DOCSLIB.ORG

Characterization of Ore-Forming Systems – Advances and Challenges

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Characterization of Ore-Forming Systems – Advances and Challenges Characterization of ore-forming systems – advances and challenges KLAUS GESSNER1*, TOM BLENKINSOP2 & PETER SORJONEN-WARD3 1Geological Survey of Western Australia, 100 Plain Street, East Perth, WA 6004, Australia 2School of Earth and Ocean Science, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK 3Geological Survey of Finland, PO Box 1237, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland *Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Economically viable concentrations of mineral resources are uncommon among the predominantly silicate-dominated rocks in Earth’s crust. Most ore deposits that were mined in the past or are currently being extracted were found at or near Earth’s surface, often serendipi- tously. To meet the future demand for mineral resources, exploration success hinges on identifying targets at depth, which, on the one hand, requires advances in detection and interpretation tech- niques for geophysical and geochemical data. On the other hand, however, our knowledge of the chain of events that lead to ore deposit formation is limited. As geoscience embraces an inte- grated Earth systems approach, considering the geodynamic context of ore deposits can provide a step change in understanding why, how, when and where geological systems become ore-forming systems. Contributions to this volume address the future resources challenge by: (i) applying advanced microscale geochemical detection and characterization methods; (ii) introducing more rigorous 3D Earth models; (iii) exploring critical behaviour and coupled processes; (iv) evaluating the role of geodynamic and tectonic setting; and (v) applying 3D structural models to characterize specific ore-forming systems. Gold Open Access: This article is published under the terms of the CC-BY 3.0 license. Economically viable concentrations of mineral delineate new mineral reserves, while developing resources are not common among the predomi- resource projects responsibly from economic, envi- nantly silicate rocks that formed Earth’s crust: ronmental and social perspectives (e.g. Herrington rock is everywhere, but ore deposits are rare! Explo- 2013; Vidal et al. 2013; Nansai et al. 2014; Sahu ration for mineral resources and their extraction has et al. 2015; World Economic Forum 2015; Nurmi been an essential aspect of human society since pre- 2017). historic times, whether, nomadic, agrarian rural or Accordingly, future exploration targeting will urban: archaeological insights into early civiliza- need to focus on either novel pathways for exploit- tions depend largely on the discovery and analysis ing lower-grade and complex or previously intrac- of stone, ceramic and metal implements, and resi- table deposits, or improving technologies for dential dwellings and monuments. The overwhelm- detection and discovery at depth. In the former case, ing majority of mineral deposits that were mined in competing and, in some cases, conflicting priorities the past, or are being extracted currently, were found for land, energy and water access can be anticipated, at or near the Earth’s surface, and only very few compounded by environmental concerns, as the discoveries resulted from a structured search under- mining of lower-grade ores will typically require pinned by scientific methods (e.g. Hronsky & large-scale open-pit operations. Conversely, the Groves 2008).With a growing global population search for high-grade mineral resources at depth aspiring to the same levels of material affluence requires more informed integration of data in mature enjoyed by prosperous post-industrial societies, it is mining districts (e.g. Grunsky 2010), as well as inevitable that demand for mineral resources in exploration techniques facilitating deep discovery energy generation, building and manufacturing will in areas where the signatures of prospective targets continue to increase (Sykes et al. 2016; Ali et al. are obscured beneath overlying rock units, such as 2017; Arndt et al. 2017). There is, therefore, an regolith or sedimentary basins (Butt et al. 2000; urgent need to improve exploration success and Schodde 2014). From:Gessner, K., Blenkinsop,T.G.&Sorjonen-Ward, P. (eds) 2018. Characterization of Ore-Forming Systems from Geological, Geochemical and Geophysical Studies. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 453,1–6. First published online April 23, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP453.16 # 2018 The Author(s). Published by The Geological Society of London. Publishing disclaimer: www.geolsoc.org.uk/pub_ethics Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4454731/01_sp453-2013.