/°* '^^^n^ //i,- '^r. c.^" ^'IM^"* *»^ A^ -h^" .0^ V ,<- ^.. A^^ /^-^ " THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER BY R. W. SINDALL, F.C.S. CHEMIST CONSULTING TO THE WOOD PULP AND PAPER TRADES ; LECTURER ON PAPER-MAKING FOR THE HERTFORDSHIRE COUNTY COUNCIL, THE BUCKS COUNTY COUNCIL, THE PRINTING AND STATIONERY TRADES AT EXETER HALL, 1903-4, THE INSTITUTE OF PRINTERS ; TECHNICAL ADVISER TO THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, 1905 AUTHOR OF "paper TECHNOLOGY," " THE SAMPLING OF WOOD PULP " JOINT AUTHOR OF " THE C.B.S. UNITS, OR STANDARDS OF PAPER TESTING," " THE APPLICATIONS OF WOOD PULP," ETC. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS, AND A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WORKS RELATING TO CELLULOSE AND PAPER-MAKING ^^RlFFeo^ ^^ ^, 11^ OCT 3 11910 ^^f-40 ^\^c> A BU\ lo\' NEW YORK D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY 23 MURRAY AND 27 WARREN STREETS 1908 By trassf»r trom U. S. Tariff Boarri 1012 /(o'?'<Q / PREFACE •Papee-making, in common with many other industries, is one in which both engineering and chemistry play important parts. Unfortunately the functions of the engineer and chemist are generally regai^dedi •a&n.inelepejident of one another, so that the chemist ife^o^ify e^llfeS-iii-hy the engineer when efforts along the lines of nlecTianical improvement have failed, and vice versa. It is impossible, however, to draw a hard and fast line, and the best results in the art of paper-making are only possible when the manufacturer appreciates the fact that the skill of both is essential to progress and commercial success. In the present elementary text-book it is only proposed to give an outline of the various stages of manufacture and to indicate some of the improvements made during recent years. The author begs to acknowledge his indebtedness to manufacturers and others who have given permission for the use of illustrations. CONTENTS FAQE PEEFACE V LIST OF ILLUSTEATIONS CHAPTER I. HISTOEICAL NOTICE 1 II. CELLULOSE AND PAPEE-MAKINa FIBEES . 20 III. THE MANUFACTUEE OF PAPEE FEOM EAGS 47 IV. ESPAETO AND STEAW .... 72 ^JS. WOOD PULP, AND WOOD PULP PAPEES 95 VI. BEOWN PAPEES AND BOAEDS . 126 VII. SPECIAL KINDS OF PAPEE 137 VIII. CHEMICALS USED IN PAPEE-MAKING 153 ^IX. THE PEOCESS OF " BEATING" ... 175 _ X. THE DYEING AND COLOUEING OF PAPEE PULP 199 ^XI. PAPEE MILL MACHINEEY 214 XII. THE DETEEIOEATION OF PAPEE 229 XIII. BIBLIOGEAPHY 253 INDEX 273 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ^ SHEET OP PAPYRUS, SHOWING THE LAYERS CROSSING ONE ANOTHER . 2. AN EARLY PAPER MILL (fROM " KULTURHISTOEISCHEN BILDER BUCH,'.' A.D. 1564) 10 3. THE PAPER MILL OP ULMAN STROMER, A.D. 1390 (SUPPOSED TO BE THE OLDEST KNOWN DRAWING OF A PAPER MILL) 12 4. THE PIRST PAPER MACHINE, A.D. 1802. PLAN AND ELEVATION 17 5. THE IMPROVED PAPER MACHINE OF A.D. 1810 18 6. A RAG SORTING HOUSE 47 7. A RAG DUSTER 49 8. A RAG CUTTER 50 9. INTERIOR OP PAPER MILL FOR HAND-MADE PAPER (r. BATCHELOR & sons) 51 10. VIEW OF A RAG BOILER, SHOWING CONNECTIONS 52 11. A BREAKING AND WASHING ENGINE 54 12. OETTEL AND HAAS' APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ELECTROLYTIC BLEACH LIQUOR .... 58 " 13. THE " HOLLANDER BEATING ENGINE . 59 14. THE HAND MOULD, SHOWING FRAME AND DECKLE . 61 15. APPARATUS FOR SIZING PAPER IN CONTINUOUS ROLLS 63 16. A SUPERCALENDER 65 17. THE FIRST WATERMARK IN PAPER 67 18. COTTON ..... 69 19. LINEN 70 20. AN ESPARTO DUSTER 74 21. SINCLAIR'S "vomiting" ESPARTO BOILER 75 22. A PORION EVAPORATOR .... 76 23. SCOTT'S MULTIPLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR 79 24. A PEESSE-PATE FOR ESPARTO PULP 85 25. ESPARTO PULP 88 26. A CYLINDRICAL DIGESTER FOR BOILING FIBRE 89 27. STRAW 93 P. h X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ' FIG. PAGE 28. A PAIR OF BARKERS FOR REMOVING BARK FROM LOGS OF WOOD 98 29. VIEW OF HORIZONTAL GRINDER (a), WITH SECTION (b) . 99 30. A VERTICAL GRINDER FOR MAKING HOT GROUND MECHANICAL WOOD PULP 101 31. CENTRIFUGAL SCREEN FOR WOOD PULP 102 32. SECTION OF CENTRIFUGAL SCREEN FOR WOOD PULP . 103 33. WOOD PULP DIGESTER, PARTLY IN ELEVATION, PARTLY IN SECTION 106 34. VIEW OF ORDINARY SULPHUR-BURNING OVENS . 108 35. SPRUCE WOOD PULP 114 36. MECHANICAL WOOD PULP 115 37. THE SCREENS FOR REMOVING COARSE FIBRES FROM BEATEN PULP 118 SB. THE PAPER MACHINE (WET END SHOWING WIRB) . 119 39. PAPER MACHINE SHOWING WIRB, PRESS ROLLS, AND DRYING CYLINDERS 123 40. SINGLE CYLINDER OR YANKEE MACHINE .... 130 41. SECTION OF WET PRESS, OR BOARD MACHINE . 131 42. DOUBLE CYLINDER BOARD MACHINE 133 43. APPARATUS FOR MAKING PARCHMENT PAPER .... 138 44. GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF PLANT FOR MAKING " ART " PAPER 143 " 45. SECTIONAL ELEVATION OF " COATING PLANT . 144 46. COTTON PULP BEATEN 8 HOURS 179 47. COTTON PULP BEATEN 37 HOURS 180 48. PLAN AND SECTIONAL ELEVATION OF A "HOLLANDER". 