10 Things You Need to Know: When Cultivating Mushrooms

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10 THINGS YOU NEED TO KNOW: WHEN CULTIVATING MUSHROOMS

ROTTERZWAM MAASBOULEVARD 100 EBOOK 3063 NS ROTTERDAM [email protected] 010-7511460 WWW.ROTTERZWAM.NL We at rotterzwam believe in sharing. ‘Share all you have and you will receive more’

Siemen Cox

Founder rotterzwam, co-founder Blue City, co-founder coffee based and author of De Blauwe Revolutie

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The things we teach are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Sha- reAlike 4.0 International. See here for license text. 3 - - -

cut your learningcut curve your weeks several while studying about the wonderful world mushrooms. of It looks are interested you like path a similar as in well. This Ebook is dedicated helping to you “Share all you and have you will receivemore” We startedWe our journey and online for looked entrepreneurs who were cultivating mushrooms on entrepreneurs specif for looked We knowledge. sharing or cooperation to open and waste coffee wasthe same for us. The interest started because hadgeneral interesta we and passion for mush rooms. They truly are fascinating. How do I?…. Is almost Howdo I?…. alwaysthe start something journey interest an your of into take you in.It But the beginning in no one his was share willing or to her knowledge. Most were protective the of “head start” they had. So we needed to figure it outby ourselves.We decidedto atake different believepath. sharing. in We We were bothinspired We the story by can you that convert Gunter of Pauli coffeewaste mush into rooms, and use local ‘waste’ produce to food, healthy and abundance jobs as well. ically because there is school no real mushroom of cultivation. In January 2013 RotterZwam was born out experiment an of January RotterZwam In with on oak shiitake logs. 2013 Around May Mark Slegers joined started me.2013 We with mushroom cultivation on coffeewaste. Introduction Contents

Introduction / 3

1. Paul Stamets / 5

2. Spores / 7

3. Meat vs mushrooms / 9

4 4. Penicillium / 13

5. Substrate / 14

6. Conditioning / 16

7. The green monster / 18

8. Magic / 20

9. Ecovative design / 22

10. The blue economy / 23

11. About rotterzwam / 26 5

. Stamets is one of the most famous is one of the most . Stamets s

mushroom is called mycelium. is called mushroom *People who study mushrooms are called mycologist because the root system root because the a of mycologist called are study who mushrooms *People mycologist’s* in the world. mycologist’s* in the rooms since the 1970’ rooms since was born July 17, 1955 and he has been active with mush with active been has he and 1955 17, July born was want to grow mushrooms is Paul Stamets. Paul Stamets is Paul Stamets. mushrooms want to grow One of the first people you need to get to know when you when know to get to need you people first the of One CHAPTER #1 PAUL STAMETS #1CHAPTER PAUL 6 trol insect populations (mycopesticides), populations and insect trol (mycofiltration), con watersheds agricultural from pathogens and streambeds from silt (mycoremediation), lutants reduce and catch pol and toxic wastes to it decompose target mycelium on capitalize that is we can discovered has Stamets What soil. in creation new ofthe rich animaland debris plant down break they as elements essential mushrooms “ called cells “T it: puts Amazon on description the as Or soils. contaminated clean of mycelium to ability the about also and es, over distanc big nutrients and knowledge port trans in can that it internet, nature’s um being like myceli Story’s why mushrooms. you grow on story the you tell that helps book the is This mushrooms. medicinal and gourmet Growing after second it Ilist why That farm. mushroom rotterzwam building the me help didn’t it read, an was interesting it Although Paul Stamets. by written bought I book first the was This save help can world the How mushrooms running Mycelium farm. your layout to how organize and and diseases shooting trouble on a chapter contains also book The phases. growth different airexchanges the in CO2 Humidity, about: to levels, know you need you all gives He species. mushroom of those growth the for all parameters the describes to that he Next species. mushrooms 34 on background an in depth gives It details. room 3 covers amazing book This mushroom medicinal and gourmet Growing grower. wannabe mushroom the for tance order. inwrong the them of impor in order So I bought Unfortunately mushrooms. about have anyone for serious must and read must are a They recommend. we highly of those Two of books. a number wrote Paul Stamets he basic science goes like goes science Microscopic basic this: he recycle carbon, nitrogen, and other other and nitrogen, carbon, recycle m ycelium ” ’s the fruit of which are of which fruit the digestive power and and power digestive 45 45 pages of mush pages ------