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 2 K. GESSNER ET AL. Although the development of high-tech methods tomography, combined with trace-element mapping in exploration, production and mineral processing is can be applied to ore deposit studies to constrain likely to have a significant impact on exploration macroscopic processes within mineral systems. success and production economics, the geological Based on case studies of mineralization at Sunrise understanding of how, when and where dynamic Dam Gold Mine and the Mount Keith Ni-sulphide Earth systems become ore-forming systems poses deposit in Western Australia, the authors find that a formidable scientific challenge in itself. Ore an increasing use of microanalysis and the combina- deposits are often the product of a complex interplay tion of micro- and macroscale datasets in ore deposit between coupled physical processes with evolving geology allow constant reassessment of established geological structure (Gessner et al. 2009; Ord models for ore genesis. et al. 2012). A number of ‘mineral system’ studies have explored the genetic links between the dyna- mic Earth systems that shape and modify the com- Development of more rigorous 3D position and structure of lithospheric domains and Earth models the mineral deposits that formed within them. In the mineral systems approach, the spatial extent of To target mineralization and develop resource pro- heat and mass transport is considered from the per- jects requires accurate models of the Earth’s crust spective of geodynamic driving processes of mag- and the ore-forming systems within it. Such models matism and crustal-scale hydrothermal fluid flow can never be exact due to inherent data paucity, but (Wyborn et al. 1994; McCuaig & Hronsky 2014; they do need to be consistent with all available geo- Huston et al. 2016; Occhipinti et al. 2016). This logical and geophysical information. In addition to geodynamic perspective is warranted, as fluids in containing the best available spatial information, tectonic settings such as subduction and rifting can models should include an understanding of the be part of planetary-scale transport cycles (e.g. time dimension. One important problem is the Kelemen & Manning 2015; Foley & Fischer 2017). inherent uncertainties in these models. Furthermore, lithospheric domains and the struc- In ‘Uncertainty estimation for a geological model tures bounding them can be important for melt and of the Sandstone greenstone belt, Western Australia fluid fertility (e.g. Bierlein et al. 2006; Griffin – insights from integrated geological and geophys- et al. 2013; McCuaig & Hronsky 2014; Mole et al. ical inversion in a Bayesian inference framework’, 2014). Overall, the more ‘deterministic’ mineral Wellmann et al. (2017) provide a novel quantitative systems approach complements more traditional, approach explicitly addressing uncertainty and opti- ‘empirical’, deposit-type-based approaches that mization by integrating structural, geological and use mineralogical, geochemical and structural char- geophysical data using probabilistic programming. acteristics to classify deposits (e.g. Cox & Singer In an application to a gold-bearing greenstone belt 1986; Hedenquist et al. 2005). This Special Publica- in Western Australia, they show that additional tion contains contributions to five research themes data integration significantly reduces uncertainties on the frontiers of mineral exploration: (i) advanced in the final model. microscale geochemical detection and characteriza- In their paper ‘Geologically driven 3D model- tion methods; (ii) development of more rigorous ling of physical rock properties in support of 3D Earth models; (iii) critical behaviour and cou- interpreting the seismic response of the Lalor volca- pled processes; (iv) the role of geodynamic and tec- nogenic massive sulphide deposit, Snow Lake, tonic setting; and (v) the application of 3D structural Manitoba, Canada’, Schetselaar et al. (2017) gener- modelling to characterize specific ore-forming ated lithofacies and physical rock property models systems. to interpret 3D seismic data from the Lalor volcano- genic massive sulphide deposit, Manitoba, Canada. The authors found that kriging of P-wave velocity Advanced microscale geochemical detection and density conditioned by curvilinear grids gener- and characterization methods ated seismic synthetics that better matched the acquired data than properties forward-modelled in The development of new microscale analytical Cartesian space. They also found the physical rock methods and their application is an important contri- property modelling methodology useful to assess bution to better characterize ore-forming systems. In the limitations of their discrete model. their paper ‘Microscale data to macroscale pro- cesses: a review of microcharacterization applied to Critical behaviour and coupled processes mineral systems’, Pearce et al. (2017) explore how innovations in microanalytical
