DOCSLIB.ORG

Gold in Minerals and the Composition of Native Gold

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Gold in Minerals and the Composition of Native Gold Gold in Minerals and the Composition of Native Gold Gold in Minerals and the Composition of Native Gold By Robert S. Jones and Michael Fleischer GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 612 Washington 1969 United States Department of the Interior WAl.TfR J. HICKEL, Secretary Geological Survey William T. Pecora, Director Free on application to the U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. 20242 CONTENTS Page Abstract -----------------------------------------------~----------------- 1 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------- 1 General geochenrlcal considerations ----------------------------------------- 1 Gold in minerals ------------------------------------------------------ _ 2 Composition and the fineness of gold ---------------------------- ___ 13 References cited --------·-------_____________________ ______________ ____ _ 15 TABLES Page 'fABLE 1. Major gold-bearing minerals ----------------------------------- __ 2 2. Analyses of precious metals in minerals made before 1955 _______ _ . _ 3 3. Analyses of gold in minerals made since 1954 --------------------- 10 4. Variation in fineness of gold with depth, Lily mine, Transvaal, South Jlfrica -------------------------------------------------------- 14 5. Fineness of mill bullion prior to 1882 at the Homestake nrlne, South Dakota -------------------------------------------------------- 15 Ill GOLD IN MINERALS AND THE COMPOSITION OF NATIVE GOLD By ROBERT S. JONES and MICHAEL FLEISCHER ABSTRACT much lower concentrations in the sulfiie phase, Gold occurs in nature mainly as the metal and as and occurs in much lesser amount~ in the various alloys. It forms complete series of solid solu­ silicate phase. Gold occurs in natur~ mainly tions with silver, copper, nickel, palladium, and as the metal and as various alloys, especially platinum. In association with the platinum metals, gold with silver, and as intermetallic co:'llpounds. occurs as free gold as well as in solid solution. Laboratory studies show that gold can form The native elements contain the most gold, followed by the sulfide minerals. Several gold tellurides are complete series of solid solutions with silver, known, but no gold selenides have been reported, and copper, nickel, platinum, and palla:dium. Gold only one sulfide, the telluride-sulfide mineral nagyagite, is commonly present in association with plati­ ii:; known. num metals; most microscopic stuc"ies have The nonmetallic minerals carry the least gold, and shown that free gold is present in platinum, the light-colored minerals generally contain less gold than the dark minerals. but a recent electron-probe analysis of ferro­ Some conclusions in the literature are conflicting in platinum shows uniform distributioi' of gold regard to the relation of fineness of native gold to its ( Ottemann and Augustithis, 1967). This distri­ position laterally and vertically within a lode, the bution indicates that gold and platinum aTe nature of the country rocks, and the location and size present in solid solution. of nuggets in a streambed, as well as to the variation of fineness within an individual nugget. Several gold tellurides are known (table 1), but no gold selenides have been repC'...-ted, and INTRODUCTION the only minera~ in which gold is certainly combined with sulfur is the telluride-sulfide, This report on the occurrence of gold in nagyagite. Gold commonly occurs in sulfide minerals and on the fineness of native gold minerals, but largely, if not entirely, as the was prepared as background material for the free metal; it is uncertain whether any gold Heavy Metals program of the U.S. Geological occurs in these minerals in true isomorphous Survey, an intensified program of research substitution. on new sources of heavy metals, including gold. It is even less likely that gold is present in ionic substitution in silicate miner·als. Man­ GENERAL GEOCHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS tei and Brownlow (1967) state, "Tl'e concen­ tration of gold in the various minerals is proba­ Gold belongs to group Ib of the periodi.c bly due to an inclusion or entrappinr-- phenom­ table, as do silver and copper. Its atomic num­ ena rather than to ionic substitutior. Because ber is 79, and atomic weight is 197.0; it con­ of its oxidation potenti.al, it would 1~<~ difficult sists of a single isotope. Its metallic radius for gold to become oxidized and thus be able is 1.44A., univalent ionic radius 