Advance Placement United States History Chapter 22

Imperialism

& World War 1 Chapter 20/22 Homework

Identifications: Complete the following terms for class discussion, quizzes, and the unit test.

1. Alfred T. Mahan/The Influence of Sea Power upon History /Jingoists 2. Samoan Islands/Hawaii/Queen Liliuokalani 3. Cuba///yellow journalism/U.S.S. Maine 4. Spanish-American War/George Dewey/Manila Bay/San Juan Hill/Rough Riders 5. Leonard Wood/Teller Amendment/Platt Amendment/Guantanamo Bay 6. The Philippines/Emilio Aguinaldo/Philippine Government Act 7. John Hay/China/Open Door policy/Boxer Rebellion 8. Panama Canal/Columbia/Philippe Bunau-Varilla/Roosevelt Corollary 9. Russo-Japanese War/Portsmouth Peace Conference/"yellow peril"/Great White Fleet 10. Mexican Revolution/Pancho Villa 11. /neutrality/H.M.S. Lusitania//Zimmermann telegram 12. Newton D. Baker/Selective Service Act 13. War Industries Board/Bernard Baruch 14. Fuel Administration/Food Administration/Herbert Hoover 15. National War Labor Board/Railroad Administration/William G. McAdoo 16. American Expeditionary Force (AEF)/John “Black Jack” Pershing 17. Western Front/Chateau-Thierry/Belleau Wood/St. Mihiel/Meuse-Argonne campaign 18. Liberty Loans/George Creel/Committee on Public Information 19. Conscientious objectors/Espionage Act/Albert S. Burleson/Schenck v. United States 20. Fourteen Points/armistice/Versailles Peace Conference/Council of Four/Treaty of Versailles 21. League of Nations/Henry Cabot Lodge/Edith Galt Wilson/Irreconcilables/Reservationists 22. Red Scare/J. Edgar Hoover/A. Mitchell Palmer 23. Election of 1920/James M. Cox/Warren G. Harding/normalcy

Short Essay Questions

1. How and why did America emerge as an imperial power by 1901? Consider both expansionist motives and examples of territorial acquisition. (see Ch. 20, pp. 629-37)

2. How did America handle its relations with Asia and Latin America in the first two decades of the 1900s? Cite at least three examples of policies pursued by Roosevelt, Taft, and or Wilson. Who had the best approach and why?

3. Why was the United States unable to maintain its policy of neutrality in World War I? What eventually prompted U.S. entry into the war?

4. How did the United States help the Allies to win World War I both at home and abroad? Cite at least three examples.

5. How and why did domestic tensions emerge in the United States by the end of the war? Consider such trends as the Red Scare, racism, and wartime dissent.

6. Why did the U.S. Senate reject the Treaty of Versailles? Were they right to do so in your opinion?

1 The Great War

1. What happened in the summer of 1914?

2. Identify the sides in World War I and list the nations on each side.

3. What was the initial US reaction? ______

4. Why was it difficult for the US to be Neutral?

Psychological/Ethnic Ties Economic Ties U- Boats How did the Allies try to influence US trade? Define: To Allies: ______To Allies: ______Lusitania:

______

______

To Central Powers: ___ How did the Central Powers try to influence US Sussex: ______Trade? ______To Central Powers: ______

5. Why were most Americans anti-German?

6. Election of 1916 Democrats Republicans Candidate Platform

And the Winner is ______.

2 7. Fill in the Timeline below. 1917

Jan April May The Rest

8. How did the Russian Revolution affect the US’s decision to enter the war?

Propaganda, Public Opinion and Civil Liberties It was very important during World War I to get the people of the United States firmly behind the Allied war effort and against the Central Powers. The US government used several different techniques to ensure that their citizens stayed in line. 9. A. Use of Propaganda

B. Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918

10. What was it like to be a woman during this era? A minority?

11. What happened to the Progressive Ideal during the War?

Mobilization & Finance A good deal of work was necessary to make the US ready to go to war. The nation had to prepare economically and build up its depleted and outdated military equipment supplies (when had the US last been involved in a major war?). Most important perhaps, the US had to create a wartime army. 12. Problems for Preparation Solutions and Programs Industry

3 Economy & Feeding the Soldiers

Creating Soldiers

Fighting the War 13. The US was only involved in the actual fighting for a little over a year, but they arrived at a crucial point in the war. What happened in 1918 that threatened the French forces? ______

14. Where, besides France, did the Americans fight? A.

B.

C.

D.

15. What happened on November 11, 1918 at 11 am?

The Peace Process & the Fourteen Points 16. What were the fourteen points? When were they written?

17. List the specific points mentioned in your text:

4 18. Who were the “Big Four”?

