South Schmidt Plot

Silvicultural Plot Report

Shawn Hilton

Ben Rubinfeld

Brooks Worden

Robert Howard c.c.

Natural Eastern White Pine and Artificial Scotch pine Stand

White Pine (Pinus strobus)

Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris)

Balsam Fir (Abies balsamea)

American Beech (Fagus grandifolia)

To the North East: Corker Plot

To the East: Fischer Pot

To the South East: Grass Plot

To the South: Burtis Plot

To the South West: Le Vite Plot

To the North West: Kilbury Plot

Schmidt Plot

Silviculture Report

In partial fulfillment of the requirements of Silviculture 132

April 28, 2008

Natural Eastern White Pine and Artificial Scotch Pine

1969, 1974, 1979, *2008*, 2018, 2028

Brooks Worden

Ben Rubinfeld

Shawn Hilton

Robert Howard C.C.

Table of Contents

Page Number

Group Photo…………………………….…………………………………………………. 1

General Location Map of the Plot…………….…………………………………………… 2

General Location Description……………………………………………………………... 3

Keys to Corners on Map…………………………………………………………………... 4

Plot Map…………………………………………………………………………………… 5

History of the Plot…………………………………………………………………………. 6

Environmental Impact Statement………………………………………………………….. 8

Plot Treatment…………………………………………………………………………….. 11

Stand Prescription………………………………………………………………………… 14

Before Pictures………………………………………………………………………….… 19

After Pictures……………………………………………………………………………… 20

Log Inoculating Methods………………………………………………………………..... 22

Tree Silvics………………………………………………………………………………... 23

Marking Guide…………………………………………………………………………….. 35

Expenses…………………………………………………………………………………... 36

Field Collection Sheets……………………………………………………………………. 37

Trees per Acre………………………………………………………………………...…… 46

Basal Area per Acre……………………………………………………………………….. 47

After Cut Numbers………………………………………………………………………… 48

Percentage of Species within Each Canopy Class………………………………………… 49

Mil Acre Plot……………………………………………………………………………… 50

Time Sheet………………………………………………………………………………… 51

Top Left: Ron Rotach; Brooks Worden; Ben Rubinfeld; Bottom Left: Shawn Hilton; Robert Howard

General Plot Location Description

The Schmidt plot is located in the County of Franklin in the state of New York off of the

Beech Hill Rd. Beech Hill Rd. is roughly 2.25 miles north of the entrance to Paul Smiths College on Rt. 30.

Driving up Rt. 30, Beech Hill Rd. is located on the right hand side of the road. Turning up the road, precede approximately two tenths of a mile eastward. On the right hand side there will be a logging road going back into the woods. Follow the logging road into the woods roughly fifty yards then off to the right is the Schmidt plot. The plot corners are described on the following page.

South Schmidt Plot Keys to Corners on Map

1. Rebar sticking roughly four feet out of the ground. Painted purple with two red stripes

around the top section.

2. Piece of one inch steel pipe sticking roughly four feet out of the ground. Silver in color

with a red stripe around the top section

3. A piece of half inch black iron that sticks roughly four and a half feet out of the ground.

Painted pink with two red stripes on the top section.

4. A piece of three quarter inch steel pipe that is rusted with two red stripes at the top. At the

bottom of the pipe is a concrete marker that is roughly twelve inches tall

5. Piece of one inch steel pipe that is silver in color painted with two red stripes at the top.

Sticks above ground roughly four feet.

6. Rebar sticking roughly four feet out of the ground. Painted purple with two red stripes

around the top section.

Plot History

The Schmidt plot has been manipulated by Paul Smith’s silviculture students since

1964. The most intensive and recent operation occurred in 1979, which students decided to increase site productivity and increase white pine (Pinus strobus) regeneration. The plot had an infestation of white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola), white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi), and Scleroderris lagerbergii on the Austrian pine

(Pinus nigra). So they implemented a salvage cut of Austrian pine and white pine. They also facilitated an intermediate tending operation, in which they salvaged some poorly figured white pine, and left slash behind in wind rows, to protect white pine seedlings they planted. They also removed some Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris) to open the canopy for planted white pines. Overall, they removed 66.02 sq. ft. of basal area per acre from a total before they cut of 227.21 sq. ft. of basal area per acre. This results in a final basal area of 161.19 sq. ft. per acre. About 81 trees per acre were cut, which was less than 2% of the total stems per acre on the plot.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT (EIS)

The location of the South Schmidt Plot is found by traveling north on Route 30 from Paul Smith’s

College main entrance. Approximately one mile up the road is a right hand turn called Beech Hill Road.

This road leads into the old Boy scout camp but also runs along the edge of the silviculture stands. The first pull off on the right is a skid road blocked by rocks. If one walks down the skid road approx 50 yards they will end up at the north-west corner of the South Schmidt Plot. The plot has an area of 0.76 acres and is located on very flat terrain. The slope does not exceed 2% at any point within the plot. The stand contains mainly merchantable Eastern White pine (Pinus strobus) and Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris). Our crews’ objective for this stand is to maintain the biodiversity of the stand while harvesting merchantable softwood timber in the form of a Seed Tree cutting plan. The crews other objective is to establish mycelium colonies within the stand, improving the soils in the plot with added mycorhizal agents, and a source of non timber forest products with the fruiting bodies of these particular species being edible mushrooms. The 2 species inoculated into 4 different piles and two stumps were The Chicken-of-the- woods (Laetiporus sulphureus) on the softwood piles and stump, and the Maitake (Griffola frondosa) on the hardwood piles and stump.

This stand is in an interesting recreational area. While working in our plot we had groups of hikers come down the skid trails on either side of our plot, as they passed they were inspecting what we were doing. There are a number of summer homes very close by and the Visitor Interpretation Center

(VIC) as well. The Jackrabbit Trail and many skid roads in the area also provide walking, biking and cross country skiing opportunities. The close proximity to the Red Dot Trail, Osgood Pond and several lean-tos in the area assure that the plot work will be under close and frequent inspection by the public. The environmental impacts of our plot silvicultural work will be kept to a bare minimum. The observed animals in the plot include the discovery of a Northern Redback Salamander (Plethodon cinereus) in a rotten log, a massive amount of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) wintering activity in the form of trails, beds (when snow was present) and heavy feeding on young Red maples

(Acer rubrum). Large amounts of “tweety” bird activity can be heard when sitting still in the plot. These

“tweety” birds could not be heard when snow was present. This indicates they are migratory species, and are dependant on this area for a summer nesting habitat. There is also one large snag in the northeast corner of the plot showing heavy signs of woodpecker activity. Many mammals are also getting ready to bare young; it is assumed that these fur bearing creatures (especially the little buggers) inhabit the leaf litter and woody debris in the plot.

The activity of harvesting creates a large disturbance in a forest. Chainsaws and skidders, produce a large amount of noise, and also release emissions into the air. Running this machinery is as expensive to run as it is noise and polluting, therefore use will be efficient and minimized. The skidding will be done mainly on the two existing skid roads. By utilizing a cable skidder; the amount of machinery running in the stand will also be kept to a minimum in order to prevent soil damage. Slash from the cut trees will be used to drive on in the stand in order to further minimize compaction. The amount of soil damage will be minimal due to the dry spring and the already existing skid roads.

The trees that will be left in the plot after our Seed Tree harvest is complete will be a mixture of conifers and deciduous trees. White pine, Scotch pine, Sugar maple (Acer saccharum), Red

Spruce (Picea rubens), Balsam fir (Abies balsamea), Eastern hemlock (Tsuga Canadensis), Black Cherry

(Prunus serotina), Paper birch (Betula paperifera) and American beech (Fagus grandifolia). Leaving these tree species will embellish our goal to maintain biodiversity in the stand. The white and scotch pines are being left as seed trees. The crew has selected these seed trees for proper spacing as well as the health and genetics of the tree. We will be harvesting any trees that show signs of disease, dieback or poor timber form. The slash from these trees will be cut below knee height and serve as browse and cover for animals.

There are several large benefits to our Seed tree harvest. The first is to create large openings in the canopy for white pine regeneration to take place. This is a benefit because it will be leaving the genetically healthy and properly timber formed pines in the stand. It will maintain a healthy timber producing stand for many years to come. Another benefit from our actions in the stand will be the improved soil conditions. The additition of mycelium to a forest greatly increases soil nutrient availability, water uptake and general health of the stand. In addition to a healthier stand, there will be non-timber forest products available growing in the stand. Maitake and Chicken-of-the-woods are highly prized kitchen fungi and can provide an example to the forestry world that timber is not the only profit bearer in the forest.

Plot Treatment

The last cutting occurred on the Schmidt plot in 1989. During their time in the plot, the crew was trying to promote the regeneration of White pine (Pinus strobus). The crew recommended that we cut out the hardwoods to reduce competition for White pine. They also recommended that we prune desirable White pine saplings and poles to promote good health in the stand. The previous crew performed a salvage cut on the stand to try and depress Scleroderris lagerbergii(Austrian pine durage), a disease which occurs on Austrian pine (Pinus nigra). The crew also performed an improvement cut to improve stand composition and quality. They removed trees that had poor form, were undesirable species, or had bad canopy position.