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Minesafe Magazine for More Information on the Harmonisation Process
    minesafeWESTERN AUSTRALIA Volume 20 no. 3 DECEMBER 2011 Conveyors – guarding against inadequacy TOOLS TO HANDLE WORKPLACE OSH ISSUES FEEDBACK SOUGHT ON DRILLING CODE OF PRACTICE MINES SAFETY PRIORITIES FOR THE REGULATOR 07 04 22 17 19 CONTENTS DEPARTMENTAL NEWS OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2011 SOUTH WEST CRUNCHING THE NUMBERS 02 Harmonisation of 13 More to CONTAM than EMERGENCY RESPONSE 51 Distribution of safety and occupational health and meeting quotas SKILLS CHALLENGE health representatives as safety laws 26 Taking up the challenge at 30 September 2011 DANGEROUS GOODS 03 Comment sought for MIAC 28 Motley crew gets the job 52 Monthly exploration SAFETY review done workforce to September 14 Report missing explosives 2011 DIVISIONAL NEWS 30 First aid scenario in tempo 15 Is your explosives or SRS with drum warnings 53 Monthly mining workforce to September 2011 04 Regulators meet in Darwin licence still valid? 32 Beau puts his body and 06 Resources Safety hosts 16 Shotfiring training – new mind on the line SIGNIFICANT INCIDENT PM’s 2011 Pacific Award competencies Recipient 2011 UNDERGROUND REPORTS AND SAFETY BULLETINS 07 Roadshows increase INDUSTRY ACTIVITIES MINE EMERGENCY opportunities for 17 Mines safety priorities for RESPONSE COMPETITION 54 Mines Safety SIR 173 consultation Employee burnt while the regulator 40 Sunrise Dam continues setting up scenario for winning trend SIMON SAYS 18 MARK YOUR DIARY emergency response 42 Universal language of training 09 2011 was a momentous mine rescue year of change SAFETY ALERTS AND 55 Mines Safety Bulletin
    [Show full text]
  • PDF.Js Viewer
    Exploration and Innovation The Discovery and Evolution of the 2Moz Vogue Gold Resource, Sunrise Dam Gold Mine, Western Australia M Nugus1,2, N Oliver3, T G Blenkinsop4, J Hill5, J G McLellan6, JCleverley5, L Fisher5, N Brunacci7, H Moore8 and A Jenkins9 ABSTRACT The 2 Moz Vogue mineral resource is a recent discovery at the Sunrise Dam gold mine (SDGM), lying approximately 600 m vertically below the Sunrise Dam open pit. Unlike most other lodes, which are dominated either by steep vein sets or shallow high-strain (shear) zones, it lies broadly in the hinge of a folded felsic porphyry body, where it cuts intermediate volcanic lavas and volcaniclastic rocks and is not speciÀcally concentrated at a lithofacies contact. The mineralisation is controlled by a complex interplay of moderate to shallow, west-dipping high-strain zones that are transected by irregular and discontinuous high-grade, north-west-, north–south- and east– west-trending breccia sheets that initially caused problems with attempts to model broad domains. However, by combining the structural controls and styles with the distribution of gold, arsenic, sulfur and antimony, we have improved opportunities for scheduling, extracting and processing the most appropriate material considering the current mining and processing constraints. The early delineation process for the Vogue lode revealed a signiÀcant mineral resource for the SDGM, coupled with the recognition of some potentially difÀcult downstream implications for mining and processing. The ultimate success of mining at Vogue will be a consequence of combining standardised data collection and geological modelling techniques with the results of the novel innovative techniques applied at an early stage of the project.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Pluto Project Port Study
    WESTERN AUSTRALIA’S INTERNATIONAL RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT MAGAZINE March–May 2007 $3 (inc GST) Print post approved PP 665002/00062 approved Print post WATER The potential impact of climate change and lower rainfall on the resources sector PLUTO PROJECT Site works begin on the first new LNG project in WA for 25 years PORT STUDY Ronsard Island recommended as the site for a new Pilbara iron ore port DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRY AND RESOURCES Investment Services 1 Adelaide Terrace East Perth • Western Australia 6004 Tel: +61 8 9222 3333 • Fax: +61 8 9222 3862 Email: [email protected] www.doir.wa.gov.au INTERNATIONAL OFFICES Europe European Office • 5th