Price $2.00 Because land doesn’t come with a manual. . . ISSN 1554-656X

The Newsletter of the Ecological Landscaping Association Vol. 14 , No. 1 Spring 2007 Lawns, Energy, and Health: With spring emerging at last from another winter of atypical weather, it is time to consider the lawn. America’s love affair with large, grassy spaces has led to huge invest- ments of energy, and through synthetic maintenance regimes, an even larger detriment to our ecological health. Let us be agents of change.

Reinventing the Lawn lawns as an important component in create “ecolawns” of ecologically stable • Alex Feleppa the landscape while exercising our mixtures that persist with fewer inputs knowledge and creativity by employing than a traditional lawn. Accepting that here is no question that lawns are alternatives to typical lawn species. grasses and broadleaf species should a fundamental part of American The reasons to choose alternatives be planted together, Cook has docu- landscapeT design. From Olmsted’s are straightforward and the methods mented gorgeous green carpets of two Central Park to our own front yards, we adopt do not have to be insur- inches or higher that require mow- lawns are an element in the landscape mountable. Picking the right plant ing every two or three weeks at most, that we rely on. From an environ- for the right site does not apply only thrive with one-third to one-quarter mental standpoint, whether urban or to our garden beds. Reduce water the amount of water, and recycle their rural, lawns reduce soil erosion and consumption by selecting species that own nutrients so that fertilizing is runoff, reduce glare, and help reduce require little or no supplemental water reduced to a one- or two-time applica- traffic noise. In terms of function and during the growing season. Matching tion. Realistically the plots take a year design, they provide a foreground, species and selections to your indi- to achieve a mature appearance, and add spaciousness to an area, help to vidual site reduces the need to over- require initial irrigation and possibly define space, accentuate other forms fertilize, allowing the use of organic a fertilizer application for success- in the landscape, and soften the look slow-release fertilizers. Planting the ful seedling establishment. The result, of hardscaped surfaces. We can accept right species, or combination of spe- however, is an ecological system that cies, and creating a healthy ecological remains stable and requires no future c o n t e n t s balance eliminates our dependence on treatments of insecticides or fungicides. 1 Reinventing the Lawn chemicals. There are both broadleaf spe- Successful ecolawns consist of a 4 Lawn and Garden Coneheads cies and alternative grasses that can be 10% mixture of legumes added to 4 New Waves in Landscape Remediation applied to the landscape while still pro- 90% grass seed. In trials white clover, 6 Growing a Green Lawn Business viding ideal texture, height, and color Trifolium album was considered too 7 Soil Food Web: Common Denominator on which we can play, sit, and enjoy. vigorous and produced more dry mat- in the Landscape Tom Cook, of Oregon State ter than was desirable, but strawberry 10 A Brave New World: Fungi and Our Future University, has worked for over ten clover, Trifolium fragiferum, proved 12 Gleanings years incorporating beneficial broad- much more useful. Without being 13 Announcements leaf legumes into lawns of perennial overly aggressive, strawberry clover 14 Unclassifieds ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass to blends well with other components, — — remaining dense, low, and compact for its dense weave as a deterrent to in- The Ecological Landscaper is pub- through the hot summer months. In vasive weed seeds. Native to American lished by the Ecological Landscaping Association (ELA). Subscriptions are both cases the only notable drawback prairies, this naturally low-growing a benefit of membership in ELA. For was that the intense flowering of perennial proves very water efficient information about ELA, contact: clover attracts bees to the lawn which and rarely needs mowing. This spe- can be a problem for bare feet. Yarrow, cies, however, is not an effective choice Achillea millefolium, was selected for its for consistently wet soils. Considered dark green foliage, rhizomatous habit, hardy from zones 3 to 5, cultivars are ELA, 60 Thoreau Street, #252 plus drought and wear tolerance. It being bred for performance in more Concord, MA 01742-2456 quickly stole the show. Providing green moist northern zones, such as ‘Tatanka’ (617) 436-5838 while the grasses begin to go dormant, and ‘Texoka’. In warmer zones red www.ecolandscaping.org yarrow mowed every three weeks cre- fescue, Festuca rubra, is another sun- ates a dense, non-flowering texture loving, drought-tolerant species. Also Talk to us! We welcome comments, letters, articles, ideas, and opinions. that surprises even the most conserva- a short, fine-textured plant, red fescue Write to us with your ideas for news- tive lawn enthusiast. A third broadleaf prefers infertile soil, so do not fertilize. letter content: of importance is English lawn daisy, Cutting back on mowing and allow- Rolf Schilling, Editor Bellis perennis. Mixed alongside clover ing it to get a little higher during the 180 Hemenway Road and yarrow, the English lawn daisy hottest months of the summer will Framingham, MA 01701 provides a strong flowering of white provide your lawn with a soft look and 508-877-3452 [email protected] to red blossoms from March through feel, while also preventing your lawn May, even while mowing on a three- from going semi-dormant. Lastly, if Send all other ELA business, includ- week cycle. Though the daisies slowly you have a full sun application with ing address changes, to the Concord dwindle in population over four or significantly more moisture, consider address listed above. sheep’s fescue, or Festuca ovina. Native The ELA board meets throughout the to both the U.S. and Europe, this fes- year in various locations in eastern cue naturally tolerates more dampness Massachusetts. All members are than buffalo grass or red fescue. welcome. Contact us for specific dates For turf style grasses in a shady and locations. environment turn to the sedges. Catlin ELA Board of Directors sedge, Carex texensis, is a fine, short President: Chris O’Brien sedge well-suited for partial to full Vice President: Dennis Collins Treasurer: Sue Storer shade. Even though considered to be Recording Secretary: Owen Wormser tolerant of sun, you might find that Carex pensylvanica, as fine as any grass. too much sun will lead to faded foliage M.L. Altobelli John Larsen Photo by Tom Smarr. Nancy Askin Bob Levite and the need for more water. Hardy Don Bishop Cathy Rooney five years the springtime flower adds from zone 6 down to zone 10, this is Joanna Campe Kathy Sargent- sparkle to our traditional green ex- an excellent choice for hot climates Karen Dominguez-Brann O’Neill Bill Jewell Sandy Vorce panses. Honorable mention goes to of the south. For the same success in Andrea Knowles Bruce Wenning baby blue eyes, Nemophila menziesii. cooler locations, turn to Pennsylva- Planted in the fall, baby blue eyes is nia sedge, Carex pensylvanica. Also a Executive Administrator : Penny Lewis stunning the following spring with its Each author appearing herein retains attractive blue flowers. The drawback original copyright. Right to reproduce or is that you will have to sow yearly to disseminate all material herein is other- enjoy this plant. wisely reserved by ELA. Please contact If you decide that a traditional turf the Editor for permission to reprint. look is what you are after, then famil- Mention of products is not intended to con- iarize yourself with these alternatives stitute endorsement. Opinions