Our goal is to harvest the White pine that have poor form, and those that have White pine blister rust. By doing this we hope to increase site productivity and create openings in the canopy to allow for regeneration of White pine. The reason for creating these openings in the canopy is because White pine requires at least 20% sunlight for best growth. Remaining in the plot for biodiversity will be: Balsalm fir (Abies balsamea), Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), Black cherry (Prunus serotina), Sugar maple (Acer saccharum), Red maple (Acer rubrum), and White birch (Betula papyrifera).

We performed a seed tree cut to reduce the number of undesirable trees in the stand. Any

White pine or Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris) that had any flaws in their form or crown position were removed. This will leave only a few White pine and Scotch pine as crop trees. By doing this we are allowing the better formed trees to regenerate the area. When we were done harvesting, only one Scotch pine that had good form was left standing. Some American beech was removed in order to make more openings in the canopy, and to get rid of Beech scale that inhabits the plot. By getting rid of the trees with Beech scale we are helping the health and vigor of the stand.

We made 4 feetx4 feetx3 feet stacks of Scotch pine, and American beech for the inoculation of mushrooms. We constructed two stacks made of conifer logs, and two stacks of hardwood logs. Both conifer stacks were made entirely of Scotch pine. The hardwood stacks were both made of American beech logs. In each of the piles, we drilled several holes in each of the logs to put the mushroom plugs into. Once the plugs were in place we covered them in wax to prevent any infestation. Chicken of the woods plugs were placed in the Scotch pine and

Maitake mycelium was placed in the American beech logs. We left a Scotch pine and an

American beech stump standing around three feet high. Both stumps were girdled, and holes were drilled for inoculation. After the plugs were in place, we also covered them in wax.

In the openings where the Scotch pine were harvested, we planted White pine seedlings.

We put them in an area that is 20 feet by 30 feet. The seedlings were placed 2 feet apart throughout the area. Three rows of seedlings were treated with different types of mycorrhizae and one row was left as the control group. The types of mycorrhizae that we used are: Fly Agaric

(Amanita muscaria), Violet Cort (Cortinarius violacea), and King Bolete (Boletus edulis).

The next crew to receive the Schmidt plot should check to see which row of seedlings grew the best. They should also continue to work on getting better White pine regeneration to occur in the plot. The crew should try to keep biodiversity in the plot if possible. White pines that show signs of Blister rust should be removed to keep the stand healthy. Any American beech that shows signs of Beech scale should also be removed from the stand. By getting rid of the

diseases, not only can we make the stand healthier, but we can also increase the future economic value of the stand.

4/17/08 Stand Prescription Silviculture Friday lab

The overlying main objectives of our plot implementation are to increase White pine (Pinus strobus) regeneration, and implement mycoforestry practices. These goals include alternative forest products, increase of soil to hardpan, increased wildlife forage, overall increased site productivity. We would also like to maintain biodiversity on the Schmidt plot, since there is an abundance of different vegetation present.

The Schmidt plot has matured into the understory reinitiation phase. We measured all trees above 3 inches in diameter at breast height. The stands’ total basal area per acre is now 119.97 sq. ft. per acre, and there are 188 trees per acre. We plan to cut approximately 50% of the entire plots basal area, resulting in 50.81 sq. ft. of basal area per acre. However, we plan to restock the plot with rows of White pine seedlings.

In turn, this will increase the amount of trees per acre significantly.

The Balsam fir (Abies balsamea) encompasses 25% of the total stems on the plot.

However this is only 6% of the total basal area per acre. Since they provide a lot of shade, this will have a negative impact on the regeneration of White pine. Most of the

Balsam fir will be cut and salvaged for mushroom inoculants or chipped on site for a small trail. We will leave 0.87 sq. ft. of basal area per acre of Balsam fir.

Red maple (Acer rubrum) accounts for 39 trees per acre, and 5.3 sq. ft. of basal area per acre. Red maple makes up 21% of the total stems on the plot. Most of these trees will be cut to open the canopy for white pine regeneration. Once root sprouts shoot from the red maple stumps white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) will have browse. Since this is one of our few hardwood species, many of the larger ones will be stacked for mushroom inoculation via plugs of Maitake (Griffola frondosa) mycelium.

We will most likely cut 5.3 sq. ft. of basal area per acre, which is all of the Red maple.

White pine is the third most successful tree species to establish, encompassing

19% of the total stems with 36 trees per acre. White pine accounts for an astounding

53% of the plots total basal area per acre. We will be removing some of the larger trees to open the canopy for successful White pine regeneration, and for sanitation of White pine blister rust. We will also be removing White pines with poor form, and others are simply ready to be harvested.

We will remove 2.19 sq. ft. of basal area per acre of American beech (Fagus grandifolia). Like the red maple, these will be stacked and inoculated with Maitake mycelium. There are a few that have great form and vigor. American beech is known to have a prolific amount of root sprouts when cut, so it will be best to avoid cutting healthy beech when it’s possible. The trees left standing have no evidence of beech scale. American beech provides cover for deer in the winter, when the leaves are still present. It’s also considered browse for deer when food is scarce. Beech nuts provide forage for a wide variety of wildlife as well as cover. These make great climbing trees for recreation too.

Many White birch (Betula papyrifera) trees will be cut, because they have poor form and a low timber value. However, there is some small regeneration, and we will leave what we can to promote biodiversity. We plan to leave about 1.09 sq. ft. of basal area per acre of White birch. Like the other hardwoods being cut, this too will be appropriate for inoculation of Maitake mycelium. Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris) is a common species found on the plot. Most of them have poor form and will be cut, and the few that have good form will be left standing. We plan to remove 13.30 sq. ft. of basal area per acre of Scotch pine. Some of which will be stacked for the inoculation of Chicken-of-the-Woods (Laetiporus sulphureus), which is saprophytic on conifers, and is also a native edible mushroom species. Many local mushroom hunters in the area often reference this species as a favorite edible mushroom, and claim “it tastes just like chicken.” The trees that will be left standing will add aesthetic value, and embellish our underlying goal of maintaining biodiversity.

Black cherry (Prunus serotina) and Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) are limited on the site, and will be left standing to maintain biodiversity.

The soil has been described as shallow, and there was only 18 inches to hardpan.

White pine will survive on shallow soil; they thrive in deep, well drained, sandy soils of low to medium site quality. Therefore, if the soil is thicker the White pines will thrive. Available nutrients for vegetation are present in the soil and promote growth. Mycorrhizal fungi aid plants through a unique symbiosis to attain water and nutrients. New trees will be planted, ectomycorrizal fungi will be utilized to promote the growth of White pine regeneration. The selected mycorrhizal species are Violoet Cort (Cortinarius violacea),

Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria), and King Bolete (Boletus edulis). These species are all native to the Adirondacks and are associated with White pine, other conifers, and hardwoods. The Violet Corts and King Boletes are edible, and the Fly Agaric is poisonous, however it’s an aggressive ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with White pine. The student chapter of Society of American Foresters (SAF) has purchased us three ectomycorrhizal species that are associated with White pine.

The Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria) is a very aggressive mycorrhizal associated with White pine and should help seedlings establish easier once inoculated with spores.

We have approximately 20,000 Fly Agaric spores.

The Violet Cort (Cortinarius violacea) is associated with pines and other conifer species, and will help White pine regeneration as well as other conifer species in the immediate area. This is not as aggressive as the Fly Agaric, however the Violet Cort is edible. Wildlife tend to enjoy this species more than humans, however it’s safe for human consumption. People tend to enjoy seeing this mushroom, because of its unique purple hue which is aesthetically pleasing.

The third ectomycorrhizal species associated with White pine is the King Bolete

(Boletus edulis). It’s typically found under conifers; however it can also be found beneath hardwoods. It’s known to produce a very delicious mushroom in the spring and in the late summer into early fall. Sometimes this mushroom can be found in specialty food stores, often dried.

Since nutrients must be broken down from organic matter, which is stored in wood, we have selected two strains of edible saprophytes: Maitake (Griffola frondosa) and Chicken-of-the-Woods (Laetiporus sulphureus). SAF has also purchased these strains for us. These species are also indigenous to the Adirondacks and are known to be delicious edibles in many field guides. By utilizing edible species, we may achieve many of our goals. The mushrooms allow us to promote alternative forest products, increase site productivity, increase the amount of soil to hardpan, and increase the amount of food available for wildlife.

Since White pine requires a minimum of 20% sunlight for regeneration, we will perform a release operation of Balsam fir (Abies balsamea) to liberate the suppressed

White pine seedlings, we will plant. Many larger trees will be cut to open up the canopy. Wildlife will be attracted to our plot, since more browse will be provided for deer from red maple regeneration, and the presence of edible mushrooms. Biodiversity will be maintained, since many species will be left standing. However, White pine will have a fungal advantage over the other species with their close associations with the selected mycorrhizae. Soil productivity will increase, due to the added nutrients released into the soil from the decomposition of wood with saprophytes. On top of all this we will increase alternative forest products via edible mushrooms. This will increase the plots overall future value and benefit the White pine for future harvests down the road.

