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From Urban Geodiversity to Geoheritage: the Case of Ljubljana (Slovenia)

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From Urban Geodiversity to Geoheritage: the Case of Ljubljana (Slovenia) Jure Tičar eT al. QUAESTIONES GEOGRAPHICAE 36(3) • 2017 FROM URBAN GEODIVERSITY TO GEOHERITAGE: THE CASE OF LJUBLJANA (SLOVENIA) Jure Tičar, Blaž Komac, maTiJa Zorn, maTeJa FerK, mauro HrvaTin, roK ciglič Anton Melik Geographical Institute, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Ljubljana, Slovenia Manuscript received: March 31, 2017 Revised version: June 19, 2017 Tičar J., Komac B., Zorn M., FerK M., HrvaTin M., ciglič R., 2017. From urban geodiversity to geoheritage: the case of Ljubljana (Slovenia). Quaestiones Geographicae 36(3), Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Poznań, pp. 37–50. 7 figs, 1 table. aBsTracT: The city of Ljubljana lies at the intersection of various geomorphological regions that have strongly influ- enced its spatial organization. Prehistoric settlements were built on marshland, a Roman town was built on the first river terrace of the Ljubljanica River, and in the Middle Ages a town was built in a strategic position between the Lju- bljanica River and Castle Hill. The modern city absorbed all usable space between the nearby hills. This paper reviews some relief features in Ljubljana, their influence on the city’s spatial development, and urban geoheritage. The results indicate new possibilities for urban geoheritage tourism in the Slovenian capital and its surroundings. Key words: geoheritage, geomorphology, urbanization, spatial growth, Ljubljana Corresponding author: Jure Tičar, [email protected] Introduction connecting the diversity of geomorphological and geological elements with their interpretation During the 1990s, geologists and geomorphol- and recreation (Necheş 2016). Consenquently ogists started using the term geodiversity to de- many geoparks dedicated to protect and to pro- scribe the diversity of nonliving nature (Sharples mote the nonliving elements of nature are being 1993, Wiedenbein 1994, Zwolinski 2004). The established. Numerous geoparks have joined contemporary concept of geodiversity refers to UNESCO’s Global Geoparks Network, many of the diversity of nonliving nature in terms of ge- them are being part of the European or Asian ological elements (rocks, minerals, and fossils), Geoparks Network and of great interest of scien- geomorphological elements (forms and pro- tific research (Zouros 2004, Frey 2012, Henriques cesses), and soil (Gray 2013). Geodiversity is an et al. 2012, Buhay, Best 2012). important element of geoheritage that compris- The assessment of geodiversity is related to es of those elements of the Earth’s geodiversity comprehensive nature protection and better man- that are considered to have significant scientific, agement of protected areas (Pralong, 2005, Cayla educational, cultural or aesthetic value (IUCN 2009, Hobléa 2009, Reynard 2009, Erhartič, Zorn 2017). Currently, there is increasing interest in 2012). Here a distinction should be made between geotourism (Hose et al. 2011), a type of tourism the value of a single geodiversity element and the © 2017 Author(s) This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license doi: 10.1515/ quageo–2017–0023 ISSN 0137–477X 38 JURE TIčaR ET aL. value provided by the diversity of elements in a (Coratza, Giusti 2005). Because such methods can specific area (Gray 2013), which forms the basis be very complex, new factors were defined while for assessing geodiversity. These geodiversity developing the assessment methods; for example, elements can be assessed in terms of various fac- scientific, ecological, aesthetic, cultural, and eco- tors, such as scenic, socioeconomic, cultural, and nomic value (Reynard et al. 2007). Quantitative scientific factors (Panizza 2001). More advanced assessment of scientific value of nonliving ele- assessment methods use geographic informa- ments of nature can be obtained with the use of tion systems, which allow quantitative analyses seven criteria: representativeness, key locality, Fig. 1. The city has spread across the flood-safe areas of the Ljubljana Plain to the north and the flood-prone areas of the Ljubljana Marsh to the south. FROM URBAN GEODIVERSITY TO GEOHERITAGE: THE CASE OF LJUBLJANA (SLOVENIA) 39 scientific knowledge, integrity, geological diver- approximate area of 164 km2 (SORS 2016); to the sity, rarity and use limitations (Brilha 2016). north it extends to the Ljubljana Plain (Ljubljansko Urban geodiversity may simply refer to polje), which is filled by gravel deposits of the Sava non-living nature within urban areas, but it can River, and to the south it extends to the Ljubljana also be considered a factor influencing urban Marsh (Ljubljansko barje) filled by the clay depos- development. In addition, urban