expressed in for full sun applications. Buffalo grass, this newsletter do not necessarily represent Buchloe dactyloides, forms a finely- those of ELA’s directors, staff, or members. textured blue-green turf which turns ©Ecological Landscaping 2007 gold in autumn. Spreading by seed and Festuca rubra lawn. Photo by Anike stolons, buffalo grass garners praise Schmidt. — — short, fine sedge for shady applications, alternative which, when left unmowed, Pennsylvania sedge is a strong alter- creates a soft look through the sum- Neptune’s Harvest native due to its tolerance for a wide mer. Suggest leaving the taller species Organic Fertilizers: range of soils. An amazing character- unmowed for fall and winter interest. Commercially proven. Products istic of both these sedges, as passed Always searching for new shade include: Cold processed Hydrolyzed Liquid Fish, Seaweed and Fish/Sea- on by a colleague of mine, is that they alternatives myself, here are two weed Blend, Dry and Liquid Humate, only need to be mowed two or three last clumping sedges to consider for Dry Kelp Meal and Crab Shell Fertil- times a year. The third recommenda- shadier locations. Plantain-leaf sedge, izers. Also, Liquid Garlic Spray Insect tion for this category is the finest Carex plantaginea, forms neat clumps Repellant. Our Fish is filtered through a 165-mesh screen and then through textured of the three, Carex senta, or in average soil. This species puts out a 150-micron for easy application Baltimore sedge. Very similar to Carex eye-catching seed heads early and through any type of equipment, texensis, Baltimore sedge performs holds up well when summer’s dryness including drip-tape. Our Fish has been reported to REPEL DEER! excellently in shade. For this sedge, takes hold. Mow this grass right after “Our Products Work” however, you may find that it requires more regular mowing than others. Call for FREE Finally, let’s discuss a few clumping catalog and sample grasses for both sun and shade. Some- 1- 800-259-4769 times a lawn can become much more 88 Commercial Street manageable if it is simply made a little Gloucester, MA 01930 smaller. Or in the case of my work, (978) 281-1414 ph. (978) 283-4111 fax dealing mostly with front plots in www.neptunesharvest.com crowded urban settings, these grasses are an easy way to add form and ttendees of the texture to small, nonfunctional spaces. Carex platyphylla. Photo by James A June grass, Koeleria macrantha, is a Cachat. ELA Winter Conference taller candidate (16”-20”) that can be and mowed or left to grow tall. Junegrass is it blooms for a fresh and attractive Eco-Marketplace: fabulous for its ability to thrive in full tussock. Broad leaf sedge, Carex platy- sun and infertile soil. Little bluestem, phylla, also forms neat clumps like C. We hope you enjoyed our 13th Schizachyrium scoparium, is another plantaginea. You will find the puckered Annual Winter Conference and option for infertile soil. Tolerant of a leaf adds an extra textural interest. Eco-Marketplace at its new loca- dry setting, little bluestem looks great tion in Springfield, Massachusetts. all year and provides winter interest Alex Feleppa is the Director of Horticul- There was much to learn and many with an upright stature and rich rust- ture for the Horticultural Society of New to meet; our thanks to one and all gold color. Like the sedges described York, a 107-year-old nonprofit organi- for a successful event. ELA wants before, little bluestem only requires zation located in midtown Manhattan, to hear from you and gain your mowing a couple times a year. Another devoted to improving the lives of New input on our Winter Conference candidate which I really enjoy work- Yorkers through . and Eco-Marketplace. For those of ing with is purple love grass, Eragrostis you who were not able to complete References cited: spectabilis. Not only is this plant evaluations before leaving the con- drought-tolerant, but it also adapts Colston, Burrell C., Native Alternatives to ference, forms will be available on to a wide range of soils, from sand to Invasive Plants, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, our website at www.ecolandscap- 2006. heavy clay. Lower than little bluestem, ing.org. purple love grass gets its name from Cook, Tom, “Low Maintenance Turf?” Or- their showy seed heads. To propa- egon State University, revised, Jan. 2005 For further information, you may gate, rely on seed or division of the Smarr, Tom. “Where Conservation and contact us at ELAinfo@comcast. rhizomes. The last clumping grass for Lifestyle Meet: Alternatives to Lawn net. sun is common hairgrass, Deschampsia Obsession,” New England Wild Flower flexuosa. As the name might imply, this Society, 2007. Evaluations can also be mailed grass provides a very fine, low texture to ELA 60 Thoreau Street #252 in the landscape. Tolerant of average Concord, MA 01742-2456. soils and some drought, this is another — — Lawn and Garden Coneheads twenty in North America. These tiny tion-based JF New ecological services • Bruce Wenning insects are much less numerous than company. Three innovative products soil mites and springtails, but they are employed in these efforts are bio- he Proturans are not your typi- important components of the soil eco- logs, live stakes, and floating islands. cal soil-dwelling insects. They system. They are common in the soils Biologs and live stakes are used as areT in the Order of deciduous and part of a riparian anchoring system. Protura. Blind, evergreen , These devices will accommodate vari- slow-moving, and meadows, - ous slope ratings, channel speeds and white-colored, they lands, organic lawns biodegradation requirements. The are tiny (0.6 to 1.5 and gardens. Like ecological beauty of these products mm) and have no other decomposer is their ability to become part of the antennae. Pro- organisms, such as solution. Biologs are made of coconut turans are affec- earthworms, soil fiber, filled with soil, and planted with tionately referred mites, springtails, native species that are appropriate to to as “coneheads” and millipedes, they the site and of local origin. The biologs because of their contribute to soil are then held in place with live stakes. uniquely-shaped fertility by feeding These live stakes, usually Cornus, Salix conical heads. on organic com- or Sambucus, are harvested when Adult and imma- pounds produced by dormant and stored under climatic ture proturans look fungal and bacterial control. When installed to support alike and utilize activity. The waste biologs these live stakes will begin the same food Proturans products produced to sprout. The stakes send out roots, sources. The larvae are slowly released aiding in erosion control, and vegeta- have nine abdominal segments. As as nutrients for uptake in plant roots. tive growth to support the diversity of they grow (molt) to adults they gain Thus, these insects perform a dual role three more abdominal segments, one in sustainable landscapes. at each molt. Unlike most insects, proturans’ This article originally appeared in the front legs serve as antennae and are Newton TAB. To learn more about the full of specialized sensory hairs that author, please see “Soil Food Web: Com- aid them in finding food, mates, and mon Denominator in the Landscape” in suitable habitats. Proturans hold their this issue. specialized front legs outstretched, meticulously tapping and stroking as Biologs installed. Photo courtesy of they feel their way between soil par- JF New. ticles, crevices, along plant root chan- New Waves in Landscape nels, and among organic compounds. Remediation life that occurs near the water’s edge. Their front legs are their “eyes”. • Scott LaFleur These systems need never be removed, Proturans are subterranean and like and within five years they are an unno- moist but well-drained