19. What were the issues discussed at the Versailles Peace Conference?

20. What were the provisions of the Final Treaty? Allied Powers Central Powers

21. When did Germany sign the Treaty of Versailles? How did they feel about the Treaty?

22. US Reaction to the Treaty

How did Wilson try to sell the Public Opinion Treaty? The Senate

The Lodge Reservations

What happened to Wilson?

22. How many times did the Treaty of Versailles come before the US Senate? ______What was the result? ______why did that happen?

24. How did the US’s Refusal to join the League of Nations affect the course of history?

5

Directions- complete the timeline below. Identify the Who, What, When, and Why of each event. Included details and identify the SIGNIFICANCE of each event (Why is this event included on the timeline?). Cuban Rebellion DeLôme Letter published in the Journal February 1895 February 9, 1898 Who? Who?

What? What?

Where? Where?

Why? Why?

Significance: Significance:

Hearst purchases the Journal USS Maine Explodes 1895 February 15, 1898 Who? Who?

What? What?

Where? Where?

Why? Why?

Significance: Significance:

11 US Declares War on Spain Roosevelt in Cuba April 1898 June 1898 Who? Who?

What? What?

Where? Where?

Why? Why?

Significance: Significance:

Dewey in the Philippines Peace Treaty May 1898 November 1898 Who? Who?

What? What?

Where? Where?

Why? Why?

Significance: Significance:

Terms: Each of the following terms MUST be included in the timeline! José Martí Valeriano Weyler William Randolph Hearst Joseph Pulitzer yellow journalism DeLôme Letter USS Maine “Remember the Maine” Teller Amendment George Dewey Manila Bay Emilio Aguinaldo Santiago Rough Riders 9th &10th Calvery Puerto Rico Cuba Gaum Philippines 12

Name ______

Early 20th Century American Foreign Policy under Roosevelt, Taft, & Wilson

I. The U.S. Becomes a World Power A. By 1900, the USA had defeated Spain, built a large navy, annexed new lands, & dominated Latin America

B. In the 20th century, the USA developed a more aggressive foreign policy to increase its stature in the world

II. Early 20th Century U.S. Foreign Policy A. Theodore Roosevelt’s “Big Stick Diplomacy” 1. TR wanted to increase America’s stature in the world, spread U.S. culture, & be ready to fight if needed

2. The most important foreign policy objective under TR was the creation of the Panama Canal a. When the Columbian gov’t rejected America’s lease offer, TR backed a revolt in Panama against Columbia

b. In 1903, the newly formed Republic of Panama allowed the U.S. to build the Panama Canal

c. Creating the canal gave the U.S. an economic advantage but also required the U.S. to police Latin America

3. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine a. The U.S. grew fearful of European interference in Latin America (esp. Germany & England in Venezuela)

b. In 1904, TR declared the that U.S. had “international police powers” in the Western Hemisphere

c. The Lodge Corollary in 1912 (under Taft) added an economic element to the Monroe Doctrine

d. Roosevelt Corollary was used to justify military intervention in Latin America but often led to dictators

4. TR’s foreign policy with Japan: mediated the Russo-Japanese War & negotiated Root-Takahira Agreement

B. William Howard Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” 1. Taft deviated from TR’s emphasis on military strength in favor of using American trade as a foreign policy tool

2. “Dollar diplomacy” was effective in protecting Latin America from European debtors but not in Asia

C. ’s “Moral Diplomacy” 1. When Wilson became president, he was well versed in domestic policy but knew little about foreign policy

2. Wilson believed that the U.S. should spread peace, democracy, & human rights without resorting to militarism

3. Moral diplomacy failed to bring positive conclusion to the Mexican Revolution a. Wilson protested Mexican dictator Huerta’s coup d’etat in 1913 by sending U.S. military to invade Tampico

b. Pancho Villa resented U.S. support of new president Carranza & raided New Mexico

c. Moral diplomacy seemed to fail by the time World War I began in Europe in 1914

III. Conclusions

14 “Over There”: The U.S. in World War I I. The Outbreak of the Great War—What Caused World War I?