this story. story. this to get Watch army did. talk The TED the ceed. didn’ conservationists the nature. Where ‘ he how on story his was us with stuck also What h talk TED watch and 18 his book the skip you can minute It’ talk. TED andid interesting also Paul Stamets andgardens myco (mycoforestry and forests of our health the enhance generally um Running” world’ the save s called ‘ called u sed’ t S ere he US army to preserve a piece of a piece army to US preserve he ix ways how mushrooms can help help can mushrooms how ways ix . . So if you’ if So . It’ s based on his book “ book his on based r e not the reading type, type, reading the e not gardening).” CHAPTER #1 CHAPTER M t yceli suc - - 7 - : Many Many small finger-like projections Teeth : germinates into a mycelium thread not thicker threadthicker not mycelium a germinatesinto ing enzymesing breaking downdead or [mostly] foundfertilea set place to thecamp, spore than a human hair. hair. a human than producing mushrooms. outside itself producing by those enzymes. decayingfeed to material itself. Mycelium is actually a sort inside of out stomach. What our do stomach we in does the mycelium

A mycelium thread itself by A mycelium is not capable of The mycelium thenThe runs mycelium it’s course produc by Ridges Short, elevated blunt lines on stem and under cap - - - - or more or more f can travel t : Many small tubes small endMany ing in a spongy surface Pores mushroom species produc 1 ushroom cap morphology” ushroom M ores and p

o a web search on “ o a web search light [weight]. Mostlight[weight]. the of spores a mushroom Pictures:Uploaded by Sridhar1000 to Wikipedia January 2006 plates radiating from from platesradiating stam Gills wideand sheet-like thin produces[80%] land near the mushroom that room, decaying organic material. Once they pendedfor the air decades. in touch to Waiting hasejected them. The ones don’ that Spore-bearing surface under cap es spores. They and extremely are [size] small downon fertile soilcase or in mush a lot of of details vast distances. Some outer say even into space Because they so are light, they can stay sus Both gills

1 D species reproduces. species reproduces. sent away to make new mycelium and make sure the at it] of the mushroom. The spores are dispersed and The spores are dispersed the mushroom. at it] of DNA packets or the seeds [depending on how you look want to grow mushrooms is the spores. They are the is the spores. grow mushrooms want to The second thing you need to know about when you CHAPTER SPORES#2 8 1. \ Therefore an A and a B mycelium thread need to to aBmycelium an Aand need thread Therefore 2. As you can see on the picture, the spores can can spores the picture, the on see can you As be can earlier, spores these explained we As Oyster mushrooms can produce so much spores spores much so produce can mushrooms Oyster accumulate. If one mushroom can form a kind akind form can mushroom one If accumulate. others. The oyster mushroom is particularly particularly is mushroom oyster The others. producing why That’s mushrooms. of producing to cross. need threads four or three even other. each cross species mushroom some For Some mushrooms produce more spores than spores more produce mushrooms Some capable that mean it’s mycelium doesn’t Seeing of a beard, imagine what a whole room full of of full room awhole what imagine a of beard, centrations of spores in the air. in the a: be spores of can centrations This mushroom sporulate. mushroom of amounts tremendous producing for known page. this we started how That’s tospores. the back the mushroom. As this pictures shows. pictures this As mushroom. the of cap the from hanging ‘beards’ that form they them can do! can them them packed together in a specially conditioned conditioned inaspecially together packed them room. That means that there will be high con high be will there that means That room. great mushroom spawn is a very special job. But job. But special avery is spawn mushroom great and see a yellow oyster oyster ayellow see and Watch video this spores. [oyster] mushrooms yourself you probably keep keep probably you yourself [oyster] mushrooms suspended in air for a long time. When you grow grow you When time. a long in air for suspended

Serious threat to your equipment toyour threat Serious threat to your health Serious -

. Although that is related specifically to inhaling http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycoperdonosis 1 occmed.oxfordjournals.org/content/48/7/465.full. 2 you will develop an allergy. It can even develop develop even can It allergy. an develop will you clog and even break down if not cleaned regu cleaned not if down break even and clog equipment. Air Filters, fans humidifiers, will all you and [MWL] Lung Worker’s Mushroom on When inhaled over an extended period of time time of period extended an over inhaled When the the spores of species. Dopuffball aweb search If that hasn’t made you think twice about ‘just ‘just about twice think you made hasn’t that If may care about your wallet. your about may care into something with the name Lycoperdonosis name the with something into will will find likereports starting’ a mushroom farm, think about your your about think farm, amushroom starting’ larly. If you don’t care about your health, you you health, your about care larly. don’t you If pdf Equipment Health these 2 [pdf will download]. download]. will [pdf 1 -

CHAPTER #3 MEAT VS MUSHROOMS The system we have created for the production of meat is a very polluting one. It takes a HUGE amount of water to produce meat. Up to 15,500 liters of water to produce 1 kg of beef1. Want to save water? It has nothing to do with showering less. One hamburger equals half 9 a year not showering.