1.37A., and to take part tn ionic substitution. Krauskopf trivalent ionic radius 0.85A. (1951) states that simple ionic goli can not Gold is strongly siderophilic and somewhat exist in geological environments, alth('mgh com­ chalcophilic; that is, it tends to be co,ncen­ plex ions containing gold may form. Ringwood trated in the metallic phase of meteorites, with (1955) points out that Au+, because of its 1 large electronegativity, would form a very been made by more sensitive methods, mostly weak covalent bond, and one which would pre­ by neutron activation, than the older ones, fer not to form. Thus the gold of a crystallizing and values as low as 0.0003 ppi1. (part per magma tends to concentrate in the residual million) are reported. However, comparatively fluids. The factors which would control the few neutron activation analyses . of rock-form­ amount of gold entrapped in a given mineral ing minerals have been reportei in recent would be the concentration of gold in the years. The older analyses tend to be significant­ magma at the time of crystallization and the ly higher than more recent analyses of the type of crystal structure formed by the min­ same minerals. The highest gold values listed eral." in tables 2 and 3 are reported for the native Helgeson and Garrels (1968), on the basis elements; next highest are for the sulfide min­ of thermodynamic calculations, think that all erals. but marginal or low-grade hydrothermal native TABLE 1.-Major gold-bearing minerals gold deposits form above 175°C and, at ele­ vated temperatures, most hydrothermal solu­ Gold Au. Cubic, sp gr 19.3 (pure Au), decreasing with ircreasing con­ tions are probably distinctly acid. They believe tent of Ag. Form!;; a complete that gold is present primarily in the form series of solid solutions with silver of aurous chloride complexes in contrast to (see electrum and silver, below); the low-temperature considerations of Kraus­ commonly contains 10-15 percent Ag. Also reported in percent: Cu kopf (1951) and Cloke and Kelly (1964) who (ma..."X: 20.4), Fe (ma.x 0.1), rarely suggest that the aqueous species AuC17 is Bi (max 2.9), Sn (max 0.3), Ph the principal form of dissolved gold in hydro­ (ma..."X: 0.2), Zn (max 0.8), AI (max thermal solutions. 0.10), Mn (max 0.002). See sec­ Goni, Guiiiemin, and Sarcia (1967) have tion "Composition and Fineness of Gold." investigated the stability of colloidal suspen­ Varieties: sions of gold and the formation of nuggets. Electrum, (Au,Ag), argentian geld with >20 Stable colloidal suspensions of ionic and even percent Ag. metaiiic gold can form which can be floccu­ Porpezite, (Au,Pd), palladian go1d with 5-10 lated to form nuggets. Textures common in percent Pd. gold deposits can be reproduced in gold films Rhsxlite, (Au,Rh), rhodian gold(?) with 34-43 percent Rh. formed by the diffusion of gold solutions Auricupride (cuproauride) has generally been through silica gel. considered to be a solid solution of gold in Gold occurs in notable amounts in hydro­ copper, near AuCua in. composWon. Ramdohr thermal veins and in placer deposits, and to (1967) states, however, that study of "red gold" from Laksia, Cyprus, has shown the a much lesser extent in pegmatites and con­ presence of three· distinct phases Au-Cu solid tact metamorphic deposits. Commo.n minerals solutions, the compound AuCua with a _associated with gold in veins are quartz and characteristic violet color, and the compound pyrite. Some other common minerals associ­ Au Cu. ated with gold (Lincoln, 1911; Schwartz, 1944) Aurosmirid, aurosmiridium ( =aurian osmiri­ are pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, sphal­ dium) Au 19.3 percent. ProbabJy a mixture containing gold. erite, galena, molybdenite, tellurides, selenides, (Palache and others, 1944, p. 111). magnetite, scheelite, feldspar, sericite, biotite, Silver (Ag,Au). Aurian silver, with 0-50 chlorite, amphiboles, garnet, tourmaline, car­ percent Au. bonates, and fluorite. Kiistelite=aurian silver. Gold-amalgam A112Hga(?) GOLD IN MINERALS Au 34.2-41.6 percent. Maldonite Au2Bi. Cubic. Minerals that have been reported to contain Au 64.5-65.1 percert; Bi 34.9- major amounts of gold are listed on table 35.5 percent. 1. Many analyses have been made for some Aurostibite AuS~. Cubic, pyrite tYf<:'\. of the precious metals in minerals that con­ Au 43.5-50.9 percent. Krennerite AuTe2. Orthorhombic. tain little gold;: those made before 1955 are Au 30.7-43.9 percent. listed in table 2 and those made since 1954 M iillerine = Krennerite are in table 3. The more recent analyses have Speculite = Krennerite (?) 2 TABLE l._JMajor gold-bearing minerals-Continued TABLE 1.