floor, Australia Centre Corner of Strand and Melbourne Place London WC2B 4LG • UNITED KINGDOM Tel: +44 20 7240 2881 • Fax: +44 20 7240 6637 Email: [email protected] India — Mumbai Western Australian Trade Office 93 Jolly Maker Chambers No 2 9th floor, Nariman Point • Mumbai 400 021 • INDIA Tel: +91 22 6630 3973 • Fax: +91 22 6630 3977 Email: [email protected] India — Chennai Western Australian Trade Office - Advisory Office 1 Doshi Regency • 876 Poonamallee High Road From the Director General Kilpauk • Chennai 600 084 • INDIA Tel: +91 44 2640 0407 • Fax: +91 44 2643 0064 Email: [email protected] Indonesia — Jakarta Western Australia Trade Office A climate for opportunities and change JI H R Rasuna Said Kav - Kuningan Jakarta 12940 • INDONESIA Tel: +62 21 5290 2860 • Fax: +62 21 5296 2722 Many experts and analysts are forecasting that 2007 will bring exciting new Email: [email protected] opportunities and developments in the resources industry in Western Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Modelling the Optimum Interface Between Open Pit and Underground Mining for Gold Mines
    MODELLING THE OPTIMUM INTERFACE BETWEEN OPEN PIT AND UNDERGROUND MINING FOR GOLD MINES Seth Opoku A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Johannesburg 2013 DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is my own unaided work. Where use was made of the work of others, it was duly acknowledged. It is being submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before in any form for any degree or examination at any other university. Signed …………………………….. (Seth Opoku) This……………….day of……………..………2013 i ABSTRACT The open pit to underground transition problem involves the decision of when, how and at what depth to transition from open pit (OP) to underground (UG). However, the current criteria guiding the process of the OP – UG transition are not well defined and documented as most mines rely on their project feasibility teams’ experiences. In addition, the methodologies used to address this problem have been based on deterministic approaches. The deterministic approaches cannot address the practicalities that mining companies face during decision-making, such as uncertainties in the geological models and optimisation parameters, thus rendering deterministic solutions inadequate. In order to address these shortcomings, this research reviewed the OP – UG transition problem from a stochastic or probabilistic perspective. To address the uncertainties in the geological models, simulated models were generated and used. In this study, transition indicators used for the OP - UG transition were Net Present Value (NPV), ratio of price to cost per ounce of gold, stripping ratio, processed ounces and average grade at the run of mine pad.
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Structural Setting on Sulfur Isotopes in Archean Orogenic Gold Deposits, Eastern Goldfields Province, Yilgarn, Western Australia
    1 Influence of Structural Setting on Sulfur Isotopes in Archean Orogenic Gold Deposits, Eastern Goldfields Province, Yilgarn, Western Australia Hodkiewicz, P. F.1,2*, Groves, D. I.1, Davidson, G. J.3, Weinberg, R. F.4, and Hagemann, S. G.1 1Centre for Exploration Targeting, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia 2SRK Consulting, 10 Richardson Street, West Perth, WA 6005 Australia 3School of Earth Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 79, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia 4School of Geosciences, Monash University, Building 28, Clayton, VIC 3800 *Corresponding author and contacts: • Email – [email protected] • Tel: +61-8-9288-2000 • Fax: +61-8-9288-2001 2 Abstract The published mean δ34S values of ore-related pyrites from orogenic gold deposits of the Eastern Goldfields Province, Yilgarn Craton lie between -4‰ and +4‰. As for orogenic gold deposits worldwide, most deposits have positive means and a restricted range of δ34S values, but some have negative means and wider ranges of δ34S values. Wall-rock carbonation and back-mixing of similar- source fluids with different fluid pathways can explain some of the more negative δ34S signatures. However, structural setting appears to be the most important factor controlling ore-fluid oxidation state and hence the distribution of δ34S values in gold-related pyrites. Shear-hosted deposits appear to have experienced fluid-dominated processes such as phase separation, whereas stockwork, vein-hosted or disseminated deposits formed under conditions of greater rock buffering. At Victory-Defiance, in particular, negative δ34S values are more common in gently-dipping dilational structures, compared to more compressional steeply-dipping structures.
