Refining of Recycled Fibers

磨漿技術及配料,填料的添加

Paper technology program 2010 08 26 Taichung, Taiwan

2010 10 / CGK 1 Refining of recycled fibers

- A key to upgrading of fiber potential for papermaking

2010 10 / CGK 2 Once refined fibers should not be refined again

2010 10 / CGK 3 History of recycled fibers

Dried or never dried virgin fibers Printing and converting processes have passed through the stock have produced various reading preparation and papermaking and packaging materials for processes everyday use

Which have then been collected for a further use in the papermaking • Has often been the only papermaking fiber in some countries • Is today more and more used in all papermaking countries

2010 10 / CGK 4 Treatment of recycled fibers Collected recycled fiber pulp contains various harmful foreign materials

Those are either removed or But the bonding ability of fibers made to non-visible particles is not always properly developed

And the result very often is ?

Clean fibers with a low bonding ability requiring a high amount of expensive chemical binders

2010 10 / CGK 5 Why refine recycle fibers

Fibers are refined In the papermaking inorder to improve their process, fiber bonding bonding ability ability has weakened

Recycled fibers are no longer optimal paper raw materials as such

- Irreversible changes - Deinking has cleaned fibers - Bonding ability of recycled fibers can be improved through refining

2010 10 / CGK 6 Recycled fibers for papermaking

Never dried pulps from own Dried market pulps from recycled fiber plant commercial plants

In most cases these fibers are not always ready for papermaking as:

• Previous severe pressing and drying in papermaking have created hornification and other irreversible changes in the fiber structure Some fines have been removed Hot dispersion has created curly and kinky fibers Flash drying has created strong fiber bundles

2010 10 / CGK 7 Stock preparation for recycled fibers Is needed as for all other papermaking fibers

Never dried pulps from own Dried market pulps from recycled fiber plant commercial plants

• Refining • Slushing • Deflaking • Refining

Need of stock preparation stages and the amount of treatment in those stages depend on

• The previous history of fibers • The targets in the papermaking • Recycled fiber can be used as a filler • Recycled fiber can give strength

2010 10 / CGK 8 Refining of recycled fibers Why to refine recycled fibers?

Because once refined fiber has But once through the paper- been developed to give a good making process has reduced bonding ability that bonding ability

and

Once so nicely developed fibers are not any more in their best condition for the next use in papermaking • Severe drying and pressing forces have created irreversible changes (hornification and closed fibrils) • Recycled fiber treatment process has cleaned but not necessarily developed the fibers

2010 10 / CGK 9 Targets of the recycled fiber refining

It is desirable It is not desirable

Regenerate the swelling and • Shorten the fibers the bonding ability of fibers • Weaken the fibers • Increase the dewatering resistance • Reduce the bulk

This can be reached These negative effects can with all refiners best be minimized by using but wrong refining has suitable refiners with correct so strong negative selection of fillings which enable effect that it can be to get the best out of recycled fiber best not to perform it

2010 10 / CGK 10 Development of market DIP

120

100

40 Unrefined = 135 CSF 27 kWh/t = 123 CSF 20

% Unrefined market as 100 % market Unrefined % 48 kWh/t = 114 CSF 77 kWh/t = 93 CSF

0 Tensile Tear Fibre length Bulk Porosity Unrefined 36.8 Nm/g 6.89 mNm2/g 1.18 mm 2.35 cm3/g 350 ml/min

2010 10 / CGK 11 Fiber development of DIP 160

140

120

100

40 Unrefined = 235 CSF 50 kWh/t = 170 CSF % Unrefined marked as 100 % marked Unrefined % 20 100 kWh/t = 125 CSF 150 kWh/t = 95 CSF

0 Tensile Burst Tear Fiber length Bulk Unrefined 26.2 Nm/g 1.30 kPam2/g 7.38 mNm2/g 1.23 mm 2.05 cm3/g

2010 10 / CGK 12 Fiber development of OCC 200

180

160

140

120

100

40 Unrefined = 620 CSF 50 kWh/t = 560 CSF

% Unrefined marked as 100 % marked Unrefined % 100 kWh/t = 460 CSF 150 kWh/t = 360 CSF 20