geodiversity its of the Ljubljanica River. Ljubljana is bounded includes buildings, monuments, and other ele- by the Polhov Gradec Hills (Polhograjsko hribovje) ments that are not necessarily part of geoherit- to the west, Dinaric Mountains (Dinarsko gorovje) age, but may represent an important element of to the south and the Sava Hills (Posavsko hribovje) promoting and disseminating information about to the east (Fig. 1). In addition to the distribution the Earth’s surface (Palacio-Prieto 2015). Some of natural features, the city’s development was authors examine various elements of urban geo- strongly influenced by its location at the inter- diversity in cities (e.g., Turin: Borghi et al. 2015, section of major transport routes at the Ljubljana Mexico City: Palacio-Prieto 2015, Rome: Pica et al. Gate (Ljubljanska vrata) (Pak 1992). 2016) and others focus on special forms of urban Ljubljana, currently home to 279,756 people geodiversity, such as parks and gardens (Portal, or approximately 14% of Slovenia’s total popula- Kerguillec 2017). tion (SORS 2016), is the administrative, econom- Because of its location at the intersection of ic, educational, and cultural centre of Slovenia four major European geographical units (i.e., (Nared et al. 2017). Rapid spatial development the Alps, the Dinaric Mountains, the Pannonian took place primarily after the Second World War, Basin, and the Mediterranean), Slovenia is char- when the city’s population increased by over acterized by a high level of geodiversity (Erhartič 120% (Rebernik 2000). Since Slovenia joined the 2012, Erhartič, Zorn 2012, Ciglič, Perko 2013, EU in 2004, Ljubljana has experienced new de- Perko et al. 2017). The Ljubljana area is consid- velopment; among other things, it was named ered in this paper as a landscape and geodiver- the European Green Capital in 2016 (European sity hotspot (Fig. 1), combining an exceptional Green Capital 2016). number of geological and geomorphological fea- The analysis of geodiversity in the Ljubljana tures (Perko, Ciglič 2015). area used 1 × 1 m high-resolution laser scanning In Slovenia the assessment of geodiversi- data, geological maps, and data on natural herit- ty was carried out relatively early, and the first age. Detailed morphometric relief maps generat- studies used simple numerical methods to define ed from Lidar data provided an insight on well the degree of landscape attractiveness (Orožen expressed geomorphological features within the adamič 1970). The most systematic geomor- study area. However, this method does not pro- phosite assessment analyses were carried out in vide information about minor geomorphological the alps, around Lake Bled (Erhartič 2010a), and elements or geomorphosites within a scale of less in the Triglav Lakes Valley in Triglav National than 1 m. Information about geodiversity of geo- Park (Erhartič 2012). Some analyses focused on morphosites was additionally identified through single geomorphological or hydrological forms, detail study of geology maps. Data on the de- such as waterfalls (Erhartič 2010b), or to the loss velopment and spatial growth of the city were of geoheritage due to geomorphic processes obtained from literature. Data on natural herit- (Komac et al. 2011). Recent studies have primari- age provided insight about current state of rec- ly focused on the Dinaric Mountains, where anal- ognized geomorphosites and was obtained from yses of geodiversity hotspots were carried out the Register of Natural Values of the Slovenian in Rakov Škocjan Nature Park (Stepišnik, Repe Environment Agency. This data contained infor- 2015), Škocjan Caves Regional Park (Stepišnik, mations about geoheritage as points (e.g. deposit Trenchovska 2017), and the Upper Pivka Basin of fossils or karst caves) or polygons (e.g. rivers, (Trenchovska, Stepišnik 2017). This paper repre- valleys, hills). sents the first detailed urban area geomorphosite This paper presents the history of Ljubljana’s inventory in Slovenia. development from the perspective of geodiversi- Ljubljana is Slovenia’s capital and is located in ty. Namely, the development of the city largely its centre, in the Ljubljana Basin. The city has an depended on the geological, hydrological and 40 JURE TIčaR ET aL. geomorphological conditions in the area. The pa- of Palaeozoic quartz rocks divides Ljubljana per provides new data on the geodiversity in the between the northern Ljubljana Plain and the Ljubljana area, which can be used for geotourism. southern Ljubljana Marsh. The Ljubljana Plain contains quaternary fluvio-glacial gravels from the Alps, which are dominantly carbonates and Study area form a series of conglomerate terraces (Fig. 2). The Ljubljana Marsh is mostly filled with fine- Ljubljana is located in central Slovenia in the grained silty sediments originating from karst transition area between the Alps to
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