    [Show full text]
  • Anglogold Ashanti Australia Electronic Letterhead
    SUBMISSION TO THE HOUSE STANDING COMMITTEE ON REGIONAL AUSTRALIA INQUIRY INTO FLY-IN FLY-OUT AND DRIVE-IN DRIVE-OUT IN THE AUSTRALIAN WORKFORCE OCTOBER 2011 AngloGold Ashanti Australia Ltd 13/44 St Georges Tce, Perth WA 6000 Contact: Andrea Maxey, VP Corporate Affairs, HR and Business Development www.anglogoldashanti.com Introduction AngloGold Ashanti Australia Ltd (AGAA) is based in Perth, Western Australia, where it operates the Sunrise Dam Gold Mine and is constructing a new mine at the Tropicana Gold Project (70% AGAA, 30% Independence Group NL). The company is a subsidiary of AngloGold Ashanti Ltd, a leading global gold company with 20 operations in 10 countries, and extensive exploration activities in the new and existing gold regions of the world. AGAA employs approximately 400 people in Australia, of whom 218 are employed on a fly-in fly-out (FIFO) basis at the Sunrise Dam Gold Mine, located 220 km north-east of Kalgoorlie. Sunrise Dam has been in operation for 16 years and its total workforce includes a further 400 contractors. The Tropicana Gold Mine, 330 km east-northeast of Kalgoorlie, will begin production late in 2013 and will employ approximately 150 AGAA employees and a further 300 contractors on a FIFO basis, with employees likely to be based in both Kalgoorlie and Perth. Employees work 12 hour shifts when on site. This submission will address the costs and benefits for companies and individuals choosing FIFO/DIDO workforce as an alternative to a resident workforce (the second of the Inquiry’s Terms of Reference). Background The gold industry represents Australia’s third largest export earner and is expected to contribute almost A$17 billion to Australia’s export income in 2011-121.
    [Show full text]
  • Downer in Western Australia
    Downer in Western Australia Location 1 Albany 2 Argyle diamond mine 3 Barrow Island Legend 4 Brockman 2 and 4 iron ore mines 5 Bunbury 6 Burrup Peninsula Transport Rail Utilities Services Technology & Engineering, Mining 7 Canning Vale Services Communications Construction Services & Maintenance 8 Cannington 9 Cape Preston magnetite mine 10 Carosue Dam gold mine 11 Channar iron ore mine 12 Christmas Creek iron ore mine 13 Collie Argyle diamond mine 2 14 East Perth 15 Eastern Ridge iron ore mine Engineering Road Services Utilities Mining Rail 16 Granny Smith gold mine Construction & Maintenance 17 Gosnells Burrup Peninsula 6 18 Hope Downs iron ore mine Port Hedland 40 43 South Hedland Barrow Island 3 Karratha 25 19 Jimblebar iron ore mine Cape Preston magnetite mine 9 49 West Angelas Ore mine 20 Jundee gold mine Mesa A and J iron ore mines 37 Pannawonica iron ore mine 30 Telfer gold mine 47 21 Kalgoorlie Brockman 2 and 4 iron ore mines 4 Roy Hill iron ore mine 42 Yandi iron ore mines 50 22 Kambalda Christmas Creek iron ore mine 12 Marandoo iron ore mine 29 51 Yandicoogina iron ore mine 23 Kanowna Belle gold mine Tom Price iron ore mine 48 Newman 35 18 Hope Downs iron ore mine 24 Karara magnetite mine Paraburdoo iron ore mine 38 Channar iron ore mine 11 32 Mt Whaleback iron ore mine 25 Karratha WA Eastern Ridge Iron Ore mine 15 19 Jimblebar iron ore mine 26 KCGM gold mine 27 Kwinana Mt Keith nickel mine 31 28 Maddington 20 29 Marandoo iron ore mine Jundee gold mine WA 30 Mesa A and J iron ore mines 31 Mt
    [Show full text]
  • Australasia Mike Erickson, Senior Vice President – Australasia, Discusses Anglogold Ashanti’S Australasian Operations and Exploration Programme