0 Tensile Burst Tear Fiber length Bulk

Unrefined 24.1 Nm/g 1.36 kPam2/g 8.30 mNm2/g 1.35 mm 2.07 cm3/g

2010 10 / CGK 13 Fiber development of OCC 300 275 250 225 200 175 150 125 100 75 Unrefined = 620 CSF 50 kWh/t = 560 CSF 50 % Unrefined marked as 100 % as 100 marked Unrefined % 100 kWh/t = 460 CSF 150 kWh/t = 360 CSF 25 0 TEA Scott Bond CMT 30 RCT Unrefined 0.28 J/g 84 J/m2 82 N 1.19 kN/m

2010 10 / CGK 14 Development of white kraft waste

160

140

120

100

40 Unrefined = 440 CSF 25 kWh/t = 415 CSF 50 kWh/t = 375 CSF 75 kWh/t = 285 CSF % Unrefined marked as 100 % as 100 marked Unrefined % 20

0 Tensile Tear Burst Bulk

Unrefined 25.0 Nm/g 10.0 mNm2/g 2.2 kPam2/g 1.8 cm3/g

2010 10 / CGK 15 Fiber180 development of AOCC

160

140

120

100

% Unrefined marked as 100 % as 100 marked Unrefined % 0 kWh/t = 540 CSF 43 kWh/t = 430 CSF 20 86 kWh/t = 355 CSF 0 Schopper Tensile Burst Tear Unrefined 23 SR 32.5 Nm/g 1.9 kPam2/g 13.2 mNm2/g

2010 10 / CGK 16 Fiber220 development of AOCC 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 0 kWh/t = 540 CSF 43 kWh/t = 430 CSF 40 86 kWh/t = 355 CSF % Unrefined% marked as 100 % 20 0 Fiber length Bulk TEA Scott Bond Unrefined 1.50 mm 2.28 cm3/g 0.49 J/g 90 J/m2

2010 10 / CGK 17 Change of recycled pulp beating degree (CSF) in refining

2010 10 / CGK 18 Change of recycled pulp beating degree (SR) in refining

2010 10 / CGK 19 How refining of recycled pulp affects paper tensile strength

2010 10 / CGK 20 How beating degree of recycled pulp affects paper tensile index

2010 10 / CGK 21 How refining of recycled pulp affects paper tear index

2010 10 / CGK 22 How refining affects the average fiber length of recycled pulp

2010 10 / CGK 23 How refining of recycled pulp affects paper bulk development

2010 10 / CGK 24 How refining of recycled pulp affects paper air permeability

2010 10 / CGK 25 How refining affects the shives content of recycled pulp

2010 10 / CGK 26 How refining of recycled pulp affects paper bursting index

2010 10 / CGK 27 Refining process

2010 10 / CGK 28 Stator Stator Stator

Fiber bundle Rotor Rotor Rotor

Fiber pick-up Edge to edge Edge to surface

Stator Stator Stator

Rotor Rotor Rotor Refined area

Surface to surface Surface to surface End of refining

2010 10 / CGK 29 Fibers stapling on rotor bar edge

Good stapling • Strong vortex • Strong centrifugal force • Weak force along groove

2010 10 / CGK 30 Refiner flow pattern

Stator

Rotor

Grooves must be wide enough for fibers • they must be able to rotate in grooves • the longer the fibers the wider the grooves

Vortex flows get fibers stapled on bar edges

2010 10 / CGK 31 The effect of refining

• Strength properties generally, like tensile, burst and internal bonding strength are increased

TENSILE STRENGTH

Fibrillating

Cutting

kWh/t

2010 10 / CGK 32 The effect of refining

• Tear strength is initially increased, but is then reduced after prolonged refining

TEAR STRENGTH

Fibrillating

Cutting

kWh/t

2010 10 / CGK 33 The effect of refining

• Drainage resistance and water removal resistance are increased

REFINING DEGREE, SR REFINING DEGREE, CSF

Cutting

Fibrillating Fibrillating

Cutting

kWh/t kWh/t

2010 10 / CGK 34 The effect of refining

• Air permeability, bulk, absorbency, opacity, brightness and light scattering are reduced

BULK LIGHT SCATTERING COEFFICIENT

Cutting Cutting

Fibrillating

kWh/t kWh/t

2010 10 / CGK 35 The effect of refining

• Fiber length are reduced

FIBER LENGTH

Fibrillating

Cutting

kWh/t

2010 10 / CGK 36 Refiners

2010 10 / CGK 37 Refiners - batchwise operated Hollander - Beater

2010 10 / CGK 38 Refiners Geometry

Conical Refiners Disc Refiners

Low cone Short cone Short cone Single Double Multidisc Shallow angle Shallow angle Wide angle Disc Disc “Jordan” “Conflo” “Claflin”