-Major gold--bearing m.inerals-Concluded Calaverite AuTe2. Monoclinic. Hessite Ag2Te. Monoclinic, pseudocubic. Au 39.2-42.8 percent. Reported to contain as much as Coolgardite =a mixture of calaverite, coloradoite, 4.7 percent Au. and sylvanite. Montbrayite Au2Tea. Triclinic. Sylvanite (Au,Ag) Te2, with Au :Ag usually Au 38.6-44.3 percent. nearly 1:1, that is, AgAuTe4. Nagyagite PbsAu(Te,Sb)4Ss-s( ?) • Monoclinic. Monoclinic ( ?) . Au 24.25-29.9 percent. Au 7.4-10.2 percent. Goldschmidtite= Sylvanite. Silberphyllinglanz = N agyagite. Kostovite CuAuTe4 Blatterine = N agyagite. Au 25.2 percent (Terziev, 1966). Aurobismuthinite (Bi, Au,Ag) sSs ( ?) Petzite AgaAuT~ Au 12.3 percent; Ag 2.3 percent. Au 19.0-25.2' percent. Probably a mixture (Palache and Antamokite=a mixture of petzite and altaite. others, 1944 p. 278). TABLE 2.-Analyses of precious metals in minerals made before 1955 [Minerals containing higher amounts of gold are listed in table l. N. D., not determined] Gold Silver Platinum Mineral and locality (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) Remarks Reference Elements Arsenic, As Germany, Andreasberg, Harz ___ _ 150 >1,000 20 One sample __ Noddack and No·ldack (1931).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Source and Bedrock Distribution of Gold and Platinum-Group Metals in the Slate Creek Area, Northern.Chistochina Mining District, East-Central Alaska
    Source and Bedrock Distribution of Gold and Platinum-Group Metals in the Slate Creek Area, Northern.Chistochina Mining District, East-Central Alaska By: Jeffrey Y. Foley and Cathy A. Summers Open-file report 14-90******************************************1990 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Manuel Lujan, Jr., Secretary BUREAU OF MINES T S Arv. Director TN 23 .U44 90-14 c.3 UNITED STATES BUREAU OF MINES -~ ~ . 4,~~~~1 JAMES BOYD MEMORIAL LIBRARY CONTENTS Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Acknowledgments 2 Location, access, and land status 2 History and production 4 Previous work 8 Geology 8 Regional and structural geologic setting 8 Rock units 8 Dacite stocks, dikes, and sills 8 Limestone 9 Argillite and sandstone 9 Differentiated igneous rocks north of the Slate Creek Fault Zone 10 Granitic rocks 16 Tertiary conglomerate 16 Geochemistry and metallurgy 18 Mineralogy 36 Discussion 44 Recommendations 45 References 47 ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Map of Slate Creek and surrounding area, in the northern Chistochina Mining District 3 2. Geologic map of the Slate Creek area, showing sample localities and cross section (in pocket) 3. North-dipping slaty argillite with lighter-colored sandstone intervals in lower Miller Gulch 10 4. North-dipping differentiated mafic and ultramafic sill capping ridge and overlying slaty argillite at upper Slate Creek 11 5. Dike swarm cutting Jurassic-Cretaceous turbidites in Miller Gulch 12 6 60-ft-wide diorite porphyry and syenodiorite porphyry dike at Miller Gulch 13 7. Map showing the locations of PGM-bearing mafic and ultramafic rocks and major faults in the east-central Alaska Range 14 8. Major oxides versus Thornton-Tuttle differentiation index 17 9.
    [Show full text]
  • The Behavior of Molybdenum., Tungsten, and Titanium
    The behavior of molybdenum, tungsten, and titanium in the porphyry copper environment Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Kuck, Peter Hinckley Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 08/10/2021 00:24:06 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565421 THE BEHAVIOR OF MOLYBDENUM., TUNGSTEN, AND TITANIUM IN THE PORPHYRY COPPER ENVIRONMENT Peter' 'Hinckley Kuck A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF GEOSCIENCES. In Partial.Fulfillment of the Requirements. ' ■ For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College ■ THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 7 8 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my Peter Hinckley Kuck direction by ___________ , , The Behavior of Molybdenum, Tungsten, and Titanium entitled ________________________________________________________ in the Porphyry Copper Environment be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Doctor of Philosophy degree of _______________________________________________________ Dissertation Director Date As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read this dissertation and agree that it may be presented for final defense. \ R A j r i A hi / 7IT 2 / 1 r 7 - Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense thereof at the final oral examination. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of.