soils, the same andscape remediation is a fast- ticeable part of the landscape. Stabi- conditions necessary for growing most growing sector of the land lized, vegetated riparian zones help to plants in gardening and lawn care. managementL industry that is nurtured impede future contamination of ponds, They require dark conditions to exploit by the innovative spirit of its practitio- lakes, and streams. substrates such as rotting logs, leaf ners. Though many projects in reme- Vegetated floating islands, created mold, humus, and soils high in organic diation are large-scale and overseen by by Floating Islands International in matter. They are true soil-dwellers and municipal entities, the benefits of new Shepherd, Montana, are unique native are beneficial insects in pest control. insights and techniques are becoming wetland gardens, used to help restore The feeding activities of all soil de- available to the average homeowner. and maintain an ecological balance in composer organisms help to compete Erosion of soil and nitrogen-load- ponds and lakes. Floating islands are against potential plant pathogens. ing of ponds and lakes from runoff an excellent water stewardship tool. There are nearly 500 species of are two major landscape issues being Using a recycled polymer matrix and proturans worldwide, but only about addressed by the Midwestern, founda- bonded with extra buoyant marine — — Styrofoam set of fibers used in construction of the on a lightweight island in conjunction with root hairs aluminum frame, provides high specific surface area for floating islands colonization of nitrate- and phos- are a state-of-the- phate-reducing microbes. This allows art design. This bio-filtration and nutrient removal technology creates to occur quickly. Aerobic microbial a super-wetland purification occurs by direct oxidation that allows water of biodegradable matter and by endog- to circulate and enous respiration where organic mate- plant roots to rial is oxidized. During this process grow through the water is oxygenated, allowing fish, the island. This frogs and other aquatics to breathe enhanced wetland and to thrive. improves water Floating Island at work. Photo courtesy of This new breath of life given to Floating Islands International quality by remov- the aquatic environment allows the ing nitrates, phos- “circulatory system” of a pond to func- phates, ammonia, and heavy metals. native plant communities and natu- tion correctly. In turn, the symbiotic Floating islands create critical riparian rally-occurring microbes to remove relationship of the pond and all its habitat used by all types of creatures excess nutrients and pollutants from inhabitants reestablishes itself. The from microbes to birds. They control the pond environment. The roots of floating islands provide food for many erosion by reducing wave action and the plants are in direct contact with creatures and while creating a physi- they beautify the aquatic environment. the water and are constantly extract- cal refuge for fish hiding from herons Floating islands work by enhanc- ing nutrients. Nutrients in the pond or other predators. Frogs will deposit ing a naturally-occurring symbiotic are not always in a form that is readily their eggs on the roots. Turtles will relationship. This relationship involves available for plant uptake; this is where climb aboard to bask in the sun. Birds the microbes come will stop to rest and ducks will nest. in. The microbes Salamanders will patrol the waterline work to break and the buzz of activity will crescendo down the nutri- with the myriad of bees, damsel flies, ents, making them and nectar-feeding insects. Floating available to the islands provide us all at once with a way plants. Non-plant of actively participating in the conser- Many NCO products are: microbes, such as vation of native flora, our pol- fungi and bacteria, luted waterways, and artfully enhancing grow quickly and the beauty of our surroundings. process nutrients The beauty of these products is that faster than algae. they are simple enough to be used by This in turn starves anyone and on projects large or small. Offering Natural Fertilizers, Soil the algae, reduc- Not only are erosion and water pollu- Amendments, and Environmentally ing algal blooms tion controlled, but habitat is created Compatible Pest Controls and the resulting in the process. While floating islands, damage to fish biologs and live stakes on their own Depot St. Bradford, VT 05033 and other aquatic are not a complete solution to our pol- 802/222-4277 FAX 802/222-9661 populations. luted water ways, they are an accessible Email: [email protected] Floating islands and versatile part of the solution. are more effective Visit our web site @ than naturally-oc- Scott LaFleur is Senior Horticulturist at http://www.norganics.com or call curring wetlands New England Wild Flower Society and now for the location of our nearest because of in- its Botanic Garden, Garden in the , wholesale distributor creased surface in Framingham, MA. area. The matrix — — Growing a Green Lawn whose members fit our target market. The educational and informational Being environmentalists and attend- talks we give will typically cover topics Business ing local meetings and events enabled such as: “What is Organic?” “Why • Dan Norris us to connect with key people. We Organic?” “How do I go Organic?” tarting an organic lawn care com- looked at groups with similar philoso- and “What products do I need to go pany in Ohio where Chemlawn, phies in terms of protecting air and organic?” There does seem to be some Scotts,S and Lesco were all founded water quality, and also groups that confusion about what is organic and poses a pretty good challenge. Add involve parents, children, and their many people automatically think of to that the decades-long advertising pets who are concerned with exposure manure when they hear the word or- campaigns that Americans have been to lawn chemicals. We connected with ganic. We inform them that our main exposed to touting the latest advance- non-profits who are committed to a fertilizer is made from corn, soy and ments in chemical lawn care and you common goal rather than just looking alfalfa. We next cover why organic is have quite a task ahead. But that is at the bottom line. Offering to speak important and explain the water qual- exactly what Alec McClennan, found- at local events and meetings to educate ity, environmental impacts, and pos- er of Good Nature Organic Lawn people on organics has helped tremen- sible risks to pets and humans of using Care, did in 1999. After graduating dously. Good Nature typically does lawn chemicals. Then we tell them one college, Alec set out to start an organic not charge for speaking engagements of the best reasons to go organic is that lawn care service in Cleveland, Ohio. but there is a reward when attendees the plants and lawns love it! A lawn’s First by word of mouth, and later by become clients. Groups like the Sierra health and ability to fight diseases and forming important relationships, the Club, Earth Day Coalition, Entre- insects is directly related to a healthy company has grown today to serve preneurs for Sustainability, Holistic microbial population which is fed by over 1500 clients throughout North- Moms, Ohio Coalition Against the the organics. But still people wonder east Ohio. Misuse of Pesticides (OCAMP), and do organics really work? We tell them One of the keys to the success of local garden clubs have all hosted yes – but it is a process and they prob- Good Nature, thus far, has been reach- talks by Good Nature or allowed us to ably won’t see results as fast as with a ing out to local environmental groups exhibit at annual events. chemical program. Then there is the

A fine lawn resulting from organic methods. Photo courtesy of Good Nature.