2010 10 / CGK 39 Conical refiner

2010 10 / CGK 40 Conical refiner

2010 10 / CGK 41 Conical refiner

2010 10 / CGK 42 Disc refiners

• The disc refiner group comprises three types, namely single-disc, double-disc and Multi-disc type refiners

2010 10 / CGK 43 Rotor Centralizing Rotating Element TriConic® System System Main Body Adjustment Mechanism Construction 2010 10 / CGK 44 Andritz Papillon refiner

2010 10 / CGK 45 Andritz Papillon refiner

Refining gap open

Plates in refining position

2010 10 / CGK 46 The amount of refining Beating degree / Net refining energy

60 800 2*150 kWh/bdmt 4*75 kwh/bdmt 700 50

600 40 500

400 30

300 BEATING DEGREE, °SR

BEATING DEGREE, CSF Ml 2*150 kWh/bdmt 20 200 4*75 kWh/bdmt

100 10 0 50 100 150 200 250 3000 50 100 150 200 250 300 NET REFINING ENERGY, kWh/bdmt NET REFINING ENERGY, SRE kWh/bdmt

Short fiber

2010 10 / CGK 47 The amount of refining Tensile index / Refining energy input

90 90 80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50 TENSILE INDEX, Nm /g

40 TENSILE INDEX,40 Nm/g 2*150 kWh/bdmt 2*150 kWh/bdmt 4*75 kWh/bdmt 30 30 4*75 kWh/bdmt

20 20 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 NET REFINING ENERGY, kWh/bdmt TOTAL REFINING ENERGY, kWh/bdmt

Short fiber

2010 10 / CGK 48 The amount of refining Tensile index / Beating degree

90 90

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50 TENSILE INDEX, Nm/g INDEX, TENSILE TENSILE INDEX, Nm/g INDEX, TENSILE 40 40 2*150 kWh/bdmt 2*150 kWh/bdmt 30 30 4*75 kWh/bdmt 4*75 kWh/bdmt

20 20 100 200 300 400 500 600 70010 800 20 30 40 50 60 BEATING DEGREE, CSF Ml BEATING DEGREE, °SR

Short fiber

2010 10 / CGK 49 The amount of refining Tensile index / Refining energy input

90 90 80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50 TENSILE INDEX, Nm /g

40 TENSILE INDEX,40 Nm/g 2*150 kWh/bdmt 2*150 kWh/bdmt 4*75 kWh/bdmt 30 30 4*75 kWh/bdmt

20 20 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 NET REFINING ENERGY, kWh/bdmt TOTAL REFINING ENERGY, kWh/bdmt

Short fiber

2010 10 / CGK 50 The amount of refining Tensile index / Tear index

Short fiber

2010 10 / CGK 51 The amount of refining Tensile index / Fiber length

Short fiber

2010 10 / CGK 52 Refining process

Low Medium High consistency consistency consistency refining refining refining Consistency 2% - 6% 10% - 20% 30% - 35%

Rotor linear 15m/s – 25m/s 40m/s – 50m/s 90m/s – 110m/s speed

2010 10 / CGK 53 Refining result HC vs LC refining

2010 10 / CGK 54 Refining result HC vs LC refining

2010 10 / CGK 55 HC+LC Refining system

2010 10 / CGK 56 Refining system Energy input / split per stage

• Max. specific surface load at achieved refining degree must be taken into account as shown earlier, e.g. for softwood:

35 SR 15 SR

130 kWh/t 120 kWh/t 100 kWh/t

2010 10 / CGK 57 Refiner fillings Geometry

• Typically metallic stainless steel fillings / segments are used. The basic design parameters are width of bars and grooves, height of bars and angle of bars.

• The optimal fillings are selected based on fibers, so that long and strong fibers require wider bars and grooves than shorter fibers.