    [Show full text]
  • The Krásno Sn-W Ore District Near Horní Slavkov: Mining History, Geological and Mineralogical Characteristics
    Journal of the Czech Geological Society 51/12(2006) 3 The Krásno Sn-W ore district near Horní Slavkov: mining history, geological and mineralogical characteristics Sn-W rudní revír Krásno u Horního Slavkova historie tìby, geologická a mineralogická charakteristika (47 figs, 1 tab) PAVEL BERAN1 JIØÍ SEJKORA2 1 Regional Museum Sokolov, Zámecká 1, Sokolov, CZ-356 00, Czech Republic 2 Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, National Museum, Václavské nám. 68, Prague 1, CZ-115 79, Czech Republic The tin-tungsten Krásno ore district near Horní Slavkov (Slavkovský les area, western Bohemia) belongs to the most important areas of ancient mining in the Czech Republic. The exceptionally rich and variable mineral associations, and the high number of mineral species, make this area one of the most remarkable mineralogical localities on a worldwide scale. The present paper reviews the data on geological setting of the ore district, individual ore deposits and mining history. Horní Slavkov and Krásno were known as a rich source of exquisite quality mineral specimens stored in numerous museum collections throughout Europe. The old museum specimens are often known under the German locality names of Schlaggenwald (= Horní Slavkov) and Schönfeld (=Krásno). The megascopic properties and paragenetic position of selected mineral classics are reviewed which include arsenopyrite, fluorapatite, fluorite, hübnerite, chalcopyrite, carpholite, cassiterite, quartz, molybdenite, rhodochrosite, sphalerite, topaz and scheelite. Key words: Sn-W ores; tin-tungsten mineralization; mining history; ore geology; mineralogy; Slavkovský les; Krásno, Horní Slavkov ore district; Czech Republic. Introduction valleys dissected parts of the area. In the ore district area, the detailed surface morphology is modified by large de- In the mining history of Central Europe, Bohemia and pressions caused by the collapse of old underground Moravia are known as important source of gold, silver, workings and by extensive dumps.
    [Show full text]
  • Metamorphism of Sedimentary Manganese Deposits
    Acta Mineralogica-Petrographica, Szeged, XX/2, 325—336, 1972. METAMORPHISM OF SEDIMENTARY MANGANESE DEPOSITS SUPRIYA ROY ABSTRACT: Metamorphosed sedimentary deposits of manganese occur extensively in India, Brazil, U. S. A., Australia, New Zealand, U. S. S. R., West and South West Africa, Madagascar and Japan. Different mineral-assemblages have been recorded from these deposits which may be classi- fied into oxide, carbonate, silicate and silicate-carbonate formations. The oxide formations are represented by lower oxides (braunite, bixbyite, hollandite, hausmannite, jacobsite, vredenburgite •etc.), the carbonate formations by rhodochrosite, kutnahorite, manganoan calcite etc., the silicate formations by spessartite, rhodonite, manganiferous amphiboles and pyroxenes, manganophyllite, piedmontite etc. and the silicate-carbonate formations by rhodochrosite, rhodonite, tephroite, spessartite etc. Pétrographie and phase-equilibia data indicate that the original bulk composition in the sediments, the reactions during metamorphism (contact and regional and the variations and effect of 02, C02, etc. with rise of temperature, control the mineralogy of the metamorphosed manga- nese formations. The general trend of formation and transformation of mineral phases in oxide, carbonate, silicate and silicate-carbonate formations during regional and contact metamorphism has, thus, been established. Sedimentary manganese formations, later modified by regional or contact metamorphism, have been reported from different parts of the world. The most important among such deposits occur in India, Brazil, U.S.A., U.S.S.R., Ghana, South and South West Africa, Madagascar, Australia, New Zealand, Great Britain, Japan etc. An attempt will be made to summarize the pertinent data on these metamorphosed sedimentary formations so as to establish the role of original bulk composition of the sediments, transformation and reaction of phases at ele- vated temperature and varying oxygen and carbon dioxide fugacities in determin- ing the mineral assemblages in these deposits.