Before inoculation pile was installed.

Before tree was cut to inoculate stump.

Before inoculation pile was installed.

Drilling holes in four and a half foot logs to inoculate them and build into pile.

Inoculated stump. The white dots on the stump are holes that have the mushroom plug that has been covered in wax.

Building the inoculation pile after logs have had plugs put in.

A completed inoculation pile.

Tree Silvics

Red Maple(Acer rubrum)

Tolerance:

Red maple (Acer rubrum) is considered to be a shade tolerant species as well as a prolific sprouter. It can be considered either a pioneer species or a sub climax species, and responds rapidly to release to occupy any space in the overstory. Once the stand begins to mature and competition for light increases, the vigor begins to decline.

Regeneration:

Red maple is polygamo- dioecious meaning that some trees are monoecious with both male and female parts on the same tree. Some trees have only male flowering parts which generate no seeds and others are entirely female producing only seeds. The flowers are considered to be perfect. Moist mineral soil seems to be the vest seedbed for the Red maple.

Soils/general site requirements: Red maple grows on a wide variety of different sites. They range from dry ridges and southwest slopes to peat bogs and swamps. It commonly grows under extreme soil moisture conditions. The soil can either be very wet or extremely dry. Moderately drained, moist sites at low to intermediate elevations are the best locations for the growth of Red maple. It has a large geographic range up and down the east coast to the eastern shores of the Mississippi river.

American beech (Fagus grandifolia)

Tolerance:

American beech (Fagus grandifolia) is classified as a very shade tolerant species.

Its tolerance is partly due to its very low respiration rate and the quick response by the stomata, which opens when light suddenly increases and rapidly closes when light intensity diminishes. On very poor soils or in very cold climates, beech may be less tolerant.

Regeneration:

The American beech regenerates by vegetative reproduction, with sprouts developing on the trunk of beech immediately below a wound, and from the tops of stumps; here adventitious buds develop in callus tissue of the cambial region. On either mineral soil or leaf litter, germination is good. On sites that are excessively wet the germination rate is poor. Both germination and survival tend to be better on more humus that on mull humus soil. American beech seedlings develop better under a moderate canopy or in small protected openings than they do on larger open areas. In large openings surface soil may dry out below the depth of the shallow roots. Height growth, dry weight, and root development in the open are less than in shade.

American beech seedlings can be broken in spring and growth can be prolonged in fall by supplemental light. Temperature therefore, exerts the final control over growth resumption.

Soils/General site requirements:

American beech trees prefer soils of loamy texture and those with a high humus content are more favorable than lighter soils. It will grow on poorly drained sites not subjected to prolonged flooding. It is a mesophytic species, which uses twice as much water for transpiration and growth processes annually.

Balsam fir (Abies balsamea)

Tolerance:

Balsam fir (Abies balsamea) has a strong ability to become established and grow under the shade of larger trees. It is considered to be a shade tolerant tree. The tolerance of the species may vary with soil fertility, climate, and age. Competition is severe in dense fir thickets, and as a result growth rates of individual trees suffer greatly.

In the northeast, balsam fir is considered a subclimax type, except that it may be a climax species in the zone below the timberline.

Regeneration:

It is a monoecious species meaning that it has both male and female parts on one tree. Seed dispersal occurs by wind and gravity. If enough moisture is present, almost any seedbed type is satisfactory. Mineral soil that is not to sandy or to heavy is the best for growth. Balsam fir can regenerate vegetative by means of layering. This is common among trees growing in the northern region of the range. Balsam fir grows best in the eastern part of its range in southeastern Canada and the Northeastern

United States. This area is characterized by cool temperatures and abundant moisture.

Soils/General requirements:

White pine (Pinus strobus) is an intermediate shade tolerant species. Although it will tolerate up to 80 percent shade, tree growth increases as shade is reduced. Best growth is achieved with only 45 percent full sunlight. White pine grows on nearly all the soils within its range, but generally competes best on well drained, and sandy soils of low to medium site quality. On theses sandy sites, White pine regenerates naturally, competes easily, and can be managed most effectively.Soils within the range of White pine are derived from granites, gneisses, schists, and sandstone. The soils are excessively drained or somewhat drained sandy deposits. The soil can also be stratified sand or gravel deposits. White pine however, cannot tolerate a soil pH of 4 or lower. The climate over the range of White pine is cool and humid. The distribution of White pine coincides reasonably with that part of eastern North America where the July temperature averages between 65 degrees and 75 degrees Fahrenheit.

Red spruce (Picea rubens)

Red spruce (Picea rubens) is classified as a shade tolerant species. There isn’t a moisture stress on Red spruce because t can grow on sites that are unfavorable for other species. It can grow on sites such as steep rocky slopes, thin soils and wet bottomland.

Tolerance/Soils:

The Red spruce is a monoecious species, which means that it has only male or female parts. Germination takes place on almost any medium mineral soil, rotten wood, of shallow duff. However, the Red spruce won’t germinate on sod. Mineral soil is and excellent seedbed for germination. Generally ample moisture is available and soil temperatures are moderate. The soils where Red spruce grows is acidic. The pH of those soils range from 4.0 to 5.5. In northern New England, Red spruce is found predominantly on shallow till soils that average about 18 inches to a compact layer.

General requirements:

Characteristics associated with the Red spruce are: Abundant rainfall, cool climates, and softwood cover. The range of Red spruce extends from the Maritime

Provinces of Canada, west to Maine, southern Quebec, southeastern Ontario, south into central New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Massachusetts.

Eastern hemlock (Tsuga Canadensis)

Tolerance:

Eastern hemlock (Tsuga Canadensis) is the most shade tolerant of all species. It can survive with as little as 5 percent of full sunlight. The species is capable of withstanding suppression for as long as 400 years. At all ages, however, Eastern hemlock responds to release in both height and growth. When hemlock is released exposing drastic differences in sunlight and other elements it often results in reduced growth and mortality. It has been a contribution factor to partial uprooting, or windthrow because of shallow rooting.

Regeneration:

The Eastern hemlock is a monecious species, which means that it has only male or female parts. The seed is spread by wind, gravity, and over snow by drifting. Eastern hemlock is one of the most frequent cone producers among eastern conifers. However, the viability of Eastern hemlock seed is usually low. Germinative capacity is commonly less than 25 percent due to insect damage, and other abiotic environmental factors.

The species requires a warm, moist site for stand establishment rather than the cool, moist conditions that usually develop as stands mature. The site must be prepared, by thorough mixing of organic and mineral soil. Sites may also be prepared by prescribed burns to expose a partially decomposed layer. Eastern hemlock does not reproduce vegetatively by sprouting. Occasionally, Eastern hemlocks will reproduce by layering.

Soil:

There isn’t an exact soil specification for Eastern hemlock. They are universally characterized as being on sites that are moist, to very moist but with good drainage.

Typically, most soils are highly acidic, particularly in the upper horizons, but some are near neutral.

General requirements:

Eastern hemlock is generally restricted to regions with cool, humid climates.

Stocked stands of Eastern hemlock will develop similar microclimates due to their dense canopy, dense shading, deep duff layer, subsequent retention of moisture, and uniformly low temperatures.

Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris)

Tolerance:

Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris) is an intolerant species. Once seedlings are overtopped by other species they tend to fall prone to suppression. When Scotch pine has been mixed with another pine species at planting, they tend to gain the advantage over them because of aggressive growth rates. Due to its tolerance to poor sites, Scotch pine is used to control erosion in many areas that experience similar characteristics. However, the species is highly susceptible to serious insect attacks and poor timber quality wood.

Regeneration:

It is primarily a monoecious species, although some shoots, branches, and even entire trees are predominantly one sex. In many areas reproduction is so plentiful a mat of seedlings on the forest floor occur. Field germination is best under full or partial sunlight. Seedling establishment is best when adequate moisture is available and some shade is present. Scotch pine does not reproduce by vegetative means.

Soils/General requirements:

Scotch pine grows best on freely drained sands and gravels, which are often located on knolls and terraces. The species grows best on soils in the 4.5 to 6.0 pH range. In some areas this species is capable of growing where the subsoil is permanently frozen, and in areas with high temperatures. The primary distribution of

Scotch pine, indicates that it is a tree of the continental climates.

Black cherry (Prunus serotina)

Tolerance:

Black cherry (Prunus serotina) is classified as an intolerant species. It will not move up into the dominant canopy position without at least moderate levels of sunlight. Black cherry maintains a dominant growth advantage over associated species for 60 to 80 years, so basal area tends to go up in mixed stands over time.

Regeneration:

A moist seedbed is required for good germination, and burial of seeds to a depth of several inches is beneficial because it provides a stable moisture supply.

