrones de vida región y permite que el poder central organice a su con- urbana. Un mosaico de gran diversidad étnica, lingüísti- veniencia a la sociedad y los recursos generados en sus ca y cultural fue el escenario geográfico en el que a par- dominios, además de allegarse la fuerza suficiente para tir del siglo Ix a.C., y por más de 2 300 años, emergió la defensa del territorio. Respaldados en su capacidad y desapareció una procesión de célebres entidades po- coercitiva, con el paso del tiempo los líderes supremos lítico-culturales complejas, o civilizaciones regionales, no sólo llegan a legitimarse como estamento rector, tales como la olmeca, la maya, la zapoteca, la teotihuaca- sino que también conciben una cosmología y un sim- na, la tolteca, la totonaca y la mexica, entre otras. bolismo esotérico oficiales, como referentes ideológicos En la arqueología, el concepto civilización define de su “incuestionable” prerrogativa de regir y transmi- los casos en que en un lugar y periodo específicos una tir el poder a un heredero. comunidad hasta entonces irrelevante emerge históri- El proceso de centralización política requirió el camente al constituirse en una pujante entidad política concurso de una amplia variedad de funcionarios y Lámina 1. Plano de la localización de las sedes regionales más relevantes del Preclásico Medio de Mesoamérica. 317 Lámina 2. Reconstrucción hipotética del megacomplejo piramidal El Tigre, Cuenca de El Mirador, Petén guatemalteco-campechano (modificado de Hansen, 1990). artesanos especializados, ajenos a la producción agrí- pleja. Con el paso del tiempo, la conjunción en torno de cola, en funciones administrativas, militares e ideológi- la residencia del poder central de las edificaciones pú- cas, así como de la actividad constructiva de sus líderes, blicas, las residencias de la élite gobernante y las casas con el afán de perpetuar, junto con su grupo de apoyo, de los funcionarios, de los artesanos especializados, de su posición dominante, haciendo que la diversificación sus asistentes y de la servidumbre, dio cabida a la for- social preexistente tendiera a ser más acentuada y com- mación de las ciudades prehispánicas de Mesoamérica. Lámina 3. Plano del norte de la península de Yucatán con la ubicación de los asentamientos principales del Preclásico Medio que se conocen y de algunos sitios menores coetáneos de la región.
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