1 http://www.vlirrigation.org/cms/fileadmin/content/irrig/general/kreith_1991_water_inputs_in_ca_food_productione xcerpt.pdf [pdf will download]

What do we feed animals? Soy and wheat. Let’s nutrients in a mushroom are a lot like meat. for now avoid the fact that that isn’t part of their It’s almost scary how much the two are similar. natural diet and the trouble that causes [E-coli To give you a good comparison between the for example]. But humans “can” also eat wheat two we have found1 this table on the next page. and soya. But when we feed it to animals they tend to compact it. So if you look at protein there is only a signifi- cant difference with steak. So you would need It takes a cow 25 kg of food to produce 1 kg some extra eggs to tackle that one. of meat. That’s food we could have eaten our- Fibers, Vitamine B1 and B2 and potassium con- selves. So we have a pile of 25 kg of food, then tent are almost similar. Iron you would miss out we give to an animal that compacts it into 1 kg on. So bring that spinach on the table. Popeye of meat. Not a smart trade if you ask me. knew it already ;-) A mushroom can convert 1 kg of dry material Because we grow oyster mushrooms here are into 1 kg of mushrooms. Most importantly it some facts on their nutrients. They are a low can grow on things we consider waste. So there calorie, low cholesterol, and low fat source of is no competition with the human food chain. protein, dietary fiber, thiamin, vitamin B6, iron, magnesium, zinc, manganese, niacin, copper, Comparison potassium, and antioxidants2. So we at RotterZwam believe that mushrooms are the food for the future mostly because of 1 Nutritional [link] the reasons listed above. But there is more. The 2 http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/vegetablesand vegetableproducts/3050/2 potassi- protein fat fiber B1 B2 iron um

per 100 g g g g mg mg mg mg

Chanterelles 1,49 0,5 3,8 0,06 0,3 506 0

Champignon 3,5 4 4,2 0,1 0,3 410 0,3 [baked]

potassi- per 100 g protein fat fiber B1 B2 iron um

Chicken filet 17 8,1 0 0,07 0,07 522 0,82

Broccoli 2,8 0,37 2,6 0,06 0,2 316 0,73

Steak 23 3,5 0 0,04 0,07 316 1,85 10 Cholesterol But there is more. Because of the way mush- Lovastatin works by inhibiting the activity of the rooms live, in a hostile environment between enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which acts as the a multitude of enemies in the soil, they have rate limiting step to the synthesis of cholesterol built in systems to battle intruders. You would in the body. This serves to help prevent hyper- be amazed about the benefits they can have cholesterolemia, or high cholesterol, which is for specific human ‘conditions’. Cholesterol for a major risk factor in cardiovascular disease. example. Studies in rats1 support the cholesterol low- ering effects of ingesting Pleurotus ostreatus, Oyster mushrooms [Pleurotus Ostreatus] are which naturally contains about 2.8% Lovastatin one of only a few fungi that naturally synthe- by weight. size a chemical called lovastatin. Lovastatin is part of the statin family of drugs, meaning that 1 Bobek, P., L. Ozdin, and I. Kajaba. 1997. “Dosedependent it inhibits the production of cholesterol in the hypocholesterolaemic effect of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus body and can potentially lower LDL cholesterol. ostreatus) in rats.” Physiological Research, 46(4):3279. [link] If you’re serious in saving water, you need to eat less meat. Just a few hamburgers less, will get the planet a long distance.1

10 liters 40 liters 70 liters of water to make of water to make of water to make one sheet of paper one slice of bread one apple 11

80 liters 91 liters 120 liters of water per dollar of of water to make of water to make industrial product half a kg of plastic one glass of wine

140 liters 1300 liters 4800 liters of water to make of water to make of water to make one cup of coffee one kg of wheat one kg of pork

10855 liters 15500 liters 16600 liters of water to make of water to make of water to make one pair of jeans one kg of beef one kg of leather

1. http://sustainabletable.org.au/its-world-water-day/ 15 liters of water 26 kilos of coffee waste

4300 liters of water 4,5 kilos of animal food 12

9 kilos of animal food 6000 liters of water

15.500 liters of water 25 kilos of animal food

food we can eat too CHAPTER #4 PENICILLIUM Is it the Latin translation of penicillin? Well, sort of. Did you know that fungi are one of the prime producers of a substance that helps to produce antibiotics? This species of fungus contains more than 300 species1. It’s name is derived from a paintbrush because up close, it really looks like a broom. 13 1 8 Kirk, PM; Cannon, PF; Minter, DW; Stalpers, JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CABI. p. 505. ISBN 9780851998268.