    AngloGold Ashanti Annual Financial Statements 2009 Review of operations Australasia Mike Erickson, Senior Vice President – Australasia, discusses AngloGold Ashanti’s Australasian operations and exploration programme Podcast available at www.aga-reports.com/09/podcasts.htm Contribution to group production Australasia 9% Rest of AngloGold Ashanti 91% Darwin Brisbane Laverton Kalgoorlie Perth Sydney Tropicana Adelaide Canberra N Melbourne Australia Operations Sunrise Dam 401,000 oz Exploration Locations on maps are for indication purposes only. P90 AngloGold Ashanti Annual Financial Statements 2009 AngloGold Ashanti’s sole operating asset in Australasia is Sunrise Dam. The group also has an extensive exploration programme under way in Australasia, the most advanced of which is Tropicana, a joint venture in which AngloGold Ashanti holds 70% and the Independence Group NL has 30%. Tropicana is managed by AngloGold Ashanti and covers 13,500km2 of tenements. This project is the focus of the group’s exploration activities in Australasia. Exploration in the Australasia region is also currently being conducted in the Philippines and the Solomon Islands. Further information on the progress being made here is presented in the Exploration review on page 114 of this report. In January 2009, AngloGold Ashanti agreed to sell its 33.33% interest in the Boddington project in Australia to joint venture partner, Newmont Mining Corporation. This project is therefore not covered in this report. The Australasian operation produced 401,000oz of gold in 2009, equivalent to 9% of total group production. Australia For information on the regulatory environment and licence to operate in Australia, refer to the section entitled Regulatory environment enabling AngloGold Ashanti to mine on page 142 of this report.
    [Show full text]
  • 2008 Minerals Yearbook GOLD
    2008 Minerals Yearbook GOLD U.S. Department of the Interior October 2010 U.S. Geological Survey GOLD By Micheal W. George Domestic survey data and tables were prepared by Wanda G. Wooten, statistical assistant, and the world production table was prepared by Linder Roberts, international data coordinator. In 2008, domestic mine production of gold decreased to RI, areas, with other manufacturers in California, Florida, and 233,000 kilograms (kg), slightly less than that of 2007 (tables Texas. In 2008, the estimated percentages for end use of gold 1, 2). This marks the eighth year in a row that production has were jewelry and arts, 72%; dental and medical, 11%; electrical dropped and was 36% lower than the historical high of 366,000 and electronics, 7%; and other, 10%. kg in 1998. In 2008, the value of domestic production increased Trade in refined bullion comprised 51% of U.S. gold imports to $6.550 billion, up 22% compared with that of 2007 because and 81% of exports; the United States was a net exporter of of the increase in the price of gold. It was the seventh straight 342,000 kg of bullion in 2008. The increase in exports was year that the value had increased. Production from the major caused by an increase in price and an increase in investments mines in Nevada was lower as a result of mining lower grade outside the United States. Canada and Mexico provided almost ore, closure of two mines, and companies concentrating on mine 71% and 10%, respectively, of the refined bullion imported, development instead of gold production.