— — question of cost. Although the initial take longer to achieve the same results place, Dr. Elaine Ingham reviewed cost of an organic program may be as a chemical program, but that the the principles of a healthy soil food more, by creating a healthy lawn with results are ultimately more effective, web. She covered the major groups of less diseases and insect problems, you they are more apt to sign on and be soil organisms involved in mediating are eliminating potential problems and more patient. the release of nutrients from organic costs down the road. Overall, people Our programs and services utilize matter and specially designed compost have many misconceptions about lawn a corn gluten-based granular fertil- teas. Dr. Ingham stressed that we must care, grubs, and what causes thatch. izer for pre-emergent weed control. return the proper balance of soil food

Potential clients have been exposed continued on page 11 web organisms back to the soil for to endless advertising about lawn- maximum plant health and sustain- destroying insects and diseases and ability. We should not use inorganic which chemical solutions you need. fertilizers; pesticides, gypsum and Local veterinary offices have also other similar compounds, because the proven to be a great place to display Soil Food Web: Common salts from these chemical compounds our advertising materials and we have Denominator in the kill off beneficial soil organisms. talked to many vets who share our Landscape Organic matter decomposition oc- concern for pets and exposure to lawn curs even during the winter months • Bruce Wenning chemicals. Some local communities and it can be quite rapid. Therefore, have actually passed ordinances ban- s speaker for the Pre-Conference Ingham stated that it is important to ning pesticides on municipal property Dinner at ELA’s 13th Annual pay attention to habitats and seasons and Good Nature provides services WinterA Conference & Eco-Market- of different species of microbes. The and products to care for their lawns and landscapes. The Ecological Landscaping The Cleveland Metroparks Zoo has committed to an organic approach to Association Wants You! the care of their lawn and landscapes. Once again, we want to let you know that we welcome motivated, They started on an organic program energetic individuals who support our mission and purpose to join us in de- about eight years ago after a local veloping and administering the programs and initiatives of our organization. activist spoke at the zoo about the Our past success and the ability to improve and expand ELA in the future dangers of pesticides. After a couple depend on the support and involvement of many people. Your interests, years of trying on their own they then enthusiasm and talents may be just what are needed. Different opportunities contacted Good Nature to see if we for participation are available: could help. Good Nature has worked Board of Directors – The board is a core group of volunteers who closely with the zoo for lawn care as do the month-to-month work to keep the organization healthy, growing and well as plantings in and around the vital: policy setting, program development, strategic planning and financial animal exhibits. The zoo allows us to management. We’re especially looking for people with some experience post our signs and people are quite in finance, grant writing and fundraising, computer technology, marketing, impressed to hear we are taking care public relations and organizational development. The board generally meets of such a popular Northeast Ohio once per month between September and April. attraction. Additionally, the manager Committees – The various committees play a vital role in carrying of horticulture has agreed to be on our out the work of the organization. Participation on standing committees or reference list. This sort of collaboration helping with specific projects might be something you could offer. Op- an awareness-raising is essential. portunities are available in conference planning, fundraising, publications, Reaching the “other” group of national governance, public relations, board recruitment, membership people who may not be so organic- services, and on ad hoc committees. Creativity, enthusiasm, writing/commu- minded is more of a challenge. Home- nication skills, dedication, and of course, a little free time are what we need. owners need to be shown that an Do you have any to lend? organic approach works better, but Getting involved is as simple as calling our phone line at (617) 436- they may need to live with less than 5838, or drop us a line at [email protected]. Let us know how and when the “golf course” look to their lawn for to reach you and we will get in touch. the first couple seasons. When people understand an organic approach may — — harbor pathogens (bacteria and fungi) and macroarthropods (larger beetles and parasites (nematodes and micro- and millipedes) that feed on bacteria arthropods). These organisms attack and fungi in organic matter. As they living plant tissues and each other. burrow through the soil they feed and The root feeding organisms com- release nutrient- and microbe-laden prise certain nematode species and waste like the microarthropods. The various macroarthropods (i.e. mostly waste contributes to enhancing soil insects) such as beetle grubs, cut- structure, such as undigested lignins. worms, aphids, and some symphylans. Lastly, there are the higher-level Protozoa (single-celled soil dwellers predators which include larger insects, Oribatid mite. Photo courtesy University of Graz (Austria). including amoebas) and certain species spiders, centipedes, plus small and of nematodes feed partly on bacte- large vertebrates. These are the preda- cold temperature species are not active ria, as well as each other. Most soil tors that that keep the lower trophic during warm weather and vice-versa. nematodes are free-living, microscopic, level predators and prey in check. Soil life is diverse and metabolizes unsegmented worms that live in water Again, their waste helps improve soil organic compounds under different films between soil particles. The proto- structure and provides substrate for soil moisture and temperature regimes zoa and nematodes help keep in check the lower trophic level decomposer so organic matter breakdown is a dy- disease-causing bacteria and help populations. namic and natural process. When soil release nitrogen and other nutrients biology is unbalanced or incomplete, when feeding. Repairing Damaged Soils that is when nutrient cycling and re- The fungal feeders are fungi-feed- Damaged soils have many groups cycling are insufficient for the natural ing nematodes and many species of of soil organisms out of balance in fertility process to adequately support microarthropods including oribatid relation to each other and with the plant growth. and astigmatid mites; insects includ- particular plants they help support. Dr. Think of your landscapes as habi- ing springtails, and many species of Ingham stressed that repairing such tats. Habitat diversity relates to species soils should not be done on a trial- diversity. According to Ingham, the and-error basis, but on a custom com- greater the types of food, and levels of post formula derived from a microbial temperature, oxygen, moisture, carbon soil life profile. dioxide, and other physical gradients, For example, Dr. Ingham reported the greater the selection is for spe- that a large tomato grower used 12 cies diversity. Ingham stressed that kg of synthetic chemicals to produce when thinking about soil organisms 50 tons/hectare of tomatoes. When we should always keep in mind active the grower switched from synthetic species vs. non-active species. chemicals to a compost tea system, the Dr. Ingham gave a brief description tomato harvest increased to 210-220 of the main types of soil organisms. tons/ha. Ingham