Species of Penicillium are commonly present To bad now a days we abuse antibiotics to main- wherever organic material is available. Within tain a system of Intensive animal farming also that range [300] the saprophytic [see chapter known as factory farming. In this system ani- 8] species of Penicillium are one of the more mals are kept in larger quantities than is usually ‘famous’ species and they thrive on organic bio- the case with other forms of animal agriculture. degradable substances. To put it mildly, there are a lot of issues regard- Did you know that whenever your orange or ing whether factory farming is sustainable and lemon got green or blue it was Penicillium at ethical2. It even gave rise to the first animal par- work? ty in the world. The party for the animals [Partij voor de dieren] in the Netherlands. And that Penicillium drastically reduced the casualties of WWII? Soldiers didn’t die of bullets As we discussed in the previous chapter, mush- or shrapnel but by the infections they caused. rooms can be a great alternative for meat. Penicillium stopped those infections.

And that Alexander Fleming, a scientist from Britain, discovered Penicillium by accident? :-)

“When I woke up just after dawn on September 28, 1928, I certainly didn’t plan to revolutionize all medicine by discovering the world’s first antibiotic, or bacteria killer,” Fleming would later say, “But I suppose that was exactly what I did.” 1 ISBN 1563081598. 1 Haven, Kendall F. (1994). Marvels of Science : 50 Fascinat 2 Duram,LeslieA.(2010).EncyclopediaofOrganic,Sustain ing 5Minute Reads. Littleton, Colo: Libraries Unlimited. p. 182. able,andLocalFood.ABCCLIO.p.139.ISBN 0313359636. CHAPTER #5 SUBSTRATE A lot of new words when you start to grow mushrooms. Mycelium, spawn, enzymes and now another one. Sub- strate. Substrate is the name for the breeding ground in which you place the spawn. As you have read earlier, spawn is the fertile mycelium [able to produce mushrooms] on a medium [wood plugs or grain]. 14

Traditionally mushrooms are grown on several types of substrate. We will discuss a few of them here.

Horse manure Wooden logs Champignons have a rather smelly origin. The The Japanese have developed the basics for cul- are grown in dark spaces because the champi- tivating shiitake on oak logs. A log like that does gnon [button mushroom] doesn’t require light. looks fantastic. In the 1970’s it came to Europe. Next to the darkness of the absence of light there is also darkness of the poo of horses. x% It comes down to fell a tree or a branch, let is of the substrate used in farming button mush- rest for at least three weeks so that the tannin rooms consists of horse manure. get out of it, and then use wooden plugs with shiitake mycelium grown on them to inoculate For one that is a good thing. Horse manure is the branch. also considered a waste, so it has a meaningful destination. But there is still a lot of preparation going into preparing the material. Next to that there is a lot of transport involved. Check this big truck that passed me the other day. It says “raw materials for growing button mushrooms” on the side.

For the farmer it can be very costly. Up to 30% of the costs of the operation of a button mushroom farmer is buying the prepared substrate. We know we can do better! ;-) Then it’s a long wait [up to 1,5 years for the Straw shiitake to grow through the log and stick the Now we come to the mushrooms of our trade. first mushroom out. It’s a nice way of growing Oyster mushrooms or the Pleurotus Ostreatus. mushrooms, but a rather long wait. Modern oyster mushroom farmers grow their crops on straw. Straw is a by product of growing wheat and it has a lot of applications. You can build with it, dress the stable or use it as a mattress.

That is also one of the downsides. Because it has other applications, you need to buy it. But when it’s readily available in the town near you, it’s a excellent way to start.

The other downside is that straw has a lot of impurities in it. So you need to get rid off those before use. That asks for an certain energy input that we rather don’t want to put in or waste.