185 49. BEATING ENGINE WITH FOUR BEATER ROLLS. 186 50. UMPHERSTON BEATER 188 51. SECTION OF UMPHERSTON BEATING ENGINE .... 189 52. NUGENt's beating engine WITH PADDLES FOR CIRCULATING THE PULP 190 53. A " tower" BEATING ENGINE WITH CENTRIFUGAL PUMP FOR CIRCULATING PULP . 191 54. WORKING PARTS OF A MODERN REFINING ENGINE . 192 55. CONVENTIONAL DIAGRAM OF A WATER SOFTENING PLANT . 216 " 56. AN " ENCLOSED STEAM ENGINE . ' . 220 57. AN ELECTRICALLY DRIVEN PAPER MACHINE .... 222 58. DIAGRAM OF THE " EIBEL " PROCESS ..... 223 THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER CHAPTER I HISTOEICAL NOTICE History.—The art of paper-making is undoubtedly one of the most important industries of the present day. The study of its development from the early bygone ages when men were compelled to find some means for recording important events and transactions is both interesting and instructive, so that a short summary of the known facts relating to the history of paper may well serve as an intro- duction to an account of the manufacture and use of this indispensable article. Tradition.—The early races of mankind contented them- selves with keeping alive the memory of great achievements by means of tradition. Valiant deeds were further com- memorated by the planting of trees, the setting up of heaps of stones, and the erection of clumsy monuments. Stone Obelisks.—The possibility of obtaining greater accuracy by carving the rude hieroglyphics of men and animals, birds and plants, soon suggested itself as an obvious improvement ; and as early as b.c. 4000 the first p. B 2 THE MANUFACTUEE OE PAPEE records which conveyed any meaning to later ages were faithfully inscribed, and for the most part consigned to the care of the priests. Clay Tablets. —The ordinary transactions of daily life, the writings of literary and scientific men, and all that was worthy of note in the history of such nations as Chaldea and Assyria have come down to us also, inscribed on clay tablets, which were rendered durable by careful baking. On a tablet of clay, one of the earliest specimens of writing in existence, now preserved in the British Museum, is recorded a proposal of marriage, written about b.c. 1530, from one of the Pharaohs, asking for the hand of the daughter of a Babylonian king. Waxed Boards.—Bone, ivory, plates of metal, lead, gold, and brass, were freely used, and at an early period wooden boards covered with wax were devised by the Eomans. In fact, any material having a soft impressionable surface was speedily adopted as a medium for the permanent expression of men's fancy, so that it is not strange to find instances of documents written on such curious substances as animal skins, hides, dried intestines, and leather. The works of Homer, preserved in one of the Egyptian libraries in the days of Ptolemseus Philadelphus, were said to have been written in letters of gold on the skins of serpents. Leaves, Bark.—The first actual advance in the direction of paper, as commonly understood, was made when the leaves and bark of trees were utilised. The latter especially came speedily into favour, and the extensive use of the inner bark {liber) made rapid headway. Manuscripts and documents written on this liber are to be found in many museums. Papyrus.—The discovery of the wonderful properties of the Egyptian papyrus was a great step in developing the art of paper-making. The date of this discovery is very uncertain, but one of the earliest references is to be found HISTOEICAL NOTICE 3 in the works of Pliny, where mention is made of the writings of Numa, who Jived about B.C. 670. This celebrated plant had long been noted for its value in the manufacture of SIM . «».^-.S-^.-;. 4 THE MANUFACTUEE OF PAPER The Egyptian papyrus was made from the tine layers of tibrous matter surrounding the parent stem. These layers were removed by means of a sharp tool, spread out on a board, moistened with some gummy water, and then covered with similar layers placed over them crosswise. The sheets so produced were pressed, dried, and polished with a piece of ivory or a smooth stone. Long rolls of papyrus were formed by pasting several sheets together to give what was termed a volumen. Roman Pa'pyri.—The Eomans improved the process of manufacture, and were able to produce a variety of papers, to which they gave different names, such as Charta hieratica (holy paper, used by priests), Charta Fanniana (a superior paper made by Fannius), Charta emporetica (shop or wrap- ping paper), Charta Saitica (after the city of Sais), etc. The papyrus must have been used in great quantities for this purpose, since recent explorations in Eastern countries have brought to light enormous finds of papyri in a wonderful state of preservation. In 1753, when the ruins of Hercu- laneum were unearthed, no less than 1,800 rolls were discovered.