2010 10 / CGK 58 Refiner fillings Geometry

Application Bar width, mm Groove width, mm

Hardwood 2.0…3.0 3.0…4.0

Mixed pulp 3.5 4.5

Softwood 4.0…5.5 5.0…7.0

Fibrillating 4.0…8.0 3.0…5.0

Cutting 2.5…4.5 7.0…9.0

In general the bar width is about 2 ~ 3 times of fiber length

2010 10 / CGK 59 Refiner fillings Intersecting angle

• The bar to bar crossing angle varies from 10° to 40° depending on fibers, long fibers having greater angle. α • Too small angle increases noise level. • Too big angle increases energy consumption and decreases hydraulic capacity.

2010 10 / CGK 60 Cutting edge length calculation

•CEL = Zr × Zst × l α=18° • 12 segments in both rotor and stator four 315mm long bar l1 Z1 two 210mm long bar two 105mm long bar l 2 Z2 • Cutting edge length l3 Z3 Z1 96×96×0.105 = 967.7m/rev 30° l=100mm Z2 72×72×0.105 = 544.3m/rev Z3 48×48×0.105 = 241.9m/rev Total 1753.9m/rev

2010 10 / CGK 61 Amount of refining Typical specific refining energy

• NBKP 10 … 15 kWh/t/oSR

• LBKP 7 … 10 kWh/t/oSR

• Recycled fiber DIP 5 … 7 kWh/t/oSR

• Recycled fiber OCC 7 … 10 kWh/t/oSR

• NUKP 15 … 17 kWh/t/oSR

2010 10 / CGK 62 Refining intensity Specific Edge Load, typical figures

• Softwood, weak 2.0…4.0 J/m • Softwood, strong 4.0…6.0 J/m

• Hardwood, weak 0.4…0.8 J/m • Hardwood, strong 0.8…1.5 J/m • Recycled fiber, weak 0.4…2.0 J/m • Recycled fiber, strong 2.0…4.0 J/m • Post refining of mechanical pulps 0.7…1.5 J/m • Reject refining in chemical pulp mill 0.5…2.0 J/m

2010 10 / CGK 63 Amount of refining Typical inputs in one pass

• NBKP 60 … 200 kWh/t

• LBKP 40 … 80 kWh/t

• Recycled fiber 20 … 100 kWh/t

• Post refining of mechanical pulps 30 … 80 kWh/t

• Trim refining 20 … 50 kWh/t

2010 10 / CGK 64 1 m 1 m

Narrow or wide bars?

According to specific edge load theory beating result must be equal supposing that net refining energy Ws/m or J/m is equal. It does not consider the width of the bars.

2010 10 / CGK 65 Low-consistency refining Specific Edge Load vs Specific Surface Load

BL Pine sulphate 80 3,7 J/m 440 J/m² 70

60 3,7 J/m 50 704 J/m²

Tensile Index, Nm/g 3,7 J/m 30 1210 J/m² 20 10 20 30 40 Refining Degree, SR

• The specific surface load theory is valid when the fiber floc cover the whole width of bar surface

2010 10 / CGK 66 Refining system

Continuous refining at 4.0 – 5.0% consistency Refiner control is based on net refining energy - kHh/t control CSF control is not recommended - incoming freeness is not constant Control system requires : - consistency control before refiners - flow control after refiners Circulation back to pump suction is recommended if flow variations are too high 2010 10 / CGK 67 Recommended refining conditions for dried DIP

2010 10 / CGK 68 Recommended refining conditions

以脫墨漿(DIP)為例: - 磨漿能耗 : 30 – 80 kWh/BDMT - 低濃磨漿機 : 一段或兩段串聯運轉 - 每段最高磨漿能量 : 60 kWh/BDMT - 磨漿濃度 : 4.0 ~ 5.0%, 纖維愈短濃度宜愈高 - 刀棒寬 : 2.5 ~ 3.5 mm - 有效緣角效率(SEL) : 0.9 ~ 1.8 J/m

2010 10 / CGK 69 Refining Sizing – excises

1 ) Freeness drop : 10oSR 2 ) SRE : 80 kWh/BDMT ( 7 – 10 kWh/BDMT/oSR ) 2 stages of refiner needed (Max 60 kWh/Ton/Stage ) 3 ) Production : 200 Ton/Day – 8.34 Ton/Hrs NE : 80 x 8.34 = 668 kW ; 334 kW per refiner 2 ) SEL : 0.9 - 1.8 J/M 3 ) Motor speed : 720 rpm = 12 rps