emphasized that in The “photosynthesizers” are plants, Astigmatid mite. Photo courtesy Univer- using the compost tea system no inor- algae and certain species of bacteria. sity of Bristol (UK). ganic chemicals were used to produce These soil organisms capture solar more tomatoes than chemical system energy to fix CO2­. The “decomposers” beetles, flies, and thrips to name a few. produced. Dr. Ingham repeated that include bacteria and fungi, organisms These tiny arthropods feed on the compost, if made correctly, has enough that break down plant and animal fungi and bacteria thriving in organic food sources to grow and sustain soil organic compounds. There are primary matter, ingesting and digesting these fungi, bacteria, protozoa, micro and and secondary saprophytes, or “decom- compounds. When this digested ma- macroarthropods, and others for bal- posers.” The “mutualists” also include trix of microbe-filled organic matter anced soil fertility. Compost enhances certain species of bacteria and fungi picks up more bacteria from the gut of the soil biology and nutrient fertility that enhance plant growth. Some these arthropods, the waste deposited system allowing for a more sustain- protect plant roots from pathogens. is further subjected to microbial attack, able and natural approach to growing Some bacteria fix 2N and some fungi releasing available nitrogen and other plants. are mycorrhizal, enhancing water and nutrients for uptake by plant roots. Dr. Ingham described another nutrient uptake by plants. Soils also The shredders are earthworms example of damaged soils; compaction. — — Most plant roots do not grow in com- for soils to be most productive, all of tion is no longer ruled by chemistry pacted soils because of the low oxygen the necessary soil biology components alone.” Therefore, getting the right content. Microbes tolerant of compac- must be present, the full diversity of soil biology complex back into the soil tion release plant-toxic compounds organisms. She stated that you do not is critical for soil organism-mediated with characteristic odors in various get the benefit of the full diversity fertility. It’s better for plants and safer amounts. Alcohol, formaldehyde, phe- of the soil food web when you apply for the environment. nols and other toxins detrimental to inorganic chemicals. plant root growth and establishment Bruce Wenning holds B.S .degrees in are produced under anaerobic condi- What is a Compost Tea Plant Pathology and Entomology from tions that also inhibit the growth of Program? U Mass/Amherst and a Master’s degree oxygen-loving microbes. Instead of relying on inorganic chemi- (Biology) from Harvard University Dr. Ingham stated that alcohol cals for plant production, Dr. Ingham Extension School. Bruce has worked for the U Mass Suburban Experiment sta- damages any living cell membrane suggested the following guidelines for tion in Waltham and as Horticulturist at 1 ppm. Anaerobic soil or compost implementing a compost tea program grounds manager for Mass Audubon’s for better plant productivity. First, the Habitat Sanctuary in Belmont. Cur- Soil Food Web program determines rently, Bruce serves on the ELA Board the missing pertinent soil organisms of Directors. and unbalanced soil chemistry from field and lab test procedures. Second, the test results suggest the right spe- Further reading: cies and blend of soil organisms for Soil Biology Primer by Elaine Ingham, application (compost tea, Act, inocu- Andrew Moldenke and Clive Edwards. lants, bio-controls) and any additional Published by the Soil and Water Conser- Garden Symphylan. Photo courtesy of food for beneficial organisms. Third, vation Society. © 2000. Ankeny, Iowa. USDA. the added soil organisms are kept ac- tive by having foods to consume (add- Email: [email protected] produces alcohol as high as 25 ppm. ing compost tea). Dr. Ingham stressed Now we have a better understanding that this procedure, if done in the why disease-causing organisms and fall, can improve soil biology and soil weeds adapted to low oxygen tend structure through the winter. Fourth, to do better in such conditions. They Dr. Ingham emphasized the impor- tolerate the low-oxygen microbial tance of soil biology monitoring. You toxic compounds produced better must know what organisms survived than the oxygen-loving plant species and what compounds are needed to and microbes. Anaerobic microbes are keep the compost tea and soil biology better able to out-compete beneficial complex functioning. organisms because of the specific acid For pre-plant conditions, she sug- waste products produced, decreasing gested that one should apply soil soil pH, and enhancing their growth organisms and foods based on soil and survival. monitoring preferably done in the fall. GEI’s Blower Service However, when the soil biology For seed, apply soil organisms, foods, Erosion Control • Ecological Work is balanced, disease organisms and and mycorrhizal fungi to the actual Topdress • Seeding • Mulching most annual weeds do not compete seed or to the soil beneath the seed. GEI’s Compost Blends very well. According to Ingham, we Dr. Ingham added that foliar applica- EarthBoost™ FilterMitt Mix™ traditionally use high nitrate (NO3) tions of microbes can help protect PowerBoost ™ fertilizers in landscaping and agricul- plant leaves from most diseases and GEI’s Compost Tea Blends tural systems. However, these fertil- provides nutrients. izers tend to select for disease organ- Dr. Ingham repeated that “without Organic Maintenance Programs http://www.groundscapesexpress.com isms. Pesticides and other inorganic soil biology, you are stuck with soil pH compounds maintain these growing as the sole arbitrator of what nutrients P.O. Box 737, Wrentham, MA 02093 systems in an unbalanced food web are available to plant roots, but when Office (508) 384-7140 Fax (508) 384-0571 condition. Dr. Ingham stressed that you add soil organisms, plant nutri- — — A Brave New World: reason. He is working uphill against the misconception that fungi are any Fungi and Our Future more pathogenic than many other life- • Editor forms. The paradigm that all life on aul Stamets, pioneer mycolo- earth depends on plants is challenged gist and author, likes to refer to here. Stamets illustrates that plants “tsunamisP of mycelia.” Using this figu- are entirely dependent on fungi and rative term for the enormous bacteria to thrive (because they cannot fungi produce in startlingly little time, make nitrogen and other nutrients Stamets describes the massive output sufficiently available on their own). of his laboratories, the rapid integra- Fungi, however, like many bacteria, can tion of organic matter into living tissue acquire energy without photosynthesis. in old growth forests, and the potential Delving into fungal life cycles, some of for quick and effective use of fungi in which remain poorly understood, Sta- landscape mets reveals fungi’s incredible diver- remediation. sity. Coupled with this extreme level “Tsunami” of adaptive diversity is the extreme is also an propensity of fungi to form symbiotic appropriate relationships with, well, everything. Bridgeoporus (Oxyporus) nobilissiums, image for On every level, fungi are amazingly the first mushroom declared endangered, grows on this noble fir. Photo by Dusty the wave of complex, illustrated by the fact that a Wu Yao. information single species of can behave as and innova- a pathogen or a symbiont in the same That fungi can heal more than tion that lifespan, or can be a mold at one time individual human illnesses and ailing emanates from Stamets in his new and a mushroom-forming basidio- forests is shown in Part II, “Mycores- tome, Mycelium Running. mycete at another, leading to much toration.” Under “Mycofiltration,” As Keynote Speaker on this subject taxonomic confusion. Stamets outlines some of his own for the ELA’s 13th Annual