    [Show full text]
  • Old Puzzle of Incommensurate Crystal Structure of Calaverite Aute2 And
    Old puzzle of incommensurate crystal structure of calaverite AuTe2 and predicted stability of novel AuTe compound Sergey V. Streltsova,b,1, Valerii V. Roizenc, Alexey V. Ushakova, Artem R. Oganovc,d, and Daniel I. Khomskiie aDepartment of Theory of Low-Dimensional Spin Systems, Institute of Metal Physics, 620990 Yekaterinburg, Russia; bDepartment of Theoretical Physics and Applied Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; cComputational Materials Discovery Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russian Federation; dMaterials Discovery Laboratory, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 143026 Skolkovo, Russian Federation; and eII. Physikalisches Institut, Universitat¨ zu Koln,¨ D-50937 Cologne, Germany Edited by James R. Chelikowsky, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, and accepted by Editorial Board Member John D. Weeks August 14, 2018 (received for review February 15, 2018) Gold is a very inert element, which forms relatively few com- Old Puzzle of Calaverite’s Crystal Structure pounds. Among them is a unique material—mineral calaverite, AuTe2 has a distorted layered CdI2-type structure [the aver- AuTe2. Besides being the only compound in nature from which age structure has space group C 2=m (6)], with triangular layers one can extract gold on an industrial scale, it is a rare exam- of Au with Te atoms in between. However, there is a periodic ple of a natural mineral with incommensurate crystal structure. displacive modulation along the [010] direction, which makes Moreover, it is one of few systems based on Au, which become overall crystal structure incommensurate (7). The mechanism superconducting (at elevated pressure or doped by Pd and Pt).
    [Show full text]
  • Washington State Minerals Checklist
    Division of Geology and Earth Resources MS 47007; Olympia, WA 98504-7007 Washington State 360-902-1450; 360-902-1785 fax E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.dnr.wa.gov/geology Minerals Checklist Note: Mineral names in parentheses are the preferred species names. Compiled by Raymond Lasmanis o Acanthite o Arsenopalladinite o Bustamite o Clinohumite o Enstatite o Harmotome o Actinolite o Arsenopyrite o Bytownite o Clinoptilolite o Epidesmine (Stilbite) o Hastingsite o Adularia o Arsenosulvanite (Plagioclase) o Clinozoisite o Epidote o Hausmannite (Orthoclase) o Arsenpolybasite o Cairngorm (Quartz) o Cobaltite o Epistilbite o Hedenbergite o Aegirine o Astrophyllite o Calamine o Cochromite o Epsomite o Hedleyite o Aenigmatite o Atacamite (Hemimorphite) o Coffinite o Erionite o Hematite o Aeschynite o Atokite o Calaverite o Columbite o Erythrite o Hemimorphite o Agardite-Y o Augite o Calciohilairite (Ferrocolumbite) o Euchroite o Hercynite o Agate (Quartz) o Aurostibite o Calcite, see also o Conichalcite o Euxenite o Hessite o Aguilarite o Austinite Manganocalcite o Connellite o Euxenite-Y o Heulandite o Aktashite o Onyx o Copiapite o o Autunite o Fairchildite Hexahydrite o Alabandite o Caledonite o Copper o o Awaruite o Famatinite Hibschite o Albite o Cancrinite o Copper-zinc o o Axinite group o Fayalite Hillebrandite o Algodonite o Carnelian (Quartz) o Coquandite o o Azurite o Feldspar group Hisingerite o Allanite o Cassiterite o Cordierite o o Barite o Ferberite Hongshiite o Allanite-Ce o Catapleiite o Corrensite o o Bastnäsite
    [Show full text]
  • New Mineral Names*
    American Mineralogist, Volume 68, pages 280-2E3, 1983 NEW MINERAL NAMES* MrcnnBr- FrelscHen AND ADoLF Pnnsr Arsendescloizite* The mineral occurs at Uchucchacua,Peru, in acicular crystals up to 2fi) x 20 microns, associatedwith galena, manganoan (1982) Paul Keller and P. J. Dunn Arsendescloizite, a new sphalerite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, and alabandite, with gangue of mineral from Tsumeb. Mineralog. Record, 13, 155-157. quartz, bustamite, rhodonite, and calcite. Also found at Stitra, pyrite-pyrrhotite in rhyo- Microprobe analysis (HzO by TGA) gave AszOs 26.5, PbO Sweden,in a metamorphosed deposit 52.3,ZnO1E.5, FeO 0.3, Il2O2.9, sum 100.5%,corresponding to litic and dacitic rocks; in roundedgrains up to 50 fl.min diameter, associated with galena, freibergite, gudmundite, manganoan Pb1.s6(Zn1.63Fe6.oJ(AsOaXOH)1a or PbZn(AsO+XOH), the ar- senateanalogue ofdescloizite. The mineral is slightly soluble in sphalerite,bismuth, and spessartine. hot HNO3. The name is for A. Benavides, for his contribution to the Weissenbergand precessionmeasurements show the mineral development of mining in Peru. Type material is at the Ecole (Uchucchacua)and at the Free to be orthorhombic, space group F212121,a : 6.075, b = 9.358, Natl. Superieuredes Mines, Paris (SAtra). c = 7.$44, Z = 4, D. calc. 6.57. The strongestX-ray lines University, Amsterdam, Netherlands M.F. (31 eiven) are 4.23(6)(lll); 3.23(lOXl02);2.88(10)(210,031); 2.60 Kolfanite* (E)(13 I ) ; 2.W6)Q3r) ; I .65(6X33I, 143,233); r.559 (EX3I 3,060,25I ). Crystalsare tabular up to 1.0 x 0.4 x 0.5 mm in size, on {001}, A.