4 ) Cutting length selection : ( SEL = NE / Cl x rps ) Case 1 : 2 stage refining : 0. 9 – 1.8 = 334 / Cl x 12 Cl = 31.0 – 15.5 kM Case 2 : 1 stage refining : 0.9 – 1.8 = 668 / Cl x 12 Cl = 62.0 – 31.0 kM

2010 10 / CGK 70 Refining of recycled fibers Summary

• A moderate low-consistency refining system can be used for improving the paper-technical properties of recycled pulps. • The total refining energy consumption for conical refiners is normally within the range of 30 to 60 kWh/t. • Refining conditions must be well selected to avoid overrefining or other faults and disturbances. Refining will straighten curly recycled fibers and improve their bonding, which will improve the settlement of fibers to the paper. Improved bonding ability enables an increase of the recycled fibers fraction in the paper pulp, which will reduce the amount of chemical pulp needed.

2010 10 / CGK 71 Paper board

2010 10 / CGK 72 Product Special requirements Cartonboard grade Direct food Purity, cleanliness, runnability FBB Frozen food Strength, barrier, purity, cleanliness, runnability SBS, SUS Indirect food Runnability WLC Attractive appearance, purity, cleanliness, odor and Confectionery FBB, SBS taint free Bottle carriers Strength SUS Cosmetics, toiletries Attractive appearance FBB, SBS Cigarettes, tobacco Runnability, odor and taint free, appearance SBS, FBB

Pharmaceuticals Identification, runnability FBB, WLC

Detergents Strength, runnability WLC, SUS Household durables, Strength WLC hobby items Textiles, clothing, Appearance WLC, FBB footwear

Toys, games Strength, purity WLC, SUS

Paper products Appearance, runnability WLC Milk, juices Runnability, cleanliness, purity, strength LPB

2010 10 / CGK 73 Stiffness

2010 10 / CGK 74 Paperboard grades

Paperboard grades

Cartonboards Containerboards Special boards

Folding boxboard Linerboard Core board

White lined chipboard Wall paper base Brown Solid bleached board Plaster board

Kraftliner Solid unbleached board Book binder board Recycled

Liquid packaging board Mottled Woodpulp board

White top Others Bleached

Unbleached Corrugating medium

Semichemical Recycled 2010 10 / CGK 75 Paperboard grades

Paperboard grades

Cartonboards Containerboards Special boards

Folding boxboard Linerboard Core board

White lined chipboard Wall paper base Brown Solid bleached board Plaster board

Kraftliner Solid unbleached board Book binder board Recycled

Liquid packaging board Mottled Woodpulp board

White top Others Bleached

Unbleached Corrugating medium

Semichemical Recycled 2010 10 / CGK 76 Folding boxboard (FBB)

Paperboard grades

Cartonboards Containerboards Special boards

Folding boxboard Linerboard Core board

White lined chipboard Wall paper base Brown Solid bleached board Plaster board

Solid unbleached board Kraftliner Book binder board Recycled

Liquid packaging board Mottled Woodpulp board

White top Others Bleached

Unbleached Corrugating medium

Semichemical Recycled 2010 10 / CGK 77 Definition

• Typical quality values for high quality product

– Basis weight : 180-400 g/m² – Bulk : 1.35-1.70 cm³/g – Stiffness Taber (CD) : > 4.5 mNm (250 g/m²) – PPS : 1.0-1.5 µm – Gloss : 45-60 % – Brightness : 80-84 % – Ply bond : >150 J/m²

2010 10 / CGK 78 Furnish structure

THREE PLY FBB

DOUBLE OR TRIPLE COATING

TOP PLY BLEACHED HW / BLEACHED SW PIGMENT 0 - 8 %

FILLER PGW, SGW, BCTMP PLY OWN BROKE

BACK PLY BLEACHED HW / BLEACHED SW BCTMP

HW Hardwood Kraft pulp OPTIONAL SINGLE COATING SW Softwood Kraft pulp PGW Pressurized Groundwood pulp SGW Stone Groundwood pulp BCTMP Bleached Chemithermomechanical pulp

2010 10 / CGK 79 White lined chipboard (WLC)