II. American Neutrality (July 1914 to April 1917) A. Problems with the American neutrality policy 1. Wilson vowed that the U.S. would stay neutral due to traditional non-involvement, progressivism, & immigrants 2. But, maintaining American neutrality was difficult due to: a. European propaganda efforts & trade ties with England & France b. Violations of the freedom of the seas i. The English blockade of Germany violated America’s right to trade as a neutral nation ii. But the flood of Allied orders for war supplies & loans brought the U.S. closer to the Allies iii. Germany responded with unrestricted submarine warfare in 1915 (Lusitania, Arabic, Sussex were sunk) 3. Sussex Pledge temporarily eased tensions between U.S. & Germany; But the U.S. began “preparedness” B. The Election of 1916 1. Wilson ran for re-election on two contradictory platforms: “He kept us out of war” & “preparedness” 2. Wilson won, vowed to protect freedoms of the seas & U.S. neutrality, & hoped for a “peace without victory” C. America Joins the Allies 1. In 1917, renewed unrestricted submarine warfare & the Zimmerman Telegram forced the U.S. into war 2. April 2, 1917, the U.S. Congress declared war on the Central Powers to “make the world safe for democracy” III. “Over There”—The USA Enters the War (April 1917 to November 1918) A. The U.S. entered the war at a critical time in 1917: successful u-boat blockade, Russian withdraw, French mutinies B. Mobilization 1. The U.S. formed an independent Allied army: The American Expeditionary Force (AEF) led by John Pershing 2. The Selective Service Act: 2.8 million were drafted, including black soldiers who fought in segregated ranks 3. The Committee on Public Information (CPI) under George Creel produced effective war propaganda C. Fighting the War 1. U.S. troops arrived via convey in 1917, but did not see major action until 1918: American troops aided French resistance at Chateau Thierry & helped in the Allied counter-attack to push into Germany 2. The arrival of fresh U.S. troops helped turn the tide of the war; Germany signed an armistice on Nov 11, 1918

IV. Conclusions

Over Here: The American Homefront During World War I I. The U.S. Homefront A. An Allied victory in Europe was dependent upon U.S. mobilization of soldiers & production of war materiel at home B. Homefront Propaganda & Censorship 1. Wilson formed the Committee on Public Information led by muckraker George Creel to publicize the war effort 2. Creel & the CPI relied on censorship of the press, speeches by “4-minute men,” films, & anti-German sentiment 3. Wilson encouraged censorship: Espionage Act, Trading-with-the-Enemy Act, and Sedition Act C. The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia led to an anti-Communist, anti-Socialist “Red Scare” in America 1. Wilson sent troops to blockade the USSR & refused to invite the new Russia gov’t to the postwar conference

2. U.S. Attorney General Mitchell Palmer used the red scare to arrest or deport suspected communists in America 17 II. A Bureaucratic War A. The size of the U.S. gov’t swelled during WWI as 5,000 new gov’t agencies were formed to coordinate the war effort 1. War Industries Board was most important: coordinated war materiel production, decided priorities, & fixed prices 2. Food Administration & Fuel Administration created rationing programs 3. Railroad Administration, War Shipping Board, War Trade Board helped move soldiers & resources B. The U.S. raised $33 billion through war bonds & an increase in income taxes C. The unprecedented partnership between the U.S. gov’t & big business allowed America to meet its war demands

III. The American War Workforce A. The U.S. also experienced an unprecedented alliance between the national government & labor unions 1. Samuel Gompers (leader of the AFL) was named to the Council of National Defense to enlist workers’ support 2. War Labor Board protected workers by standardizing wages & hours B. Minority groups filled the voids in the workforce left by drafted white men 1. Women gained better jobs, helped promote the war, & served in the Red Cross 2. African-Americans moved north (Great Migration) to work in factories but faced discrimination & violence

IV. Conclusions—World War I Changed America

The Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations I. Wilson’s Fourteen Points A. Wilson believed the end of WW1 was an opportunity to promote moral diplomacy and progressive liberalism B. Wilson’s plan for international peace was the Fourteen Points, which included 3 major themes: 1. To create new nations based on self-determination out of the crumbling empires of the Central Powers 2. To enforce new international rules: freedom of the seas, open covenants, & an end to militarism 3. To create an international League of Nations

II. The Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations A. Wilson traveled to the Paris Peace Conference (1919) & helped draft the Treaty of Versailles B. Wilson hoped the 14 Points would be a framework for the treaty, but he had to compromise to get the League 1. New nations formed but Germany’s imperial colonies were not granted self-determination 2. Germany had to sign the war guilt & pay reparations despite Wilson’s desire for “peace without victory” 3. No protection of free trade or adherence to “open covenants” C. European nations agreed to Wilson’s League of Nations 1. Created a General Assembly, Executive Council, and Court of International Justice 2. Article X was the most controversial because it the League could compel its members to go to war D. The treaty was signed on June 28, 1919 & ended World War I

III. The Battle for Ratification: Wilson vs. Lodge A. Americans appeared to support the treaty but Republicans in the Senate had reservations, especially Article X 1. The “mild reservationists” wanted to slightly weaken the League of Nations 2. The “strong reservationists” led by Henry Cabot Lodge wanted major changes to Article X 3. The “irreconcilables” refused to allow the USA to join the League of Nations no matter what B. Wilson refused to compromise & began a tour of the country to convince America to support the League of Nations 1. The tour was popular, but ineffective in pressuring Lodge & the Senate into agreeing to the treaty or League 2. Wilson had a stroke which limited his ability to compromise with the Senate C. The Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles & membership in the League of Nations

IV. Conclusions—The Great War Changed America 18