Only after 1,5 years you will know if you inocu- So, is there a combination of mushroom and 15 lated correct and can you harvest the fruits of substrate that is: 1) locally available in large your labor. Next to that the logs are quite heavy quantities, 2) fast growing and 3) for free? YES and inconvenient to move. that combination is oyster mushroom and coffee grounds. It’s good as long as you use oak logs that would have otherwise been discarded. If your farm needs the felling of a small patch of mature oak trees……. CHAPTER #6 CONDITIONING By now we have got you up to speed on mushroom stuff. You are already more than half way through this Ebook. Rock on! So you also understand that mushrooms need a specific environment. Depending on the species they like it warmer or colder, wetter or dryer and fresher or more stuffy. 16 In order of importance. against the elements.

Temperature That means that CO2 levels need to be elevated. Mycelium like CO2 levels over 5.000 ppm. So that As we mentioned in chapter one a mushroom means that you need a way to use and adjust has several growth phases. In those phases your ventilation to get at those levels. temperature plays a role. Among others that is because of evolution and the way the mush- Lucky for you the mushroom is a little like a room disperse its spores. human. It uses oxygen and it produces CO2. You can use that to your advantage to elevate So, depending on the species of mushrooms levels in your conditioned room. you need to: Humidity 1. Store spawn in a fridge or not In what time of the year do you usually spot 2. Need to be able to play with temperature in mushrooms? ….. the different growing phases I hope you said autumn! ;-) Pink oyster mushroom for example is a tropical That’s correct, in autumn. Why is that? The nat- mushroom. You cannot store that spawn in a ural humidity and temperature drop triggers fridge. the sign that winter is near. For mushrooms mycelium that is the time to form mushrooms Stuffy and sporulate and make sure the next genera- In the first growing phase things need to be tion finds a good and wet breading ground to very damp and stuffy. You want to mimic the germinate. situation in the soils or dead tree where the mycelium grows and spends all it’s time. In the That’s one important reason why mushrooms soil the mycelium finds warmth and protection are optimized by evolution to function well in wet conditions.

Space Did you know that there is a limit to the amount of mushrooms you can get out of a room? That limit is a derivative of the boundaries we men- tion above. Plus the level of substrate you can place in your conditioned rooms.

This limit puts a cap on what you can produce out of a single room. So it’s important to know to calculate your business case and the invest- ments you need to make. 17

Humidification in the fruiting room @Rotterzwam 18 Source: back then,bread,leftoversand….yourcoffee. dormitory whenyouwereastudent.Itwaseverywhere You mayallrecognizeitfromthetimeyoulived ina Trichoderma isoneofthemostcommonfungioutthere. ster is the nickname we got to know Trichoderma with. What is the link with mushrooms? Well, the green mon MONSTER THE GREEN 7 CHAPTER Imagination station Imagination station - Due to their short life cycle the trichoderma is the most prevalent fungi in the soil1. It can germinate, grow, produce mushroom [not visible to the naked eye] and sporulate in 8 days.

And that’s fast. For comparison the shiitake takes up to 3 months for that same cycle. The oyster mushroom is considered a fast growing fungi and it takes up to 5 weeks for the same cycle.

So once you have a contamination with trichoderma it can spread fast. Luckily mushrooms have a way of keeping each other in check with a little biological warfare. So a trichoderma spot on your substrate [chapter 5] doesn’t mean the end of the world. But you will need to monitor it.

The interesting thing is that on a cellular level trichoderma and the oyster mycelium can even 19 exchange nutrients and help each other2.

