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Journal De La Société Des Américanistes, 106-1 | 2020, « 106-1 » [En Ligne], Mis En Ligne Le 30 Juin 2020, Consulté Le 24 Septembre 2020

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Journal De La Société Des Américanistes, 106-1 | 2020, « 106-1 » [En Ligne], Mis En Ligne Le 30 Juin 2020, Consulté Le 24 Septembre 2020 Journal de la Société des américanistes 106-1 | 2020 106-1 Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/jsa/17822 DOI : 10.4000/jsa.17822 ISSN : 1957-7842 Éditeur Société des américanistes Édition imprimée Date de publication : 30 juin 2020 ISBN : 978-2-902715-13-8 ISSN : 0037-9174 Référence électronique Journal de la Société des américanistes, 106-1 | 2020, « 106-1 » [En ligne], mis en ligne le 30 juin 2020, consulté le 24 septembre 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/jsa/17822 ; DOI : https://doi.org/ 10.4000/jsa.17822 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 24 septembre 2020. © Société des Américanistes 1 SOMMAIRE Lettre de la rédaction Philippe Erikson Sciences en danger, revues en lutte Par le collectif des revues en lutte Articles The funerary and architectural history of an ancient Maya residential group: Group 5N6, Naachtun, Guatemala Hemmamuthé Goudiaby et Philippe Nondédéo El giro sacrificial. Reflexiones sobre el eje tupi-mexica Oscar Calavia Sáez Broken words, furious wasps. How should we translate the sonic materiality of Araweté ritual singing? Guilherme Orlandini Heurich “Haciendo un freestyle con los qompas”: juegos verbales y recontextualización de géneros discursivos en el rap qom Victoria Beiras del Carril et Paola Cúneo Notes de recherche La recolocación de monumentos dentro del juego de pelota como mecanismo de activación ritual durante el periodo Clásico maya Octavio Quetzalcóatl Esparza Olguín et Rogelio Valencia Rivera Huuneh : incantation maya (lacandon) contre « la flèche de Kisin » Didier Boremanse Hommages Entre châtaigner et palmier chonta. Hommage à Juan Bottasso (1936-2019) Geoffroy de Saulieu, Stéphen Rostain, Anne-Christine Taylor et Philippe Descola Robert Moody Laughlin (1933-2020) Aurore Monod Becquelin Les contreforts de l’histoire. Hommage à Rémi Savard (mars 1934-décembre 2019) et Sylvie Vincent (avril 1941-avril 2020) Nelcya Delanoë Gerald Taylor (1933-2020) Juan Carlos Estenssoro Journal de la Société des américanistes, 106-1 | 2020 2 Comptes rendus BONIFACIO Valentina, Del trabajo ajeno y vacas ariscas. Puerto Casado. Genealogías (1886-2000) Lorena I. Córdoba BELAUNDE Luisa Elvira, Sexualidades amazónicas. Género, deseos y alteridades Raphaël Colliaux CHARLE Matthieu, Cœur d’Alene. Ethnohistoire d’une communauté indienne d’Amérique du Nord Joëlle Rostkowski RIVERA ANDÍA Juan Javier (ed.), Non-Humans in Amerindian South America. Ethnographies, Cosmologies, Rituals and Songs Luis Cayón LOTEN H. Stanley, Miscellaneous Investigations in Central Tikal: Great Temples III, IV, V, and VI. Tikal Report 23B; The Plaza of the Seven Temples. Tikal Report 23C; Structures in and Around the Lost World Plaza. Tikal Report 23D Johann Begel HERMESSE Julie, De l’ouragan à la catastrophe au Guatemala. Nourrir les montagnes Sonia Polliere MCCURDY Leah et Elliot M. ABRAMS (eds.), Architectural Energetics in Archaeology. Analytical Expansions and Global Explorations Julien Hiquet Journal de la Société des américanistes, 106-1 | 2020 3 Lettre de la rédaction Philippe Erikson 1 Ordinairement, la couverture du JSA reprend l’iconographie d’un des articles au sommaire. Si le présent numéro déroge à cette coutume, c’est que sa sortie coïncide avec une période qui sort dramatiquement de l’ordinaire. La rédaction a donc choisi ce graffiti photographié au Brésil, qui met à l’honneur un peuple emblématique (les Yanomami), une couleur qui ne l’est pas moins (le rose)1 et, surtout, un concept dont le besoin se fait aujourd’hui cruellement sentir : celui de respect. 2 Du nord au sud du continent, en ces temps de coronavirus, les populations amérindiennes subissent la pandémie de plein fouet. Beaucoup ont été affectées de façon disproportionnée, laissées à l’abandon, victimes de taux de létalité bien supérieurs à ceux du reste de la population. Ces situations désastreuses sont évidemment corrélées au manque chronique de ressources et à des états de santé déjà fragiles. Mais elles résultent tout aussi incontestablement de l’irrespect, du mépris, voire de la haine trop souvent affichés à leur égard par les autorités publiques de leurs pays respectifs. 3 La communauté scientifique n’a pas non plus été épargnée par le Covid-19. Elle aussi compte ses morts, comme en attestent les hommages publiés dans notre rubrique nécrologique pour honorer la mémoire de ces éminents américanistes emportés par le coronavirus : Gérald Taylor (01/04/2020), Sylvie Vincent (30/04/2020), Robert Laughlin (28/05/2020). 