Paperboard grades

Cartonboards Containerboards Special boards

Folding boxboard Linerboard Core board

White lined chipboard Wall Paper base Brown

Solid bleached board Plaster board

Solid unbleached board Kraftliner Recycled Book binder board

Liquid packaging board Mottled Woodpulp board

White top Others Bleached

Unbleached Corrugating medium

Semichemical Recycled 2010 10 / CGK 80 Definition

• Typical quality values for high quality product

– Basis weight : 200-450 g/m² – Bulk : 1.20-1.35 cm³/g – Stiffness Taber : > 3.5 mNm (250 g/m²) – PPS : 1.5-2.0 µm – Gloss : 40-50 % – Brightness : 78-80 % – Ply bond : >150 J/m²

2010 10 / CGK 81 Furnish structure

FIVE PLY WLC DOUBLE OR TRIPLE COATING

TOP PLY BLEACHED HW / BLEACHED SW WHITE LEDGER

UNDERTOP DIP PLY WHITE LEDGER BCTMP, GW

FILLER OCC, MW, ONP, OMP PLY SGW, PGW OWN BROKE

UNDERBACK OCC, ONP , DIP PLY

OPTIONAL: SINGLE COATING BACK PLY BLEACHED HW / BLEACHED SW ONP, OCC

HW Hardwood Kraft pulp SW Softwood Kraft pulp DIP Deinked pulp PGW Pressurized Groundwood pulp OCC Old Corrugated Containers SGW Stone Groundwood pulp OMP Old Magazine Paper BCTMP Bleached Chemithermomechanical pulp ONP Old Newsprint

2010 10 / CGK 82 Solid bleached sulfate (SBS)

Paperboard grades

Cartonboards Containerboards Special boards

Folding boxboard Linerboard Core board

White lined chipboard Wall paper base Brown Solid bleached board Plaster board

Solid unbleached board Kraftliner Book binder board Recycled

Liquid packaging board Mottled Woodpulp board

White top Others Bleached

Unbleached Corrugating medium

Semichemical Recycled 2010 10 / CGK 83 Definition

• Typical quality values for high quality product

– Basis weight : 180-350 g/m² – Bulk : 1.10-1.25 cm³/g – Stiffness Taber (CD) : > 3.0 mNm (250 g/m²) – PPS : 1.0-1.5 µm – Gloss : 35-75 % (different grades) – Brightness : 86-90 % – Ply bond : >130 J/m²

2010 10 / CGK 84 Furnish structure Art board (Far East) ONE PLY SOLID BOARD DOUBLE OF TRIPLE COATING

FILLER: BLEACHED HW / BLEACHED SW PLY OWN BROKE

OPTIONAL: SINGLE COATING

THREE PLY SOLID BOARD DOUBLE OR TRIPLE COATING

TOP PLY: BLEACHED HW / BLEACHED SW

FILLER : BLEACHED HW / BLEACHED SW PLY BCTMP OWN BROKE

BACK PLY: BLEACHED HW / BLEACHED SW

OPTIONAL: SINGLE OR DOUBLE COATING HW Hardwood Kraft pulp SW Softwood Kraft pulp BCTMP Bleached Chemithermomechanical pulp

2010 10 / CGK 85 Solid unbleached board (SUB)

Paperboard grades

Cartonboards Containerboards Special boards

Folding boxboard Linerboard Core board

White lined chipboard Wall paper base Brown Solid bleached board Plaster board

Solid unbleached board Kraftliner Recycled Book binder board

Liquid packaging board Mottled Woodpulp board

White top Others Bleached

Unbleached Corrugating medium

Semichemical Recycled 2010 10 / CGK 86 Definition

• Typical quality values for coated SUB

– Basis weight : 280-450 g/m² – Bulk : 1.2-1.4 cm³/g – Sheffield : 80-145 SU – PPS : 1.9-2.5 µm – Hunter Gloss : 45-55 % – Brightness : 76-80 % – Ply bond : >150 J/m²

2010 10 / CGK 87 Furnish structure Carrier board

TWO PLY DOUBLE COATING

TOP PLY: UNBLEACHED HW / UNBLEACHED SW OWN BROKE

BASE PLY: UNBLEACHED SW

THREE PLY DOUBLE OR TRIPLE COATING

TOP PLY: UNBLEACHED HW / UNBLEACHED SW

FILLER : UNBLEACHED HW / UNBLEACHED SW CTMP OCC BROKE

BASE PLY: UNBLEACHED SW HW Hardwood Kraft pulp SW Softwood Kraft pulp CTMP Chemithermomechanical pulp