Shade also improves germination by helping to maintain stable moisture. The dispersal of seed is generally by gravity, song birds, and other small mammals. This produces a viable seed bed for future regeneration, and a wide dispersal area if conditions are right.

Soils/General requirements: Throughout its range in eastern North America, Black cherry grows well on a wide variety of soils. The forest soils that are important to Black cherry tend to be very acidic, relatively infertile, and have coarse fragment content throughout their profile. Black cherry can grow under a wide variety of climatic conditions. The conditions in which

Black cherry can grow on range from cool, moist soils, soils with impeded drainage, and deep, well drained soils.

Yellow Birch (Betula Alleghaniensis)

Tolerance:

Yellow birch is often a pioneer species, especially after fires occur in the area, however it is usually less abundant than aspen, pin cherry, and paper birch. Yellow birch is generally considered intermediate in shade tolerance, and is more shade tolerant than the other native birches.

Regeneration:

Yellow birch is a monoecious species and the fruit is a winged nutlet. The fruit generally ripens in late August or early September and are dispersed mainly by the wind. The minimum seed bearing age is 40 years old, but in open or thinned stands can produce a heavy seed crop between 30 and 40 years old. The optimum seed age is 70 years, and a good seed drop usually occurs in 2 to 3 year intervals. The seed viability is very often affected by the weather conditions during pollination, fertilization, and seed development. Yellow birch is known as a prolific seeder and germination is epigeal.

In undisturbed stands, yellow birch can only regenerate on decayed wood, rotten stumps, mossy logs, and wind thrown hummocks because hardwood leaf litter is disadvantageous to the seeds survival. The seeds cannot regenerate under a closed canopy and must have some sort of a soil disturbance to germinate. Clear cutting small patches or strips provide a wonderful environment for the seeds to germinate, if burning is out of the question.

Soils:

Yellow birch thrives on well-drained fertile loams, and moderately well-drained sandy loams. This species is often abundant where drainage is restricted not only for the soil, but because the competition from other species is less severe.

General Site Conditions:

The yellow birch species grows over a large spread out region with diverse geology, topography, soil and moisture conditions. It is found from eastern Canada through southeastern Manitoba, south to Minnesota and Iowa and east to New England. The species can also be found in the southern Appalachian Mountains in eastern Tennessee and northeastern Georgia. The extreme temperatures that yellow birch take range from

-40 F to 100 F, and averages around 45 F. The annual precipitation ranges from 25 inches in the west to 50 inches in the east. The average growing season is around 120 days but can range anywhere from 60 to 150 days.

Erdmann, G.G. (1990). Yellow Birch. In. R.M. and B.H. Honkala (Eds.), Silvics of North

America: Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service. Retrieved on April 28, 2008 from: http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/betula/alleghaniensis%20.h tm

White Birch (Betula papyrifera)

Tolerance:

White birch is classified as a shade-intolerant specie, only aspen, pin cherry, and grey birches are more intolerant than white birch. Paper birch usually only last one generation before being replaced by a more tolerant specie. Because of the intolerance of the tree, it often will require the release from faster growing species that can overtop it in the early stages of regeneration.

Regeneration:

Yellow birch is monoesious specie that flowers anywhere from mid-April through early

June depending on location. This specie will begin to produce seeds at age 15, but its prime age isn’t until 40 to 70 years. The seeds will ripen from early August to the middle of September and seed dispersal through wind occurs soon after ripening. The majority of the seeds will fall within the stand that they were produced. The germination is epigeal, and the newly germinated seed are very fragile; they are sensitive to moisture, temperature, seed bed condition, and light. The best germination site for white birch is on mineral soil.

Soil:

White birch has one of the widest ranges of soils out of all of the species. It grows on almost any soil and in almost any type of topography ranging from steel rocky outcrops of the mountains to the flat muskegs of the boreal forest. The best for them however is on deep, well-drained to moderately well-drained soils. In the northeast, it tends to be on more of the dry sites then on wet sites.

General Site Conditions:

White birch is a northern specie that has been adapted to the cold climates of the boreal forest, but also is adapted to the warm temperatures in southern New York and

North Carolina. It seldom grows anywhere where the average temperature in July exceeds 70 F. White Birch can tolerate a wide range of precipitation, receiving upwards of 60” per year in the east.

Safford, L.O., Bjorkbom, J.C. & Zasada, J.C. (1990). Paper Birch. In. R.M. and B.H.

Honkala (Eds.), Silvics of North America: Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington D.C.: U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Retrieved on April 28, 2008 from: http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/betula/papyrifera.htm

Silviculture Friday Lab Marking Guide- Schmidt plot 4-24-08

Red Maple (Acer rubrum) - Remove all stems in all diameter classes.

Balsam Fir (Abies balsamea) - Remove all stems in the diameter classes 1-5", to eliminate competition for White Pine seeds and seedlings. Leave diameter classes 6" and up to allow for diversity and some economical value in the future.

Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris) - Remove stems with miss-formed trunks and stems with many branches, diseased and dying stems are to be removed as well. Stems with well formed trunks and in good vigor/health are to be left, to provide shade for cultivated mushrooms and for future economic value.

Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) - Leave all stems present.

American Beech (Fagus grandifolia) – Leave all stems in good health and vigor. Remove those stems in poor health and vigor and any with Beech scale present. Any stems cut over 3” will be impregnated with edible mushroom plugs.

Black Cherry (Prunus serotina) – Leave all stems found to give a seed source for the propagation of Black Cherry in the future.

White Pine (Pinus strobus) – Remove stems with crooks and many branches, and that indicate white pine weevil and white pine blister rust damage. Leave stems in good health and with good form for future economic value and for a seed source to propagate white pine generation. The logs harvested from the stems removed will be sold to lumber mills or sawn at the schools mill. With the tops of the white pine, 4-8” will be cut and used for inoculation of mushroom plugs

Paper Birch (Betula papyrifera) – Remove all stems with poor form and small live crown ratios. The stems removed that are 3” at DBH or greater will cut into 4’ sections and impregnated with edible mushroom plugs.

The basal area in the plot will be taken from 433.83sqft per acre to 53.61sqft per acre. The trees per acre will be taken from 4026 to 481 trees per acre.

The material White Pine and Scotch pine logs cut in this operation will be utilized for economic value. The tops of the stems are to be cut and stacked into 4x4x3’ piles to be inoculated with mushroom plugs (Chicken of the woods). The hardwood species: Paper Birch and, American beech will be will be cut and stacked in the same manner and inoculated with (Maitake) Mushroom plugs. The material cut and inoculated can be stacked in two different ways. One, is to stack the material as you would stack fire wood and the second, involves stacking the logs like a log cabin. A sketch will be provided on the next page.

COSTS OF SCHMIDT PLOT 2008

• 3 PAINT BRUSHES, FLAG, TWINE ……… $15.01 • 500 MAITAKE PLUGS……………………... $18.00 • 1000 CHICKEN OF THE WOODS PLUGS... $32.00 • 10,000 Cortinarius violacea spores………….. $20.00 • 20,000 Boletus edulis spores………………... $20.00 • 20,000 Amanita muscaria spores……………. $20.00 • RED PAINT…………………………………. PROVIDED