4 Sur un registre moins tragique, mais non moins préoccupant, notre appel au respect s’adresse aussi à nos instances de tutelle. À l’unanimité moins une voix, notre comité de rédaction a en effet décidé de se solidariser avec le mouvement « Revues en lutte », qui réunit à ce jour 156 revues scientifiques de sciences humaines et sociales, en publiant l’éditorial commun qui ouvre ce numéro. Son contenu exprime notre inquiétude – partagée par la quasi-totalité de la communauté scientifique hexagonale – de voir fragilisé, par des réformes annoncées et en cours, un service public de l’enseignement supérieur et de la recherche dont les revues scientifiques constituent un rouage essentiel. Journal de la Société des américanistes, 106-1 | 2020 4 5 Sans doute serait-il vain d’essayer de traduire le terme respeito dans une langue amérindienne, du moins sans recours à l’emprunt ou à des paraphrases aussi élaborées que celles qui seraient nécessaires pour rendre le concept yanomami de waitheri dans une langue d’origine européenne2. Dans l’urgence, on se contentera donc des quatre langues traditionnelles du JSA pour réclamer : respeito, respect, respeto, respect… Fig. 1 – Fresque murale à Rio Branco (Acre, Brésil ; photo Nils Erikson, 22/12/2019). NOTES 1. À en juger par leur ornementation faciale, ce sont des femmes qui sont représentées sur cette peinture murale. La couleur rose constitue donc vraisemblablement un clin d’œil aux revendications féministes. 2. Le terme waitheri a été initialement popularisé par la très sulfureuse œuvre de Napoleon Chagnon, qui proposait de le traduire par « féroce » ou « agressif », conformément au portrait belliciste qu’il brossait de ce peuple. Des études subséquentes et plus subtiles ont cependant fait émerger des valences moins brutales de ce terme qui – entre autres qualités éminemment respectables – renvoie aussi au courage, à l’audace, à la superbe et à certaines formes de générosité et d’altruisme. Pour une définition plus précise de ce lexème « sémantiquement complexe et sans équivalente en langue espagnole », on peut se référer à Marie-Claude Mattei Müller et Journal de la Société des américanistes, 106-1 | 2020 5 Jacinto Serowë, Lengua y cultura Yanomami: diccionario ilustrado Yanomami-Español, Español-Yanomami, Epsilon Libros, Caracas, 2007, p. 349. Journal de la Société des américanistes, 106-1 | 2020 6 Sciences en danger, revues en lutte Par le collectif des revues en lutte 1 Depuis le début de l’année 20201, plus d’une centaine de revues académiques, en grande majorité issues des sciences humaines et sociales françaises, se déclarent les unes « en lutte », les autres « en grève ». Prenant part au mouvement social en cours, leurs comités de rédaction protestent à la fois contre le projet visant les retraites, contre la réforme de l’assurance chômage adoptée à l’automne 2019 et contre les propositions contenues dans les rapports pour la loi de programmation pluriannuelle de la recherche (LPPR)2. Par son ampleur et par sa forme – la grève et le vote de motions qui incitent les comités de rédaction à sortir de leur réserve habituelle –, cette mobilisation est historiquement inédite. La dynamique collective qu’elle suscite, par-delà les disciplines, les écoles et les conditions d’exercice de chacune des revues, témoigne du sentiment de révolte que provoquent ces réformes. Pour l’enseignement supérieur et la recherche, la réforme des retraites telle qu’envisagée actuellement par le gouvernement conduira à l’accroissement général des inégalités (entre hommes et femmes, entre titulaires et précaires, etc.) et à l’appauvrissement futur de toutes et tous, fonctionnaires, contractuel·le·s ou précaires. La réforme de l’assurance chômage augmentera, elle aussi, la vulnérabilité déjà difficilement supportable du très grand nombre des travailleur·euse·s précaires sur lesquel·le·s repose massivement la vie des universités et des laboratoires : ils et elles représentent d’ores et déjà plus d’un quart des effectifs d’enseignant·e·s, et encore bien davantage parmi les travailleurs et travailleuses administratif·ve·s et techniques. La LPPR, enfin, ne fera qu’aggraver le manque de moyens, de postes et de stabilité, et approfondir les inégalités qui minent l’enseignement supérieur et la recherche, et que deux décennies de « réformes » massivement contestées n’ont cessé d’amplifier. Une crise organisée du service public de la recherche et des universités 2 Depuis bientôt trente ans, les gouvernements successifs contribuent à l’effritement de l’État social, au lent rognage de la fonction publique, à la dénonciation des « privilèges » gagnés dans les luttes sociales du xxe siècle, à l’affaiblissement des principes de Journal de la Société des américanistes, 106-1 | 2020 7 redistribution destinés à réguler les disparités socio-économiques et géographiques. Dans l’université et la recherche, la loi relative aux libertés et responsabilités des universités, dite « loi Pécresse » (LRU, 2007) a été la pierre angulaire d’un double mouvement, apparemment contradictoire : le désengagement budgétaire
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