Forum: BREXIT: How Did We Get Here and Where Are We Going?

Forum: BREXIT: How did we get here and where are we going?

Stephanie Petrie, PhD, MSocSer, D.A.S.S., B.A. (Hons) [email protected]

This text may be freely shared among individuals, but it may not be republished in any medium without express written consent from the authors and advance notification ofASWB. The following is preliminary briefing note I prepared Birth of European cooperation after for local community activists. WWII to support reconstruction & provide a buffer zone for the USA in cold How we got here war politics The development of the European Union 1951 Treaty of Paris set up the (EU) was only one of several 20th C initiatives European Coal and Steel designed to foster international relations in response Community (ECSC) between to changing geopolitical forces Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands & Luxembourg De-colonialization Gradual independence achieved by colonies 1957 Treaty of Rome set up the led to the demise of empires. The response of the European Atomic Energy British Empire was the establishment in 1926 of Community (Euratom) and the British Commonwealth of Nations, formalised the European Economic in 1931, formally constituted in 1949 and known Community (EEC [Common today as the Commonwealth Market]

WWI 1914–1918 & WWII 1972 European Communities Act 1939–1945 was the UK Act of Parliament Attempts to maintain international peace and that ratified UK membership of security led to the establishment of the ineffective the 3 European Communities League of Nations in 1920 after the end of WWI. (ECSC, Euratom, EEC). This was replaced by the United Nations in 1945 The Treaty of Accession after WWII and continues today was signed by Ted Heath, Prime Minister (PM) as the Growth of the Cold War Between Conservative Government the USA & USSR After WWII was in power. Membership was hotly debated in the The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation UK General Election (GE) (NATO) treaty was signed in 1949 between 30 of 1974. Under Harold European and North American countries as an Wilson the Labour Party intergovernmental military alliance and continues gained a majority to form the today government in part because

Journal of Social Work Values & Ethics, Spring 2021, Vol. 18, No. 1 - page 115 Forum: BREXIT: How did we get here and where are we going? of a manifesto commitment to In broad terms the right wing of the Conservative renegotiate the terms and hold Party has been against the increasingly stringent a referendum. social, employment, judicial and environmental protections required of member states. The left 1975 First national referendum in wing of the Labour Party, on the other hand, has the UK. 65% turnout: 67% been against the dominant neo-liberal economic voted Remain; 33% Leave. restraints within which member states have had to conduct their economies. Subsequently other amendments were The Conservative PM, David Cameron, agreed in the following years aiming to strengthen was first elected in 2010. The Conservatives gained economic, social, and political ties between a majority largely because the global financial European Countries the most significant being: collapse of 2008 was blamed by many on the 1992 The Maastricht Treaty on incumbent Labour government. Cameron promised European Union that attempted to hold a referendum on EU membership if the to negotiate tensions between Conservatives were re-elected in the GE in 2015. members states seeking closer They were re-elected but Cameron resigned as PM integration and those wishing after the referendum of 2016 and decision to leave to retain greater national the EU. Internally the Conservative party appointed control. Theresa May as PM and later Boris Johnson who finally faced the electorate as PM in 2019 GE that It has been argued that at the end of WWII was won by the Conservatives on the manifesto of there was an unprecedented social pact between ‘Get Brexit Done’ labour and capital in European countries devastated Of course, the geopolitical context in the by war. This led to some form of nationalisation 21st C differs from that which led to the inception necessary to rebuild and the provision of mandatory of the EU. The fall of the USSR, growing economic universal welfare services provided by the state of strength of China, and increasing importance of the which the UK is the most notable example. On Middle East in global politics alters the potential the other hand, the European project that began role of Europe. In addition, it has been argued that in 1951 has been driven by specific economic and euro-scepticism became a dominant and powerful institutional interests and from the 1980s onwards right-wing project funded by elites that manipulated has increasingly pushed state assistance towards a range of citizen dissatisfactions not rooted entirely targeted populations and away from universalism. in EU membership. Following the global financial collapse of 2008 https://www.theguardian.com/ popular support for the EU project has fallen all commentisfree/2020/dec/09/brexit-grassroots- over Europe movement-elitist-takeover-2016-referendum https://www.researchgate.net/ https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/brexit/2017/07/31/ publication/330227871_The_1945_European_ the-referendums-of-1975-and-2016-illustrate-the- Social_Pact continuity-and-change-in-british-euroscepticism/

Brexit 2016–2020 Where are we going—immediate Both the Conservative and Labour parties consequences have had internal divisions about membership of A simple guide the ‘Common Market’ since the UK first joined https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/28/ in 1972. Sovereignty and the free movement of brexit-from-fishing-quotas-to-free-movement-ending-10 labour have been frequently raised as problems.

Journal of Social Work Values & Ethics, Spring 2021, Vol. 18, No. 1 - page 116 Forum: BREXIT: How did we get here and where are we going? At first glance deal overall social media users will now be subject to US rules Better than no deal but leaves worker’s on privacy rights and environmental protections at serious risk https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/55252388 of erosion https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-55328376 https://www.ippr.org/research/publications/ https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/commentary- the-brexit-eu-uk-trade-deal-a-first-analysis and-opinion/brexit-trade-deal-its-good-and-bad- for-lawyers/5106867.article The economy, customs, and trade Most commentators anticipate an economic Travel and holidays contraction compounded by the impact of the British travellers will face longer queues at pandemic passport control and must have at least 6 months https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020- left on their current passport for it to be valid. New 12-25/u-k-investing-class-sounds-warning-as-post-brexit- passports will be blue. reality-bites Stays are limited to up to one 90-day period Free movement of labour has ceased with in 180 days consequences for the service sector that currently European Health Insurance Cards (EHIC) form 80% of the UK economy. Professional are valid until they expire and although a new qualifications obtained in the UK will no longer be scheme is promised this has not yet been developed valid in the EU Mobile roaming charges will increase https://ukandeu.ac.uk/the-brexit-deal-and-services/ Driving abroad requires you take your Automobile industry—Better than no logbook, driver’s licence, and a green card from deal but there are still substantial costs from the your insurers mandatory documentation required and the long- Pet travel—pets now require an Animal term tariff implications regarding electric cars Health Certificate (AHC) from a vet no more than https://cardealermagazine.co.uk/publish/ 10 days before travel and will last for 4 months. comment-the-brexit-trade-deal-and-what-it-means- Pets must be microchipped for-the-uk-automotive-industry/211920 Duty free shopping will change—increased Northern Ireland—NI will maintain an open limits on alcohol and tobacco, no duty-free border with Eire consequently the customs barrier electronics, clothing etc will be between Great Britain and NI https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-46627083 https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/ research-briefings/cbp-9102/ Studying abroad Although some suppliers do not anticipate Erasmus scheme for students to study in the food shortages others have argued this is inevitable EU has closed apart from Northern Island. Another https://theconversation.com/brexit-deal- scheme (Turing) proposed but not yet developed or-no-deal-food-bills-are-about-to-get-a-lot-more- https://www.schengenvisainfo.com/news/ expensive-152327 uk-students-will-no-longer-be-able-to-participate- Post—parcels to the EU will now require a in-erasmus-programme/ customs declaration https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/ news/uk-news/post-office-parcel-warning-eu-19532915

Justice, data, and security The UK (apart from NI) will no longer be subject to the European Court of Justice; will lose automatic right to key databases and Europol, and

Journal of Social Work Values & Ethics, Spring 2021, Vol. 18, No. 1 - page 117