    [Show full text]
  • Calaverite Aute2 C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1 Crystal Data: Monoclinic
    Calaverite AuTe2 c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Monoclinic. Point Group: 2/m or 2. Bladed and short to slender prisms elongated k [010], striated k [010], to 1 cm; also massive, granular. Twinning: Common on {110}, less common on {031} and {111}. Physical Properties: Fracture: Uneven to subconchoidal. Tenacity: Brittle. Hardness = 2.5–3 VHN = 197–213 (100 g load). D(meas.) = 9.10–9.40 D(calc.) = 9.31 Optical Properties: Opaque. Color: Grass-yellow to silver-white; white in reflected light. Streak: Greenish to yellowish gray. Luster: Metallic. Pleochroism: Weak. Anisotropism: Weak. R1–R2: (400) 45.7–54.4, (420) 48.4–57.1, (440) 51.1–59.6, (460) 53.6–61.8, (480) 56.0–63.6, (500) 57.9–65.2, (520) 59.4–66.4, (540) 60.6–67.3, (560) 61.3–68.0, (580) 61.8–68.3, (600) 62.2–68.4, (620) 62.5–68.6, (640) 62.7–68.5, (660) 62.8–68.4, (680) 62.9–68.2, (700) 63.0–68.1 Cell Data: Space Group: C2/m or C2. a = 7.1947(4) b = 4.4146(2) c = 5.0703(3) β =90.038(4)◦ Z=2 X-ray Powder Pattern: Cripple Creek, Colorado, USA. 3.02 (10), 2.09 (8), 2.20 (4), 2.93 (3), 1.758 (3), 1.689 (3), 1.506 (3) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) Au 41.66 42.15 43.59 Ag 0.77 0.60 Te 57.87 57.00 56.41 Total 100.30 99.75 100.00 (1) Cripple Creek, Colorado, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Mineral Processing
    Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Mineralogy of Gold: Overview and New Data Minéralogie Moderne De L’Or : Bilan Et Nouvelles Données
    ArcheoSciences Revue d'archéométrie 33 | 2009 Authentication and analysis of goldwork Modern mineralogy of gold: overview and new data Minéralogie moderne de l’or : bilan et nouvelles données Ernst Spiridonov and Denka Yanakieva Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/archeosciences/2034 DOI: 10.4000/archeosciences.2034 ISBN: 978-2-7535-1598-7 ISSN: 2104-3728 Publisher Presses universitaires de Rennes Printed version Date of publication: 31 December 2009 Number of pages: 67-73 ISBN: 978-2-7535-1181-1 ISSN: 1960-1360 Electronic reference Ernst Spiridonov and Denka Yanakieva, « Modern mineralogy of gold: overview and new data », ArcheoSciences [Online], 33 | 2009, Online since 09 December 2012, connection on 19 April 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/archeosciences/2034 ; DOI : 10.4000/archeosciences.2034 Article L.111-1 du Code de la propriété intellectuelle. Modern mineralogy of gold: overview and new data Minéralogie moderne de l’or : bilan et nouvelles données Ernst Spiridonov* and Denka Yanakieva** Abstract: We suppose that it should be useful for archaeologists to have an overview on gold mineralogy, because 1) in ancient times, part of the golden objects were made directly from natural golden nuggets; 2) most of the Au in ores exists as its own minerals. he major part of the Au in the planets and meteorites of our Solar system is found in high temperature solid solutions: metallic Fe-Ni and monosulides Fe-Ni and Fe-Cu. Au leaves them under luid or some other reworking. As a result, Au minerals are formed. hey are mainly developed in hydrothermal deposits of the upper part of Earth’s continental crust.