Winter Belonging now to the super-king- innovations in using mycelia to remove Conference, Stamets had to pause reg- dom Ophisthokonta, fungi are classed toxins and pathogens from the land- ularly to allow his audience to absorb with animals. Such reclassification scape. The simplicity and efficacy of the enormous weight of new informa- understands such realities as the fact his methods are unique. As well, he tion. With so much to present, the that antibiotics produced by fungi suggests the possible future scope of challenge was to make the information are commonly equally effective for such methods. Through mycoforestry, digestible. How Mushrooms Can Help use by humans. In fact, fungi seem Stamets suggests, we can arrest decline Save the World is the chosen subtitle. able to empower life and growth for of compromised forests, help prevent Though this may sound to some every creature under diverse stressors massive fires, and recover in a farfetched, this could well be argued as through their incessant gift of water, few years eroded and altered terrains an understatement. Stamets has more nutrients, and anti-pathogenic com- that would take generations to heal than put in his time on basic research pounds to plants and animals. This on their own. Stamets is not finished and endless lab hours. His knowledge much was known to ancient Otzi, the amazing his audience yet. of fungi is seemingly inexhaustible. Ice Man discovered in the Otztal Alps, In “Mycoremediation,” Stamets Part I of Mycelium Running is who carried among his treasured ne- touts a field test operated by the “The Mycelial Mind.” This discussion cessities both fungi and lichens having Washington State Department of may be too far-reaching for some, many known uses both mundane and Transportation. In these trials, soil comparing fungal mycelia to the medicinal today, and likely in Otzi’s heavily contaminated by diesel fuel internet and positioning fungi as the time as well. Stamets speaks of the was treated with a variety of chemicals, ecological ‘masterminds’ of the earth’s medicinal forest and the vast potential bio-engineered microbes, and oyster self-sustaining land-based systems. for fungi to heal. Fungi have been mushrooms. The only method that The reader would be ill-advised to tested with effectiveness against every- showed significant decontamination of stop here, however. Stamets makes thing from smallpox to Serin gas; such the soil was the fungal method. Oyster good arguments for his philosophi- is their ability to neutralize pathogens mushroom mycelia rapidly digested cal venture, and presents this for good and toxins. hydrocarbons of the diesel, producing — 10— soil almost completely free of contam- incredible versatility of fungi. Fun and NORRIS continued from page 7 inants, and a bumper crop of perfectly funky, the methods given range from edible mushrooms as well. This is but homespun to high-tech; some would Depending on the time of year, we also the starting point, as Stamets recounts even make great projects for young use a molasses-based liquid fertilizer trials that have shown fungi effective children and their parents. Delicious that has pre-emergent weed control in the hyper-concentration of toxic culinary and medicinal mushrooms properties, and when applied often heavy metals from soils. Though no can be grown recycling such materials enough (i.e. once a week), has shown longer edible, the mushrooms selec- as cardboard, rope, and wooden dow- to have some post-emergent control tively remove toxins without much els, or as a disposal method for yard as well. Good Nature employs the use energy input with an efficiency that debris, unwanted logs, and wood chips. of beneficial nematodes for grub and cannot be matched by other methods. Instead of burning these ‘wastes’ and insect control in both the spring and Following the horrors of Chernobyl, loading more carbon into the air, the late summer. Efficacy rates for nema- Ukrainians engaged in age-old tradi- average suburban homeowner could todes and white grub control are at or tions of wild-harvesting mushrooms supply the diner table with gourmet above 80%, according to studies done discovered that fungi can also hyper- mushrooms at very low cost. Mush- at the Ohio State University. Nema- concentrate radioactive isotopes. The rooms can also be integrated with todes have also been shown to control unique biochemistry and evolution of garden vegetables to increase vegetable fleas and ticks (this can be important fungi enables us to employ them in the yields and lessen irrigation. Stamets to those who have pets). Diatomaceous undoing of seemingly any contamina- ends with a superb descriptive gallery Earth is applied around the foundation tion we have created. of mushrooms, plus a thorough glos- of homes for perimeter pest control “Mycopesticides” enters a realm sary and resource list. and is available for DIY applications never before explored. While fungi At times visionary and other times too. Natural Garlic Sprays applied in have proven a panacea for antibiotic whimsical, Mycelium Running will the summer are quite effective in de- needs, not much has been investigated overwhelm you with possibility, amaze terring mosquitoes, deer and geese. As in their use against insect pests. Sta- you with complexity, and give you rea- for and shrub care, Good Nature mets has managed to secure one of his son to find hope in a healthier future. offers natural health care sprays con- several patents in the use of fungi to This book and the ideas within its cov- sisting of a seaweed mixture combined control insect infestations through his ers are a splendid interaction between with liquid nutrients and a fall deep creative application of symbiotic/com- pure geek science, pop culture, and the root feeding incorporating mycorrhi- petitive dynamics. Having observed pressing need to provide a safe and zae to enhance ability to absorb water through well-known literature the viable home for ourselves. Fungi also and nutrients. We have noticed our parasitizing of ants by certain fungi point out a valuable lesson in perspec- clients’ landscapes becoming healthier (although ants also farm other fungi), tive: for decades largely ignored and with less insect and disease problems. Stamets was able to arrest a destruc- looked upon as pathogens, fungi are By aligning with like-minded tive infestation of carpenter ants in now better understood as a longstand- groups and organizations, we are his own home. Ever-insightful, he ing antimicrobial savior of the human helping to spread the message about conducted trials on sectors in cultured species, and a paradigm for recovering alternatives to traditional lawn care. fungal strains that were thought to vibrant ecosystems that we have dam- In addition, by showing results we are be attenuated and not of much use. aged. gaining customers that believe the By culturing these sectors instead of organic approach is the way to go. By excising and discarding them from collaboration, outreach, and education, cultures, Stamets established that these green lawn professionals are changing unusually-pale strains exhibit delayed how of American homeowners view sporulation. Under normal sporula- landscape health. tion, ants are able to recognize, and diligently avoid, lethal fungal infesta- Dan Norris is a Certified Turfgrass Profes- tions. The delayed sporulation of these Reishi growing on potted alder log. sional through the University of Georgia strains fools the ants’ early warning Photo courtesy Fungi Perfecti. with additional studies at Ohio State Uni- versity. Dan has combined his sales and envi- system until it is too late. The resulting ronmentalist background to do something he patent was the first of its category. always wanted to do: help the environment. Part III, “Growing Mycelia and Mushrooms,” demonstrates again the — 11— gleanings