TOTAL = $125.01

Tr DIA DIA SQ Feet/ Trees Basal Total Live Crown AG ee Spe (0.0" Clas Tree per Area(SQ/ft Ht. Crown Positio or # cies ) s (00.0) Acre per Acre) (feet) Ratio(%) n UG 40 0 RM 5.8 6 0.18 1.32 0.24 40 40 CD UG 40 1 RM 4 4 0.09 1.32 0.12 35 20 I UG 40 2 AB 4.1 4 0.09 1.32 0.12 35 50 I UG 40 3 RM 6.5 7 0.23 1.32 0.30 45 40 CD UG 40 4 RM 5.3 5 0.15 1.32 0.20 45 35 I UG 40 5 RM 4.8 5 0.13 1.32 0.17 45 40 CD UG 40 6 RM 4.8 5 0.13 1.32 0.17 45 35 I UG 40 7 BF 5.5 6 0.16 1.32 0.22 30 50 CD AG 40 8 PB 5.6 6 0.17 1.32 0.23 50 45 CD UG 40 9 RM 8.1 8 0.36 1.32 0.47 55 45 CD UG 41 0 RM 3.6 4 0.07 1.32 0.09 45 45 I UG 41 1 SP 14 14 1.07 1.32 1.41 60 50 D AG 41 2 PB 4.9 5 0.13 1.32 0.17 45 30 CD UG 41 3 RM 3.7 4 0.07 1.32 0.10 40 55 I UG 41 4 PB 4.7 5 0.12 1.32 0.16 45 25 CD UG 41 5 RM 5.5 6 0.16 1.32 0.22 50 40 CD UG 41 6 RM 3.8 4 0.08 1.32 0.10 40 35 I UG 41 7 RM 7 7 0.27 1.32 0.35 50 40 CD UG 41 8 RM 3.5 4 0.07 1.32 0.09 30 45 CD UG 41 9 PB 7 7 0.27 1.32 0.35 45 40 I AG 42 0 AB 5.4 5 0.16 1.32 0.21 20 90 I AG 42 1 WP 12.6 13 0.87 1.32 1.15 65 45 CD AG 42 2 AB 4.6 5 0.12 1.32 0.15 30 80 I UG 42 3 AB 4.6 5 0.12 1.32 0.15 35 70 I UG 42 4 RM 4.5 5 0.11 1.32 0.15 50 65 I UG 42 5 WP 21.3 21 2.47 1.32 3.27 70 75 D AG 42 6 RM 3.9 4 0.08 1.32 0.11 35 45 I UG 42 7 BF 8.3 8 0.38 1.32 0.50 40 80 I AG 42 8 WP 21 21 2.41 1.32 3.17 75 45 CD AG 42 9 WP 21.8 22 2.59 1.32 3.42 75 55 CD AG 43 0 BF 4.4 4 0.11 1.32 0.14 30 90 I UG 43 1 EH 3.8 4 0.08 1.32 0.10 25 80 I UG 43 2 BF 4 4 0.09 1.32 0.12 30 90 I UG 43 3 WP 20.7 21 2.34 1.32 3.08 80 50 D AG 43 4 RM 5.2 5 0.15 1.32 0.19 50 45 I UG 43 5 RM 4.1 4 0.09 1.32 0.12 45 40 I UG 43 6 AB 6.1 6 0.20 1.32 0.27 50 80 I UG 43 7 WP 5.4 5 0.16 1.32 0.21 50 25 I AG 43 8 WP 15.2 15 1.26 1.32 1.66 80 30 I AG 43 9 AB 6 6 0.20 1.32 0.26 45 85 I UG 44 0 RM 4.8 5 0.13 1.32 0.17 50 65 CD UG 44 1 BC 4.9 5 0.13 1.32 0.17 45 70 I AG 44 2 BC 4.1 4 0.09 1.32 0.12 35 45 I UG 44 3 WP 17.5 18 1.67 1.32 2.20 80 50 CD AG 44 4 BC 4.5 5 0.11 1.32 0.15 45 50 I UG 44 5 WP 24 24 3.14 1.32 4.15 85 45 D AG 44 6 AB 6 6 0.20 1.32 0.26 45 85 I UG 44 7 WP 16.2 16 1.43 1.32 1.89 75 35 CD AG 44 8 WP 20.5 21 2.29 1.32 3.03 85 65 CD AG 44 9 WP 19.7 20 2.12 1.32 2.79 85 40 CD AG 45 0 BF 3.9 4 0.08 1.32 0.11 45 85 I UG 45 1 BF 4.8 5 0.13 1.32 0.17 40 80 I UG 45 2 BF 4.8 5 0.13 1.32 0.17 40 80 I UG 45 3 WP 18.7 19 1.91 1.32 2.52 85 20 CD AG 45 4 WP 18.8 19 1.93 1.32 2.54 80 25 CD AG 45 5 BF 4.3 4 0.10 1.32 0.13 35 40 I UG 45 6 BF 6.1 6 0.20 1.32 0.27 45 45 I UG 45 7 BF 5.3 5 0.15 1.32 0.20 40 80 I UG 45 8 BF 4.3 4 0.10 1.32 0.13 40 80 I UG 45 9 BF 6.3 6 0.22 1.32 0.29 50 85 I UG 46 0 BF 3.8 4 0.08 1.32 0.10 50 80 I UG 46 1 BF 6.8 7 0.25 1.32 0.33 50 80 I UG 46 2 BF 5.5 6 0.16 1.32 0.22 45 80 I UG 46 3 SM 5.8 6 0.18 1.32 0.24 50 60 I UG 46 4 WP 19.8 20 2.14 1.32 2.82 80 40 CD AG 46 5 BF 8 8 0.35 1.32 0.46 50 65 I UG 46 6 RM 6.7 7 0.24 1.32 0.32 55 70 I UG 46 7 RM 3.9 4 0.08 1.32 0.11 45 60 I UG 46 8 SP 5.9 6 0.19 1.32 0.25 40 75 I UG 46 9 BF 3.5 4 0.07 1.32 0.09 35 75 I UG 47 0 WP 5.1 5 0.14 1.32 0.19 40 80 I UG 47 1 WP 3.7 4 0.07 1.32 0.10 40 80 I UG 47 2 BF 3.8 4 0.08 1.32 0.10 35 85 I UG 47 3 BF 5.4 5 0.16 1.32 0.21 50 80 I UG 47 4 WP 19.3 19 2.03 1.32 2.68 80 45 CD AG 47 5 RM 6 6 0.20 1.32 0.26 55 65 I UG 47 6 WP 20.6 21 2.31 1.32 3.06 80 50 CD AG 47 7 BF 6 6 0.20 1.32 0.26 55 55 I UG 47 8 BF 4.2 4 0.10 1.32 0.13 45 70 I UG 47 9 WP 20.4 20 2.27 1.32 3.00 85 20 CD AG 48 0 AB 4.9 5 0.13 1.32 0.17 45 75 I UG 48 1 WP 19.1 19 1.99 1.32 2.63 80 30 CD AG 48 2 AB 6.1 6 0.20 1.32 0.27 60 90 I UG 48 3 BF 5.9 6 0.19 1.32 0.25 50 50 I UG 48 4 BF 4 4 0.09 1.32 0.12 45 80 I UG 48 5 RM 3.6 4 0.07 1.32 0.09 55 75 I UG 48 6 BF 5.2 5 0.15 1.32 0.19 50 75 I UG 48 7 WP 20.2 20 2.23 1.32 2.94 85 40 CD AG 48 8 WP 23.9 24 3.12 1.32 4.11 80 40 CD AG 48 9 AB 6.5 7 0.23 1.32 0.30 40 85 I UG 49 0 AB 5 5 0.14 1.32 0.18 45 80 I UG 49 1 BF 4 4 0.09 1.32 0.12 45 50 I UG 49 2 AB 3.7 4 0.07 1.32 0.10 45 70 I UG 49 3 BF 6.7 7 0.24 1.32 0.32 55 65 I UG 49 4 BF 3.6 4 0.07 1.32 0.09 30 70 I UG 49 5 WP 20.4 20 2.27 1.32 3.00 80 40 CD AG 49 6 BF 4.5 5 0.11 1.32 0.15 50 80 I UG 49 7 BF 4 4 0.09 1.32 0.12 35 75 I UG 49 8 RM 5.7 6 0.18 1.32 0.23 60 65 I UG 49 9 RM 4.3 4 0.10 1.32 0.13 60 80 I UG 50 0 AB 4.9 5 0.13 1.32 0.17 50 80 I UG 50 1 RM 6.5 7 0.23 1.32 0.30 65 80 I UG 50 2 WP 22.6 23 2.79 1.32 3.68 85 40 CD AG 50 3 RM 4.1 4 0.09 1.32 0.12 50 30 I UG 50 4 BF 4.8 5 0.13 1.32 0.17 50 65 I UG 50 5 SP 15.5 16 1.31 1.32 1.73 70 60 CD UG 50 6 AB 5.7 6 0.18 1.32 0.23 65 65 I UG 50 7 SP 10.3 10 0.58 1.32 0.76 70 35 I AG 50 8 AB 3.5 4 0.07 1.32 0.09 35 90 I UG 50 9 SP 12.3 12 0.83 1.32 1.09 65 50 CD AG 51 0 SP 12.6 13 0.87 1.32 1.14 70 45 CD UG 51 1 AB 5.3 5 0.15 1.32 0.20 45 90 I UG 51 2 SP 13.9 14 1.05 1.32 1.39 75 60 CD UG 51 3 RM 3.6 4 0.07 1.32 0.09 45 70 I UG 51 4 WP 16.6 17 1.50 1.32 1.98 80 70 CD AG 51 5 RM 5 5 0.14 1.32 0.18 65 45 I UG 51 6 RM 4.3 4 0.10 1.32 0.13 65 75 I UG 51 7 SP 9.5 10 0.49 1.32 0.65 50 5 I UG 51 8 SP 11.8 12 0.76 1.32 1.00 75 35 CD UG 51 9 WP 6.5 7 0.23 1.32 0.30 60 5 I UG 52 0 WP 18.5 19 1.87 1.32 2.46 85 20 CD AG 52 1 SP 11.8 12 0.76 1.32 1.00 75 45 CD AG 52 2 BF 5.3 5 0.15 1.32 0.20 30 75 I UG 52 3 SP 12.2 12 0.81 1.32 1.07 80 40 CD AG 52 4 SP 9.8 10 0.52 1.32 0.69 75 30 CD UG 52 5 AB 6.3 6 0.22 1.32 0.29 60 90 I UG 52 6 SP 13.1 13 0.94 1.32 1.24 75 40 CD AG 52 7 SP 14.5 15 1.15 1.32 1.51 75 45 CD UG 52 8 AB 4.3 4 0.10 1.32 0.13 50 65 I AG 52 9 RM 4.2 4 0.10 1.32 0.13 55 80 CD UG 53 0 RM 4.8 5 0.13 1.32 0.17 70 60 I AG 53 1 SP 17.4 17 1.65 1.32 2.18 85 45 CD UG 53 2 AB 4.7 5 0.12 1.32 0.16 50 45 I AG 53 3 WP 20.1 20 2.20 1.32 2.91 85 45 CD AG 53 4 BF 5.6 6 0.17 1.32 0.23 65 60 I AG 53 5 AB 5.4 5 0.16 1.32 0.21 60 85 I UG 53 6 SP 10.9 11 0.65 1.32 0.86 65 10 I AG 53 7 AB 5.3 5 0.15 1.32 0.20 40 90 I AG 53 8 SP 10.7 11 0.62 1.32 0.82 70 35 CD AG 53 9 AB 4.6 5 0.12 1.32 0.15 50 85 I AG 54 0 AB 5.5 6 0.16 1.32 0.22 55 80 CD AG 54 1 BF 3.6 4 0.07 1.32 0.09 30 70 I UG 54 2 RM 4.6 5 0.12 1.32 0.15 55 45 CD AG 54 3 SP 8 8 0.35 1.32 0.46 70 30 CD AG 54 4 AB 6.2 6 0.21 1.32 0.28 55 90 I AG 54 5 BF 4.9 5 0.13 1.32 0.17 60 25 I AG 54 6 WP 16.9 17 1.56 1.32 2.06 75 75 D AG 54 7 AB 4.1 4 0.09 1.32 0.12 55 75 I UG 54 8 BF 5 5 0.14 1.32 0.18 50 35 I AG 54 9 BF 6.3 6 0.22 1.32 0.29 60 80 I AG 55 0 RM 4.1 4 0.09 1.32 0.12 55 65 CD AG 55 1 SP 16.4 16 1.47 1.32 1.94 75 35 I UG 55 2 BF 3.7 4 0.07 1.32 0.10 35 50 I UG 55 3 PB 3.6 4 0.07 1.32 0.09 50 20 I UG 55 4 PB 4 4 0.09 1.32 0.12 40 55 I UG 55 5 AB 3.5 4 0.07 1.32 0.09 40 70 I AG 55 6 BF 6.7 7 0.24 1.32 0.32 65 35 I UG 55 7 BF 3.9 4 0.08 1.32 0.11 50 65 I UG 55 8 PB 3.5 4 0.07 1.32 0.09 35 65 I UG