2010 10 / CGK 88 Liquid packaging board (LPB)

Paperboard grades

Cartonboards Containerboards Special boards

Folding boxboard Linerboard Core board

White lined chipboard Wall paper base Brown Solid bleached board Plaster board

Solid unbleached board Kraftliner Book binder board Recycled

Liquid packaging board Mottled Woodpulp board

White top Others Bleached

Unbleached Corrugating medium

Semichemical Recycled 2010 10 / CGK 89 Definition

• Typical quality values for coated LPB

– Basis weight : 180-280 g/m² – Bulk : 1.3-1.6 cm³/g – Stiffness Taber (CD) : > 3.5 mNm (220 g/m²) – PPSS10 : 2.0-3.5 µm (flexo) : 1.5-2.0 µm (roto) – Brightness : 76-80 % (or higher) – Ply bond : >150 J/m²

2010 10 / CGK 90 Furnish structure

SINGLE PLY UNCOATED OR DOUBLE COATING

FILLER: BLEACHED HW / BLEACHED SW PLY OWN BROKE

THREE PLY DOUBLE OR TRIPLE COATING

TOP PLY: BLEACHED HW / BLEACHED SW

FILLER : BLEACHED HW / BLEACHED SW UNBLEACHED HW / UNBLEACHED SW CTMP

BASE PLY: BLEACHED HW / BLEACHED SW UNBLEACHED HW / UNBLEACHED SW HW Hardwood Kraft pulp SW Softwood Kraft pulp CTMP Chemithermomechanical pulp

2010 10 / CGK 91 Paperboard grades

Paperboard grades

Cartonboards Containerboards Special boards

Folding boxboard Linerboard Core board

White lined chipboard Wall paper base Brown Solid bleached board Plaster board

Kraftliner Solid unbleached board Book binder board Recycled

Liquid packaging board Mottled Woodpulp board

White top Others Bleached

Unbleached Corrugating medium

Semichemical Recycled 2010 10 / CGK 92 Containerboard

Open face, Single face, Single wall

Double wall, Triple wall

2010 10 / CGK 93 Containerboard Grades

2010 10 / CGK 94 Kraftliner Typical furnish components KRAFTLINER (2-PLY) TOP PLY: Unbleached Kraft pulp (SW) BASE PLY: Unbleached Kraft pulp (SW) OCC Machine broke

KRAFTLINER (2-PLY) White top COATING: Optional TOP PLY: Bleached Kraft Pulp (mixture of SW/HW) BASE PLY: Unbleached Kraft Pulp (SW) OCC Machine broke

Note: SW = Softwood (Spruce, Fir, Pine) 2010 10 / CGK 95 HW = Hardwood (Birch, Eucalyptus, Acasia) Testliner

TESTLINER (2-PLY) Typical furnish components TOP PLY: OCC OCC + mixed waste (LF Fraction) BASE PLY: OCC OCC + mixed waste (SF Fraction) Mixed waste Machine Broke TESTLINER (3-PLY) TOP PLY: Unbleached Kraft Pulp, OCC FILLER PLY: OCC, Mixed waste, Machine broke BACK PLY: OCC

TESTLINER (4-PLY) TOP PLY: Unbleached Kraft Pulp, OCC UNDERTOP: OCC, DIP, CPO FILLER PLY: OCC, Mixed Waste, Machine broke BACK PLY: OCC

OCC = Old Corrugated Containers 2010 10 / CGK 96 DIP = Deinked Pulp LF, SF = Long Fiber, Short Fiber Containerboard grades

Paperboard grades

Cartonboards Containerboards Special boards

Folding boxboard Linerboard Core board

White lined chipboard Wall paper base Brown Solid bleached board Plaster board

Kraftliner Solid unbleached board Book binder board Recycled

Liquid packaging board Mottled Woodpulp board

White top Others Bleached

Unbleached Corrugating medium

Semichemical Recycled 2010 10 / CGK 97 Containerboard Grades

2010 10 / CGK 98 Corrugating Medium

Typical furnish components

HW SEMI-CHEM (NSSC) OCC+mixed waste Unbleached kraft pulp OCC Mixed waste Bagasse

OCC = Old Corrugated Containers NSSC = Neutral Sulfite SemiChemical

2010 10 / CGK 99