the current ALB infestations can be found alpha/beta-pinene mixture is used to lure here: http://www.uvm.edu/albeetle/infes- the insects into a trap. To date we have found tation/index.html no Sirex wood-wasps in Massachusetts. Miscanthus, Ornamental and The Asian longhorned beetle is a large The emerald ash borer (Agrilus pla- Invasive Grass (1-1½ inches long), shiny, black beetle nipennis) was first discovered in Michigan with white splotches on its back. Its in June 2002. Since its initial discovery in This is an information site about Miscan- antennae have alternate black and white Michigan, emerald ash borer (EAB) has thus, an ornamental grass that has natural- bands and are 1 to 2½ times the insect’s been found in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio and ized and invaded native plant communi- body length. Look for damage caused by Ontario, Canada. In order to limit the hu- man-mediated spread of EAB, Michigan, ties in parts of the United States. This site ALB on hardwoods including maples, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio are under a has been prepared as part of a research horse chestnut, willow, poplar, and elm. federal quarantine that prohibits move- project in coordination with University of Exit holes created by the beetle are ap- ment of ash tree materials and hardwood Minnesota and the National Park Service. proximately ½ inch in diameter and have firewood outside the quarantine area. In Ornamental cultivars of Miscanthus sinen- well-defined edges, resembling precisely 2003 infestations in Maryland and Vir- sis should only be planted in managed drilled holes. There are no pheromone ginia resulted from nursery stock brought landscapes where they can be watched traps for ALB so we have 2 methods to in from Michigan. Maryland has a state for self-seeding. look for them. 1) Go to areas where solid quarantine in place to prevent move- Mary Hockenberry Meyer, Professor of wood packing materials have entered ment of materials that could harbor EAB. Horticultural Science at UMN. Visit http:// Massachusetts and look for signs of ALB. The emerald ash borer is a golden green horticulture.coafes.umn.edu/miscanthus 2) Investigate ALB sightings reported beetle with darker, metallic emerald by the public. ALB was not detected in green wing covers and is about ½ inch Massachusetts in 2006. 2007 ALB News: in length. In the United States EAB has A new infestation has been discovered attacked white ash (Fraxinus americana), outside the current quarantine area in NY black ash (F. nigra), red ash (F. pensly- on Prall’s Island, an 80-acre, uninhabited vanica), green ash (F. pensylvanica var. island lying between Staten Island, N.Y., subintegerrima) and several horticultural and northern New Jersey. In Canada, an varieties of ash. Distinct S-shaped tunnels additional 16 infested were found beneath the bark are formed from larval within the current quarantine area in feeding. Adults emerge in June to early S Toronto in January. July leaving D-shaped exit holes 3-4mm The Sirex wood-wasp (Sirex noctilio) is in diameter in the bark. a native of Europe that attacks pine trees. The adult wasp has a steel-blue, cylindri- For more information and photos of these Woodborer Update: Asian Long- cal body and is ½ to 1½ inches in length. introduced woodborers visit: horned Beetle, Emerald Ash Borer, Males have a patch of orange on their And Sirex Wood Wasp • Asian Longhorned Beetle: http://mass- abdomen. The female wasp injects a toxic nrc.org/pests/pestFAQsheets/asianlong- (March 21, 2007): mucus and fungus into the trees when horned.html she oviposits eggs. The mucus and fungus • Emerald Ash Borer: http://massnrc. Wood boring insects have arrived to the work together to kill the tree and provide org/pests/pestFAQsheets/emeraldashborer. United States though solid wood packing a suitable environment for the develop- html materials in shipments of foreign goods. ing wasp. The first detection of the Sirex • Sirex Wood-Wasp: http://mass- Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora wood-wasp in the United State was in nrc.org/pests/pestFAQsheets/ glabripennis), emerald ash borer (Agrilus 2004 in Oswego County, New York. As european%20woodwasp.htm planipennis), and Sirex wood wasp (Sirex a result of surveys in 2005 and 2006 noctilio) are three introduced wood-bor- conducted by state and federal officials, This pest alert is from the Massachu- ing insects currently affecting the United the Sirex wood-wasp has been detected setts Introduced Pests Outreach Project, States. The Asian longhorned beetle (ALB) in an additional 24 counties in New York a collaborative project between the was introduced to North America in and 2 counties in Pennsylvania. The Sirex Massachusetts Department of Agricultural solid wood packing material from China. wood wasp has also been reported in 6 Resources and the UMass Extension Ag- ALB was first reported by a resident of locations in southern Ontario, Canada. In riculture and Landscape Program aimed Brooklyn, NY in 1996. Since that time Massachusetts, the MA Dept. of Agricul- at preventing the establishment of new it has been found in Chicago (1998), tural Resources and MA Dept. of Con- pathogens and pests in Massachusetts. New Jersey (2002), and Ontario, Canada servation and Recreation are cooperating Visit the project website (http://www. (2003). Eradication projects are being with the USDA, APHIS and U.S. Forest massnrc.org/pests). conducted at these locations. Maps of Service in conducting Sirex surveys. An S

— 12— announcements including sponsorship information, please the Gardens Master Plan for the Lady Bird contact Renée Toll-DuBois or Emma Johnson Wildflower Center in Austin, Lathan at Eagle Eye Institute at (617) Texas. Smith lives in Toronto, Ontario. Massachusetts 666-5222 or [email protected] or New England Wild Flower Society’s Celebration to Feature Tree visit Eagle Eye Institute’s website at www. Executive Director Gwen Stauffer dis- Plantings across the eagleeyeinstitute.org cusses the synergistic roles of private Commonwealth and public gardens in helping to achieve effective plant conservation in “Cultural Urban Youth Take Action against Global Landscapes and Plant Conservation.” Warming and For Community Health S Prior to joining New England Wild Flower Society in 2005, Stauffer was Executive Urban youth groups will plant more than Director of Gardens at Calloway Gardens 200 trees, 100 in Boston and the rest GO WILD with in Georgia. distributed across 12 other municipali- “The Art of Livable Landscapes” Symposium participants will board ties: Belmont, Brockton, Cambridge, Fall Symposium motor coaches for a short ride to Gar- River, Holyoke, Lawrence, Lowell, New den in the Woods and a special preview Bedford, Quincy, Somerville, Springfield New England Wild Flower Society marks tour of “ART GOES WILD: Innovation and Worcester. This statewide Arbor Day the 75th anniversary of Garden in the with Native Plants.” W. Gary Smith will celebration on Friday, April 27, 2007 will Woods in 2007, beginning with “The introduce the exhibit, which opens to be coordinated by Eagle Eye Institute Art of Livable Landscapes” Symposium the public on May 19th. This exhibit runs in partnership with the Massachusetts on Friday, May 18, 9:00 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. until October 31. Coalition of YouthBuild USA and is Held at the Crowne Plaza Hotel, Natick, The New England Wild Flower Society funded in large part by an Urban MA, three of America’s influential horti- is pleased to co-sponsor “The Art of Liv- Challenge grant from the DCR as part of culture and design visionaries come to- able Landscapes” with Arnold Arboretum a nine-month Green Industries Career gether to discuss the coming revolution in of Harvard University, Massachusetts Hor- Pathway program conducted by Eagle Eye native plants — as