Basal Spec DIA DIA SQ Feet/ Tree Trees per Area/tree/Acr Total Ht. Live Crown ies (0.0") Class (00.0) Acre e (feet) Ratio(%) AB 3.5 4 0.07 1.32 0.09 35 90 AB 3.5 4 0.07 1.32 0.09 40 70 AB 3.7 4 0.07 1.32 0.10 45 70 AB 4.1 4 0.09 1.32 0.12 35 50 AB 4.1 4 0.09 1.32 0.12 55 75 AB 4.3 4 0.10 1.32 0.13 50 65 AB 4.6 5 0.12 1.32 0.15 30 80 AB 4.6 5 0.12 1.32 0.15 35 70 AB 4.6 5 0.12 1.32 0.15 50 85 AB 4.7 5 0.12 1.32 0.16 50 45 AB 4.9 5 0.13 1.32 0.17 45 75 AB 4.9 5 0.13 1.32 0.17 50 80 AB 5 5 0.14 1.32 0.18 45 80 AB 5.3 5 0.15 1.32 0.20 45 90 AB 5.3 5 0.15 1.32 0.20 40 90 AB 5.4 5 0.16 1.32 0.21 20 90 AB 5.4 5 0.16 1.32 0.21 60 85 AB 5.5 6 0.16 1.32 0.22 55 80 AB 5.7 6 0.18 1.32 0.23 65 65 AB 6 6 0.20 1.32 0.26 45 85 AB 6 6 0.20 1.32 0.26 45 85 AB 6.1 6 0.20 1.32 0.27 50 80 AB 6.1 6 0.20 1.32 0.27 60 90 AB 6.2 6 0.21 1.32 0.28 55 90 AB 6.3 6 0.22 1.32 0.29 60 90 AB 6.5 7 0.23 1.32 0.30 40 85 BC 4.1 4 0.09 1.32 0.12 35 45 BC 4.5 5 0.11 1.32 0.15 45 50 BC 4.9 5 0.13 1.32 0.17 45 70 BF 3.5 4 0.07 1.32 0.09 35 75 BF 3.6 4 0.07 1.32 0.09 30 70 BF 3.6 4 0.07 1.32 0.09 30 70 BF 3.7 4 0.07 1.32 0.10 35 50 BF 3.8 4 0.08 1.32 0.10 50 80 BF 3.8 4 0.08 1.32 0.10 35 85 BF 3.9 4 0.08 1.32 0.11 45 85 BF 3.9 4 0.08 1.32 0.11 50 65 BF 4 4 0.09 1.32 0.12 30 90 BF 4 4 0.09 1.32 0.12 45 80 BF 4 4 0.09 1.32 0.12 45 50 BF 4 4 0.09 1.32 0.12 35 75 BF 4.2 4 0.10 1.32 0.13 45 70 BF 4.3 4 0.10 1.32 0.13 35 40 BF 4.3 4 0.10 1.32 0.13 40 80 BF 4.4 4 0.11 1.32 0.14 30 90 BF 4.5 5 0.11 1.32 0.15 50 80 BF 4.8 5 0.13 1.32 0.17 40 80 BF 4.8 5 0.13 1.32 0.17 40 80 BF 4.8 5 0.13 1.32 0.17 50 65 BF 4.9 5 0.13 1.32 0.17 60 25 BF 5 5 0.14 1.32 0.18 50 35 BF 5.2 5 0.15 1.32 0.19 50 75 BF 5.3 5 0.15 1.32 0.20 40 80 BF 5.3 5 0.15 1.32 0.20 30 75 BF 5.4 5 0.16 1.32 0.21 50 80 BF 5.5 6 0.16 1.32 0.22 30 50 BF 5.5 6 0.16 1.32 0.22 45 80 BF 5.6 6 0.17 1.32 0.23 65 60 BF 5.9 6 0.19 1.32 0.25 50 50 BF 6 6 0.20 1.32 0.26 55 55 BF 6.1 6 0.20 1.32 0.27 45 45 BF 6.3 6 0.22 1.32 0.29 50 85 BF 6.3 6 0.22 1.32 0.29 60 80 BF 6.7 7 0.24 1.32 0.32 55 65 BF 6.7 7 0.24 1.32 0.32 65 35 BF 6.8 7 0.25 1.32 0.33 50 80 BF 8 8 0.35 1.32 0.46 50 65 BF 8.3 8 0.38 1.32 0.50 40 80 EH 3.8 4 0.08 1.32 0.10 25 80 PB 3.5 4 0.07 1.32 0.09 35 65 PB 3.6 4 0.07 1.32 0.09 50 20 PB 4 4 0.09 1.32 0.12 40 55 PB 4.7 5 0.12 1.32 0.16 45 25 PB 4.9 5 0.13 1.32 0.17 45 30 PB 5.6 6 0.17 1.32 0.23 50 45 PB 7 7 0.27 1.32 0.35 45 40 RM 3.5 4 0.07 1.32 0.09 30 45 RM 3.6 4 0.07 1.32 0.09 45 45 RM 3.6 4 0.07 1.32 0.09 55 75 RM 3.6 4 0.07 1.32 0.09 45 70 RM 3.7 4 0.07 1.32 0.10 40 55 RM 3.8 4 0.08 1.32 0.10 40 35 RM 3.9 4 0.08 1.32 0.11 35 45 RM 3.9 4 0.08 1.32 0.11 45 60 RM 4 4 0.09 1.32 0.12 35 20 RM 4.1 4 0.09 1.32 0.12 45 40 RM 4.1 4 0.09 1.32 0.12 50 30 RM 4.1 4 0.09 1.32 0.12 55 65 RM 4.2 4 0.10 1.32 0.13 55 80 RM 4.3 4 0.10 1.32 0.13 60 80 RM 4.3 4 0.10 1.32 0.13 65 75 RM 4.5 5 0.11 1.32 0.15 50 65 RM 4.6 5 0.12 1.32 0.15 55 45 RM 4.8 5 0.13 1.32 0.17 45 40 RM 4.8 5 0.13 1.32 0.17 45 35 RM 4.8 5 0.13 1.32 0.17 50 65 RM 4.8 5 0.13 1.32 0.17 70 60 RM 5 5 0.14 1.32 0.18 65 45 RM 5.2 5 0.15 1.32 0.19 50 45 RM 5.3 5 0.15 1.32 0.20 45 35 RM 5.5 6 0.16 1.32 0.22 50 40 RM 5.7 6 0.18 1.32 0.23 60 65 RM 5.8 6 0.18 1.32 0.24 40 40 RM 6 6 0.20 1.32 0.26 55 65 RM 6.5 7 0.23 1.32 0.30 45 40 RM 6.5 7 0.23 1.32 0.30 65 80 RM 6.7 7 0.24 1.32 0.32 55 70 RM 7 7 0.27 1.32 0.35 50 40 RM 8.1 8 0.36 1.32 0.47 55 45 SM 5.8 6 0.18 1.32 0.24 50 60 SP 5.9 6 0.19 1.32 0.25 40 75 SP 8 8 0.35 1.32 0.46 70 30 SP 9.5 10 0.49 1.32 0.65 50 5 SP 9.8 10 0.52 1.32 0.69 75 30 SP 10.3 10 0.58 1.32 0.76 70 35 SP 10.7 11 0.62 1.32 0.82 70 35 SP 10.9 11 0.65 1.32 0.86 65 10 SP 11.8 12 0.76 1.32 1.00 75 35 SP 11.8 12 0.76 1.32 1.00 75 45 SP 12.2 12 0.81 1.32 1.07 80 40 SP 12.3 12 0.83 1.32 1.09 65 50 SP 12.6 13 0.87 1.32 1.14 70 45 SP 13.1 13 0.94 1.32 1.24 75 40 SP 13.9 14 1.05 1.32 1.39 75 60 SP 14 14 1.07 1.32 1.41 60 50 SP 14.5 15 1.15 1.32 1.51 75 45 SP 15.5 16 1.31 1.32 1.73 70 60 SP 16.4 16 1.47 1.32 1.94 75 35 SP 17.4 17 1.65 1.32 2.18 85 45 WP 3.7 4 0.07 1.32 0.10 40 80 WP 5.1 5 0.14 1.32 0.19 40 80 WP 5.4 5 0.16 1.32 0.21 50 25 WP 6.5 7 0.23 1.32 0.30 60 5 WP 12.6 13 0.87 1.32 1.14 65 45 WP 15.2 15 1.26 1.32 1.66 80 30 WP 16.2 16 1.43 1.32 1.89 75 35 WP 16.6 17 1.50 1.32 1.98 80 70 WP 16.9 17 1.56 1.32 2.06 75 75 WP 17.5 18 1.67 1.32 2.20 80 50 WP 18.5 19 1.87 1.32 2.46 85 20 WP 18.7 19 1.91 1.32 2.52 85 20 WP 18.8 19 1.93 1.32 2.54 80 25 WP 19.1 19 1.99 1.32 2.63 80 30 WP 19.3 19 2.03 1.32 2.68 80 45 WP 19.7 20 2.12 1.32 2.79 85 40 WP 19.8 20 2.14 1.32 2.82 80 40 WP 20.1 20 2.20 1.32 2.91 85 45 WP 20.2 20 2.23 1.32 2.94 85 40 WP 20.4 20 2.27 1.32 3.00 85 20 WP 20.4 20 2.27 1.32 3.00 80 40 WP 20.5 21 2.29 1.32 3.03 85 65 WP 20.6 21 2.31 1.32 3.06 80 50 WP 20.7 21 2.34 1.32 3.08 80 50 WP 21 21 2.41 1.32 3.17 75 45 WP 21.3 21 2.47 1.32 3.27 70 75 WP 21.8 22 2.59 1.32 3.42 75 55 WP 22.6 23 2.79 1.32 3.68 85 40 WP 23.9 24 3.12 1.32 4.11 80 40 WP 24 24 3.14 1.32 4.15 85 45