If you look closely at the pictures above you can see that there are various stages of Trichoderma contamination. The picture on the left shows a lost cause. You should get rid of that bag. Pre- vent it spreading to the rest of your substrate. The picture on the right you can see that the mycelium of the oyster has encapsulated the trichoderma. By encapsulating the trichoderma the mycelium contained the trichoderma. At one stage it can even take over the trichoderma and grow “through” it. The picture to the left shows an opening of the growing bag where trichoderma has formed. This is mostly caused by not removing and cleaning the remaining parts of mushroom after previous flushes. Not all molds are to be avoided. The molds used to make certain kinds of cheeses for example. Blue veined cheese such as Roquefort, blue, Gor- gonzola, and Stilton are created by the introduction of P. roqueforti or Penicillium [see chapter 4] roqueforti spores. Cheeses such as Brie and 1 Wikipedia [link] Camembert have white surface molds. :) 2 Source: http://www.alphaenzymes.com/ 20 definitely versatile. definitely are they But small. and are big They poisonous. are medicinal and They exciting mysterious. and both be can They mushrooms. about repellant part and attraction part is there magic, with As ;) world. to abetter of contributing we feel happiness the with do to everything has That mood. our lift also grow we mushrooms The effects. psychedelic and lifting have They mood atea. or asoup sauce, raw, are consumed a mushrooms as Magic once’ only you eat of them ‘You can Only, mushrooms. all eat some deadly. the from good the separate to how is all mushroom, with as challenge, The found. to be example] for nabis are easy they in are Europe native [unlike mushrooms the can Because nightlife. local up in the popped also of& Roll Rock they rise the with But rites. gious reli in and spiritual used have They been usage. of history long have a very mushrooms Magic erlands. semilanceata is a mushroom that is native to The Neth Psilocybe as known one The description. that match psilocybin and psilocin. There are a lot of species that mushrooms thatcontainthepsychedeliccompounds start thatstorywithmagicmushrooms.Thesearethe There is a lot of magic about mushrooms. But let ’ s CHAPTER 8MAGIC - - Mushroom mycelium is an inside out stomach. stomach. mycelium out an inside is Mushroom wood. of ture struc the to take down break would forever it enzymes, powerful their with mushrooms for not in If nature. role important avery is This make organisms. other available for remains the and partially it eat material, organic down break They of nature. cleaners are the Mushrooms 1)for eating 2) protection. uses it enzymes Those disposal. atits enzymes of variety awide has mushroom the a stand, fare [see 1] chapter also To in play there. make war biological some is youtell that there I can that we have! layers 6skin 5or the er there? down Consid [one wall cell survive thick] thin and delicate so something can How food. and space for all competing life, with teeming is soil The soil. our microbes, for environments hostile ofmost the one through a skin, without as ’ s moving, It thick. several cells cell wall just a mycelium. of the has It structure delicate the like in things the me, you ask if is, real magic The Eating - - - - What we do in our stomach, the mycelium does They make a very nice trade off. They provide outside itself. The enzymes produces, break the roots with protection against other fungi down complex and hard materials like lignin and predators. In exchange for that protection so that the mycelium can consume the nutri- the receive certain nutrients from the roots. ents. Lignin is after cellulose the most common A classic win win situation. The mushroom get organic material on earth. Without mushrooms, ’ s nutrients from places it could not get it by there would be a lot more. itself. The tree has increased protection. And what happens if you are well protected? You Protection can grow. As you can clearly see in the image. Beside extracellular enzymes and acids, the So we believe that cooperation is the new com- mycelium also produces alcohols and other petition. Cooperate and together you become simple organic substances as well as complex bigger. molecules such as antibiotics that repel or kill There is so much research to be done in this other microorganisms. They may also produce field. So much terrain to be gained. There is a mycotoxins that are highly toxic to larger ani- whole world out there waiting to be explored. mals, including humans. Will you help explore that world?

Cooperation 21 Another magical thing about mushrooms inspired us to use it in our core values. Coop- eration. There are three main types of mushrooms; mycorrhizal, saprophytic and parasitic. The parasitic are relatively scarce. They prey on living wood and can devastate whole forests. The saprophytic are the ones you find growing on dead wood helping with cleaning. But the mycorrhizal are the ones we want to focus on. Mycorrhizal mushrooms [Species like Mat- sutake, Boletus, Chanterelles and Truffles] form a symbiotic relationship with the root system of other species. Clearly visible in the picture on the next page.1

1 Paul Stamets Mycelium running 22 and EcovativeDesignisessentialforyoutoknow! There arealotofcoolandinspiringcompaniesoutthere DESIGN ECOVATIVE 9 CHAPTER madewhy.html 3 http://bluemenpachi.blogspot.nl/2012/11/styrofoamwhatisithowisit 2 1 online. That ’ s a reason we can findpictures like these into turn even apowder. can it where point to the smaller keeps getting just it and pieces smaller and smaller into and smaller breaks plastic So not degradable. and not sustainable is it means based petroleum therefore and aplastic to is that it Next human carcinogen. apossible as styrene have Cancer on determined Research for EPAThe Agency International and downsides. of alot material has this But of styrofoam. use by the is material waycommon of packaging A very of to moved packaging. sort they Then material. insulation of mycelium abilities the an as demonstrate they where of tiny house have asort They built market. the on there out thatinsulation is oil and based unsustainable and that polluting all for areplacement As mycelium insulation. as of idea using the with companyThis started http://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/vol82/8207.html http://www.epa.gov/chemfact/styresd.pdf [pdfwilldownload] 3

1 2 product. That That product.

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