artistic garden features, ticultural Society, and Wellesley College Institute. The celebration at as expressions of regional identity, and Friends of Horticulture. The symposium each site is expected to draw state and as key components of livable sustainable fee is $125 for members of the Society local leaders in the public, private and environments. The symposium promises and co-sponsoring institutions, and $150 non-profit sectors, as well as local youth to fuel creative inspiration and bring pow- for non-members. The fee includes park- and community members. All sites have erful design ideas to clients, and to our ing, morning/afternoon refreshments, been chosen with an emphasis on restor- gardens. A luncheon follows the morn- luncheon, and transportation to and from ing equity across the city, planting trees ing programs. The symposium includes Garden in the Woods for the exhibit and in areas where they are needed most, a first-hand preview of the Garden’s new reception. Please register by calling New primarily in low-income neighborhoods, exhibit, “ART GOES WILD: Innovation England Wild Flower Society at 508-877- where tree canopy has traditionally been with Native Plants,” with the artist, W. 7630 ext. 3303 or by emailing registrar@ low, and where the increased shade and Gary Smith, followed by an informal newfs.org. Special symposium lodging health effects of these trees will be well- Garden reception. rates on Thursday and Friday are available appreciated. “We’re extremely excited Rick Darke speaks on “Native Plants at the Crowne Plaza Hotel. to be partnering with the Massachusetts and Livable Landscapes.” He invites us for a Call 508-653-8800 for reservations. YouthBuild Coalition to coordinate this fresh look at the “native” theme and the op- tree planting effort on a statewide level portunities for creating and conserving truly S for this year’s Arbor Day,” said Eagle livable regional landscapes. His books, The Eye Institute Executive Director Renee American Woodland Garden: Capturing the Toll-DuBois. “The events bring together Spirit of the Deciduous Forest and his latest, Smart Growth Resources for local youth, professional , and The Encyclopedia of Grasses for Livable Massachusetts Cities and Towns government and community leaders and Landscapes, are both available for signing will demonstrate how important trees are and purchase at the event. This booklet from the Commonwealth of for the overall health of our communities. In “Artistic Approaches to Design,” Massachusetts provides a comprehensive As active participants in the plantings, the award-winning landscape architect W. listing of financial and technical resources local youth gain valuable experience and Gary Smith explores the intersection of for cities and towns interested in promot- training, bringing to life our slogan that ecological design and artistic abstraction, ing smart growth. The publication is pro- we are ‘planting roots for our future.’” where plants and other artful materials si- duced by the Office of Commonwealth For more information on the 2007 multaneously reach their sustainable and Development (OCD), which integrates Massachusetts Arbor Day celebration, aesthetic potential. In 2005 he completed energy, environmental, housing, and

— 13— transportation policies, programs, and at 7pm, at NRWA. Heirloom / Heri- “I went to the woods because....” ELA regulations, and coordinates capital tage-Breed (Rare and Endangered) Farm member offers unique, environmentally spending programs that affect develop- Animals. friendly vacation rentals with low-tech, ment patterns. In Smart Growth Resources rustic comfort. Three thoughtfully renovat- for Cities and Towns, you’ll read about • NEW: Sustainable Local Agriculture Series ed housekeeping cabins on 75 wooded OCD programs that touch on the follow- Part III: tentative date, Tuesday, June 5th at acres with private beach on spring-fed ing topic areas: 7pm, at NRWA. “Introduction to Permacul- pond. Swimming, canoeing and kayak- ture: Ecological Vision, Design System, and ing, fishing, miles of hiking trails, gardens • Planning and Zoning Global Movement” with Dave Jacke who w/400 varieties of native plants. Located • Downtown Redevelopment has been a student of ecology and design in south central NH just 80 miles from • Housing since the 1970s, and has run Dynamics Boston. See www.graylogcabins.com or Ecological Design firm. For more info: his contact Carl Wallman (603) 435-5209, • Economic Development website – Edible Forest Gardens.com – is [email protected]. • Bicycle and Pedestrian dedicated to offering inspiring and practical S • Water Transportation information on the vision, ecology, design, and stewardship of perennial of Boston-based, high-end landscape com- • Transit Oriented Development multipurpose plants in small-scale settings. pany seeks crew member for 2007 to do • Open Space Preservation garden maintenance, artistic and • Sustainable Local Agriculture Series Part • Water/Sewer and Other Municipal plant installation. No lawn mowing. Or- IV: Natural Step with JoAnne Sunshower of Services ganic philosophy. 10th year in business. New England Small Farm Institute. Since Benefits include health insurance/savings • Brownfield Redevelopment 1988, The Natural Step has worked to plan. FT or PT. Call Christie at (617) 327- accelerate global sustainability by guiding • Energy Efficiency & Renewable 0330, [email protected]. Energy companies, communities and governments onto an ecologically, socially and economi- S Program descriptions and contact cally sustainable path. The Network is part information are provided in the 28 page of the international network of The Natural WELL WATER CONNECTION, INC. (4.3mb) booklet; available online as a Step, a non-profit, research, education and Well Water Connection, Inc. provides PDF document at the resource link below. advisory organization that uses a science- practical, cost-effective, and environmen- Resource: http://commpres.env.state.ma. based framework to help organizations, tally conscious solutions to water-related us/publications/smart-growth_OCD.pdf individuals and communities move toward problems experienced by green industry S sustainability. June date to be announced. professionals and their clients. Our unique approach combines professional project Native Plants in the Landscape management with water, well, pump, 17th Annual Conference will be held at Mill- filtration, and stain removal services. For ersville University, Millersville, PA, June 7-9, unclassifieds immediate service or more information, 2007. Topics include: Green Architecture & contact John Larsen at (978) 640-6900 or Biophilia, Sustainable Residential Property, HELP WANTED: Experienced organic [email protected]. Garden Design Inspired by Plant Communi- vegetable gardener for Roxbury, CT ties, Restoring Diversity in Your Garden. For estate. Mondays and Thursdays, 9-5, more info: www.millersvillenativeplants.org April-October. Plant and care for a 60’x40’ garden with potting house, an- Sustainable Local Agriculture Series nuals, perennials, fruit trees. Fax resume • Sustainable Local Agriculture Series Part to (860) 354-5902 or e-mail vaylward@ I: Wednesday, May 16th at 7pm, at NRWA. msn.com “Local Sustainable Agriculture versus Fac- S tory Farming: the Future for America” with Position: Land Stewardship Manager! Jack Kittredge (Social Action Coordinator Help Land’s Sake, Inc. design, install, for MA NOFA and organic farmer in Barre, and maintain ecological and edible land- MA) and Kim Greenough (New Beginnings scapes. Seeking experienced gardener to Farm in Townsend, MA) who will also ad- run small crew. Location: Weston, Mass. dress grass-fed livestock systems. See www.landssake.org/joblistings/ 07LandStewPos.htm or call: (781) 893-1162. • Sustainable Local Agriculture Series Part II: tentative date, Thursday, May 24th S

— 14—