Trees/Ac re/Speci es/ Diameter Class Total trees Total 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 per trees per Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 Acre Hectare 1 8 2 4 Acer 0 0 0 2 1 rubrum 0 0 0 0 2 7 5 1 0 0 00000000000000 2445 989 Red maple Tsuga canadens is 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 00000000000000 1 1 Eastern hemlock Pinus sylvestris 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 5 37331310000000 28 11 Scotch pine Pinus strobus 0 0 0 1 3 0 1 0 0 0 00101131898113 36 14 White Pine Betula 2 4 papyrifer 0 0 a 0 0 0 5 3 1 1 0 0 0 00000000000000 9 4 Paper Birch Abies 8 2 balsamie 0 0 2 1 1 a 0 0 0 5 6 3 5 3 0 0 00000000000000 1062 430 Balsam Fir Fagus 2 grandifoli 0 1 1 a 0 0 0 9 7 3 1 0 0 0 00000000000000 241 97 America n Beech 2 Prunus 0 serotina 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 00000000000000 204 83 Black Cherry 2 1 Total 8 4 2 Trees per 0 0 0 6 5 3 1 Acre 0 0 0 3 3 6 5 5 0 5 37433441898113 4026 1629 Total 3 9 4 Trees per 2 7 8 2 2 1 Hectare 4 2 6 6 1 4 6 2 0 2 13211221343111 1629

Basal Area/Acr e/Species / Basal Area Diameter Class Total T To 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 Basal ot tal Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 Area/ al/ / He Specie A ct s/Dia cr ar Class e e 1 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6. 14 2...... 0. 0. 0. . . . 19 Acer 0 4. 0 2 1 7 9 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7. 45. rubrum 0 00 0 5 9 2 7 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 196.51 96 53 Red Maple 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tsuga 0. 0...... 0. 0. 0. . . . canadensi 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0.0 s 0 00 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.08 11 2 Eastern Hemlock 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0. 0...... 0. 0. 0. . . . 21 Pinus 0 0. 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 5 2 1 8 1 1 7 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .2 4.8 sylvestris 0 00 0 0 0 9 0 5 0 9 7 6 1 2 5 8 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16.07 1 8 Scotch Pine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 2 6 0. 0...... 7. 3. 1. . . . 70 Pinus 0 0. 0 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 2 4 0 6 7 2 8 5 7 2 .3 16. strobus 0 00 0 7 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 6 3 6 7 0 3 2 9 9 6 53.28 3 18 White Pine 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0...... 0. 0. 0. . . . 45 Betula 0 4. 0 2 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .2 10. papyrifera 0 00 0 3 5 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44.92 1 40 Paper Birch 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 64 0...... 0. 0. 0. . . . 81 Abies 0 .0 0 3 3 6 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .7 18. balsamiea 0 0 0 7 8 8 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 79.89 7 81 Balsam Fir 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 8...... 0. 0. 0. . . . 12 Fagus 0 0. 0 4 3 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .8 2.9 grandifolia 0 00 0 9 5 7 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11.64 0 4 American Beech 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0...... 0. 0. 0. . . . Prunus 0 4. 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4. 1.0 serotina 0 00 0 9 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.33 44 2 Black Cherry 1 9 3 4 4 2 1 0 1 1 3 2 2 2 4 4 1 1 1 2 2 6 Total 6. 21 0...... 7. 3. 1. . . . 43 Basal 0 6. 0 5 7 3 4 4 0 5 2 1 6 1 4 2 7 6 7 2 8 5 7 2 3. 99. Area/ 0 00 0 8 1 3 3 6 0 9 7 6 8 2 1 1 1 7 0 3 2 9 9 6 406.72 83 78 species/ DIA Class 1 9 4 6 5 3 1 0 2 1 4 3 2 3 5 6 2 1 1 1 3 3 8 6. 21 0...... 0. 7. 5. . . . Total per 0 6. 0 7 2 7 2 9 0 1 6 1 5 8 1 5 2 2 1 4 6 4 6 2 Acre 0 00 0 3 2 2 1 3 0 0 8 7 4 0 8 6 2 0 6 6 0 2 8 6 433.83 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 3. 49 0...... 2. 4. 3. . . . Total Per 6 .6 7 0 4 3 7 4 0 4 3 9 8 6 7 2 4 5 3 0 5 7 8 9 Hectar 8 8 0 9 3 1 4 4 0 8 9 6 1 4 3 8 3 1 4 2 9 9 5 0 99.78

After Cut Num bers Tree s/Acr e/Sp ecies / Diam eter Clas s T ot Tot al al tr Spec 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 tree ee ies 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 s/ s/ H ec Acr ta e re Acer rubru m 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000000000000 0 0 0 0 Red mapl e Tsug a cana densi s 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0000000000000 0 0 1 1 East ern heml ock Pinus sylve stris 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0001103000000 0 0 5 2 Scot ch pine Pinus strob us 0 0 0 1 3 0 1 0 0 00000001 1340 0 1 198 Whit e Pine Betul a papyr ifera 0 0 0 3 1 0 1 0 0 0000000000000 0 0 6 3 Pape r Birch

Abies balsa miea 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 3 0 0000000000000 0 0 8 3 Bals am Fir