    [Show full text]
  • Мінералогічний Журнал Mineralogical Journal (Ukraine)
    МІНЕРАЛОГІЧНИЙ ЖУРНАЛ MINERALOGICAL JOURNAL (UKRAINE) UDC 549.328/.334 (437.6+477) v V. Melnikov, S. Jelen, S. Bondarenko, T. Balintova′ , D. Ozdl′n, A. Grinchenko COMPARATIVE STUDY OF Bi>Te>Se>S MINERALIZATIONS IN SLOVAK REPUBLIC AND TRANSCARPATHIAN REGION OF UKRAINE. PART 1. LOCALITIES, GEOLOGICAL SITUATION AND MINERAL ASSOCIATIONS Comparative analysis of telluride occurrences found in the territory of Slovakia and Transcarpathians (Ukraine) has shown that there is distinct difference between the mode of Au;Ag;Bi;Te;Se mineralization of these regions. But within the area of distribution of neovolcanites Bi;Te;Se;S mineralization is generally represented by similar mineralogical phases. In the Transcarpathian region bismuth tellurides (tsumoite, pilsenite, joseites, native bismuth and poorly studied sulpho;seleno; tellurides of bismuth) were found only in metasomatites as secondary quartzites of the Vyghorlat;Guta ridge area. (Il'kivtsy, Podulky, Smerekiv Kamin'). The similar mineralization have been also found in some neovolcanites of Slovakia (Poruba pod Vigorlatom, Remetska Hamra). E;mail: [email protected] Introduction. Associations of non;ferrous and pre; nium and sulfur can be traced into the structure cious metals occurred due to geochemical diffe; of tellurides (polar isomorphism), it is necessary to rentiation of elements in the upper mantle and describe their composition in the triple system earth crust. There is a certain relation between Te;Se;S. Crystallochemical restriction on replace; "composition" of association of chalcophile ele; ment of tellurium by sulfur does not prevent ments and conditions of their formations [18]. So, accommodation of sulfur in independent positions for example, association of Ag;Au;Hg metals and such as, for example, in the structure of tetra; satellite association of Bi;Te;Se occurs at low tem; dymite and joseite.
    [Show full text]
  • Germanium-Bearing Colusite from the Yanahara Mine, Japan, and Its Significance to Ore Genesis
    RESOURCE GEOLOGY, 44(1), 33•`38, 1994 Germanium-bearing Colusite from the Yanahara Mine, Japan, and Its Significance to Ore Genesis Katsuo KASE*, Masahiro YAMAMOTO* and Chiharu MITSUNO* Abstract: Colusite, Cu26V2(As,Ge)6S32, containing up to 4.3 wt.% Ge occurs with pyrite, chalcopyrite and bomite in sphalerite-barite-rich ores of the volcanogenic massive sulfide orebody at Hinotani L-1, the Yanahara mine. Electron micro- probe analysis reveals that As and V are pentavalent and Ge is tetravalent in the mineral the same as in germanite and renierite, suggesting that the Ge-bearing colusite was precipitated under high fs2 and foe conditions. These Ge-bearing min- erals sometimes occur in the Kuroko deposits related with felsic volcanism, associated with pyrite, chalcopyrite and bomite as at Hinotani, while practically no Ge-bearing minerals occur in the Besshi-type deposits related with mafic volcanism. It is concluded that the ore solutions responsible for the Hinotani L-1 orebody and possibly for whole orebodies at Yanahara are related with felsic volcanism. ore mineralogy is similar to that of the typical 1. Introduction Besshi-type deposits. The deposit is thus ambigu- There are two major types of volcanogenic mas- ous in the classification, and sometimes called sive sulfide deposits in Japan: Kuroko deposits and Besshi-type deposits. The Kuroko deposits are genetically related with Miocene dacitic-rhy- olitic volcanism, and characterized by high Zn, Pb and Ag contents and an abundance of sulfate min- erals. The Besshi-type cupriferous iron sulfide de- posits, equivalent to Kieslager, occur in the se- quence consisting of basalts and sediments, or their metamorphic equivalents, and are very low in the Pb content and poor in sulfate minerals.
    [Show full text]