    [Show full text]
  • Anglogold Ashanti Australia Limited
    Licence Environmental Protection Act 1986, Part V Licensee: AngloGold Ashanti Australia Limited Licence: L8579/2011/2 Registered office: 44 St Georges Tce PERTH WA 6000 ACN: 008 737 424 Premises address: Sunrise Dam Gold Mine Mining tenements M39/376, M39/375, M39/374, M39/366, M39/357, M39/348, M39/347, M39/217, M38/426, M39/766, M39/499, M39/373, M39/1102, M39/1103 and L38/176 LAVERTON WA as depicted in Schedule 1. Issue date: Thursday, 10 July 2014 Commencement date: Monday, 21 July 2014 Expiry date: Friday, 20 July 2029 Prescribed premises category Schedule 1 of the Environmental Protection Regulations 1987 Category production or Approved Premises Category Category description design capacity production or design number capacity 05 Processing or beneficiation of metallic or 50 000 tonnes or more per 4 500 000 tonnes per non-metallic ore year year 06 Mine dewatering 50 000 tonnes or more per 5 000 000 tonnes per year year 52 Electric power generation 10 megawatts or more in 48 MW aggregate (using a fuel other than natural gas) 54 Sewage facility 100 m3 or more per day 190 m3 per day 57 Used tyre storage 100 tyres or more 1 000 tyres 64 Class II putrescible landfill site 20 tonnes or more per 5 000 tonnes per year year Conditions This Licence is subject to the conditions set out in the attached pages. Date signed: 27 February 2017 .................................................... Tim Gentle Officer delegated under section 20 of the Environmental Protection Act 1986 Environmental Protection Act 1986 Page 1 of 21 Licence: L8579/2011/2 Amendment date: Monday, 27 February 2017 File Number: 2012/006902 IRLB_TI0672 v2.9 Contents Licence 1 Contents 2 Introduction 2 Licence conditions 5 1 General 5 2 Emissions 9 3 Monitoring 10 4 Information 13 Schedule 1: Maps 16 Schedule 2: Reporting & notification forms 20 Introduction This Introduction is not part of the Licence conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Financial Statements and Other Financial Information 106 Legal Proceedings 106 Dividend Policy 106 8B
    As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 28, 2002 United States Securities and Exchange Commission Washington D.C. 20549 Form 20-F REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(B) OR 12(G) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 OR X ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 OR TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2001 Commission file number: 0-29874 AngloGold Limited (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter) Republic of South Africa (Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) 11 Diagonal Street Johannesburg, 2001 (P.O. Box 62117, Marshalltown, 2107) South Africa (Address of Principal Executive Offices) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Name of Each Exchange Title of Each Class on Which Registered American Depositary Shares New York Stock Exchange Ordinary Shares New York Stock Exchange* *Not for trading, but only in connection with the registration of American Depositary Shares pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission Securities registered pursuant to Section 12 (g) of the Act: None Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15 (d) of the Act: None Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report: Ordinary Shares of 50 ZAR cents each 107,634,058 A Redeemable Preference Shares
    [Show full text]
  • Download the Gold Data
    10.1 Summary Figure 10.1: World gold consumption by sector . The price averaged about US$1,800 an ounce in the first half of 2021 5,000 — up US$30 an ounce from the 2020 average. This reflects ongoing uncertainty over the COVID-19 pandemic and still-low real US 10-year 4,000 Treasury bond yields. As the pandemic recedes and the world economy recovers fully, gold prices are forecast to steadily fall in the outlook 3,000 period, averaging US$1,635 an ounce in 2023. Labour and skill shortages are affecting Australia’s gold mine Tonnes 2,000 production, which is estimated to reach 332 tonnes in 2020–21. Production from new mines and existing mine expansions is expected 1,000 to boost gold mine production to 388 tonnes in 2022–23 (see Australia section). 0 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 . Gold export earnings are forecast at $29 billion in 2021–22, before a decline to $28 billion in 2022–23, as gold prices ease back. Total Fabricated Investment Official sector Source: World Gold Council (2021) Gold Demand Trends; Department of Industry, Science, 10.2 Consumption Energy and Resources (2021) World gold consumption decreased in the March quarter 2021 Offsetting the fall in gold-backed ETF holdings and weaker official sector World gold demand fell by 23% year-on-year to 816 tonnes in the March demand has been a rise in consumer demand for gold (jewellery, gold quarter 2021. The decline was driven by a strong outflow from gold- coins and bars). Gold jewellery consumption rose by 52% year-on-year to backed exchange traded funds (ETFs), which lost nearly 178 tonnes (or 477 tonnes in the March quarter 2021, driven by lower gold prices and US$9.5 billion).
    [Show full text]