Fagu s 2 grand 0 1 1 ifolia 0 0 0 9 7 1 0 0 0 0000000000000 0 0 23796 Amer ican Beec h Prun us 2 seroti 0 na 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0000000000000 0 0 20483 Blac k Cher ry Total Trees 2 2 per 0 0 1 2 1 19 Acre 0 0 0 6 4 1 8 3 0 0001103101340 0 1 481 4 Total Trees per Hect 8 8 1 are 0 1 1 6 0 4 3 1 0 0001101101120 0 1 194 Basa l Area/ Acre/ Spec ies/ Diam eter Clas s To Tot T tal al ot / Bas al/ He al A ct Spec 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 Are cr ar ies 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 a/ e e Spe cie s/Di a Cla ss 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Acer ...... rubru 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0. 0.0 m 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 Red Mapl e Tsug a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 cana ...... densi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0. 0.0 s 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 11 2 East ern Heml ock 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pinus ...... sylve 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.7 6. 1.4 stris 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 5 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 30 5 Scot ch Pine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 4 6 0 0 3 Pinus ...... 24 strob 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 9 2 9 0 0 1 18. .3 5.6 us 0 0 0 7 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 3 6 4 0 0 4 43 3 0 Whit e Pine Betul 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a ...... papyr 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0. 0.1 ifera 0 0 0 3 3 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 70 6 Pape r Birch 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Abies ...... balsa 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.4 1. 0.4 miea 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 93 4 Bals am Fir

Fagu 0 0 8 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 s ...... 14 grand 0 0 0 4 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11. .5 3.3 ifolia 0 0 0 9 5 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 3 4 Amer ican Beec h Prun 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 us ...... seroti 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.3 5. 1.3 na 0 0 0 9 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 72 1 Blac k Cher ry Total 0 4 8 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 1 4 6 0 0 3 Basa ...... 53 l 0 0 0 9 0 3 9 7 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 7 5 0 9 2 9 0 0 1 40. .6 12. Area/ 0 0 0 6 2 4 6 3 0 0 0 0 4 5 0 8 6 0 3 6 4 0 0 4 61 1 33 speci es/DI A Clas s 0 4 8 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 2 0 2 5 9 0 0 4 Total ...... per 0 0 0 2 6 7 2 9 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 6 0 0 5 6 1 0 0 1 53. Acer 0 0 0 7 7 7 7 6 0 0 0 0 4 9 0 7 6 0 5 2 6 0 0 4 61 Total 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 Per ...... Hect 0 9 8 2 6 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 8 4 0 5 2 1 0 0 9 12. ar 0 2 4 9 1 1 9 2 0 0 0 0 9 2 0 4 7 0 9 9 1 0 0 5 33

Precentage of Each Species Within Each Canopy Class Befor Treatment- 160 trees Co- Suppress Intermedia Domina Domina Species ed te nt nt Total

Acer rubrum 15 5 20.00 Red Maple Tsuga canadensis 1.25 1.25 Eastern Hemlock Pinus sylvestris 2.5 8.13 0.63 11.26 Scotch Pine Pinus strobus 3.75 13.13 2.5 19.38 White Pine Betula papyrifera 2.5 1.88 4.38 Paper Birch Abies balsamiea 24.38 0.63 25.01 Balsam Fir Fagus grandifolia 16.25 0.63 16.88 American Beech Prunus serotina 1.88 1.88 Black Cherry 100.0 Total 0 67.51 29.4 3.13 4

Average Heights, LCR's, and, Diametes for the stand Avg. Species height Avg. LCR Avg. Dia.

Acer rubrum 50' 53% 4.9" Red Maple Tsuga canadensis 25' 80% 3.8" Eastern Hemlock Pinus sylvestris 69' 41% 12.1" Scotch Pine Pinus strobus 76' 44% 17.6" White Pine Betula papyrifera 44' 40% 4.8" Paper Birch Abies balsamiea 44' 68% 5.0" Balsam Fir Fagus grandifolia 46' 78% 5.1" American Beech Prunus serotina 42' 55% 4.5" Black Cherry The average diameter (in inches) for the stand was 8.2"

Mil Acre Plots Height in Crown % crown Species Diameter feet position closure Plot#1 Red Maple 2.3" 25' Sup 60% Plot #2 Balsam Fir 1.6" 10' Sup 30% Balsam Fir 3.1" 30' Int 25% Balsam Fir 2.1" 25' Sup 30% Balsam Fir 2.3" 25' Sup 40% Red Maple 1.8" 35' Int 20% Plot#3 Red Maple 1.0" 25' Sup 55% Red Maple 0.8" 15' Sup 30% Balsam Fir 1.8" 15' Sup 25% Black Cherry 2.1" 10' Sup 20% Red Maple 2.4" 40' Int 40% Plot#4 Red Maple 0.9" 15' Sup 20% Red Maple 0.8" 10' Sup 10% American Beech 2.6" 35' Int 40% Red Maple 1.5" 20' Sup 30% Red Maple 1.5" 25' Sup 30% Red Maple 2.6" 10' Sup 20% Red Maple 2.6" 10' Sup 10% Plot #5 Red Maple 1.9" 30' Sup 45% Paper Birch 1.8" 25' Sup 20% Paper Birch 3.1" 30' Sup 30% Paper Birch 3.0" 25' Sup 20%

Shawn Ben Brooks Ron Robert Hilton Rubinfeld Worden Rotach Howard

Inventory 6 6 6

Cutting Material 3 3 3 3 3

Inoculating 10 10 8 10 5

Millacre 3

Marking 2 4 2 2

Map 4

Documents 15 12 15 12 8

Boundary 4 4 4 2

Total 33 39 38 37 22

Brooks Worden Silviculture mycology experiment Schmidt crew 4/29/08

Mycorrhizae and Their Effects on Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus) Artificial Regeneration

Introduction

Mycorrhizae aid trees with water and nutrient availability, while trees offer their roots for protection and food, which is photosynthate. As more photosynthate is stored in the roots, more mycelium is able to grow, and eventually mushrooms are formed for spore dispersal. It is commonly said that 90% of the Earth’s surface is covered in mycelium (Stamets 2005). However, when a vigorous timber operation is conducted many of these species are erased from the area for a long duration. Reclamation of particular mycelium mat may occur quicker when seedlings of the preferred tree species are inoculated with their fungal associates. The trees will grow faster and stronger as the spores germinate and a mycelium mat is established. We have selected two stands that were manipulated in the early spring of 2007 in the Adirondacks about one mile from Paul Smith’s College in the silviculture plots in a Northern Hardwood forest. Rows of seedlings will be planted some with mushroom spores, and others won’t.

The ones that aren’t inoculated serve as a control. Each row inoculated will be done so with a different species of mycorrhizae. Mycelium forms of inoculum can be more effective than spore when it comes to cultivating them in the field around roots

(Edmonds, Agee, and Gara 2005). The species we chose are all native to the

Adirondacks and are associated with Eastern white pine, so they should establish in the field. However this might not be the best method of inoculation, it is most certainly the most cost effective, and least time and labor consuming method of inoculation.

Methods

To test our hypothesis, we will plant rows of Eastern White pine (Pinus strobus) seedlings on this site and inoculate every other row with a different species of mycorrhizae. This is so many control rows will buffer our tested rows.

Three species of mycorrhizae have been selected from the Florida Mycology

Research Center (FMRC) paid for from a donation from the student chapter of Society of American Foresters (SAF), whom also purchased the 300 White pine seedlings. They include 20,000 spores of King Bolete (Boletus edulis), the 10,000 spores of Violet Cort

(Cortinarius violacea), and 20,000 spores of the Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria). These are all symbiotic ectomycorrhizae associated with Eastern White pine (Pinus strobus).

According to FMRC inoculation should be facilitated by mixing the spores with water and applying the slurry directly on the rootlets of the seedlings with a syringe. This will ensure direct contact of spores and roots, which will help with spore germination.

Carpophores should be present in two to three years after inoculation.

The Spink plot has a 15’ by 30’ rectangle outlined for this experiment, marked out by Bob Brehl. This will allow 105 Eastern white pines to be planted here. There will be 7 rows of seedlings starting with a row that’s not inoculated (regular), followed by a row inoculated with the King Bolete, followed by another regular row, followed by a row inoculated with Fly Agaric, followed by another regular row, followed by a row inoculated with Violet Corts, and finally another regular row will be plated. They will be spaced evenly with 2’ of space between each plant. This will make them rows of 15 plants, since 30’/2’ = 15’.

A similar test will be done in the Corker silviculture plot, which was last manipulated in 2007. They facilitated a shelterwood harvest, to convert the plot into a softwood stand consisting of Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris), Balsam fir (Abies balsamea), and Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus). There is a significant of advanced softwood regeneration already present, as well as trout lily (Erythronium americanum), and red raspberry (Rubus idaeus). Our crew marked out an area that’s 20’ by 30’, whch allows us to plant 150 seedlings, if they are spaced out 2’ apart. This will allow 10 rows to be planted with 15 plants in each row. Starting from the first row, we will inoculate them as follows: regular, regular, King Bolete, regular, Fly Agaric, regular, Violet Cort, regular, regular, and regular. There are buffers to allow people to see what the possible differences are by inoculating the seedlings with different mycorrhizal species. Since the type of species being used may influence the growth rate of individual trees.