Sociologische Studie Van Seksualiteit in De Moderne Japanse Maatschappij

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Sociologische Studie Van Seksualiteit in De Moderne Japanse Maatschappij UNIVERSITEIT GENT Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte Opleiding Oosterse Talen en Culturen ACADEMIEJAAR 2008-2009 De Sociologie van Pinku: sociologische studie van seksualiteit in de moderne Japanse maatschappij Scriptie voorgelegd aan de Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte voor het behalen van de graad Master in de Oosterse Talen en Culturen Merckaert Kim Promotor: Prof. Dr. A. Niehaus UNIVERSITEIT GENT Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte Opleiding Oosterse Talen en Culturen ACADEMIEJAAR 2008-2009 De Sociologie van Pinku: sociologische studie van seksualiteit in de moderne Japanse maatschappij Scriptie voorgelegd aan de Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte voor het behalen van de graad Master in de Oosterse Talen en Culturen Merckaert Kim Promotor: Prof. Dr. A. Niehaus Universiteit Gent Voorwoord VOORWOORD Ter afsluiting van een vier jaar durende studieloopbaan tot master in de Oosterse Talen en Culturen mag een scriptie natuurlijk niet ontbreken. Deze scriptie – waarin ik trachtte al de verworven wetenschappelijke en praktische kennis te verenigen – vormt de kroon op het werk. In het tweede jaar van deze opleiding stond het boek An introduction to Japanese Society op het programma. In dit boek las ik voor het eerst over de Japanse Love Industry. Na het lezen van deze, echter korte vermelding van dit Japanse cultuuraspect, was mijn interesse gewekt. Tijdens een reis naar Japan kwam ik opnieuw in contact met dit specifieke aspect van de Japanse samenleving. Het onderwerp sprak mij zodanig aan dat het idee rees het te gebruiken als onderwerp van mijn scriptie. Geleidelijk aan ontwikkelde het idee zich verder tot ik bij het uiteindelijke onderzoeksthema kwam: een sociologische studie over de seksualiteit in Japan. Tot slot wil ik graag een woord van dank richten aan al diegenen die mij geholpen hebben bij het verwezenlijken van dit doel. Mijn promotor Prof. Dr. Andreas Niehaus, alsook het assisterende personeel van de Universiteit Gent vakgroep Oosterse Talen en Culturen. Tenslotte ook familie en vrienden voor de onvoorwaardelijke mentale steun. De student Merckaert Kim Oosterse Talen en Culturen - 4 - Merckaert Kim Universiteit Gent Inhoudsopgave INHOUDSOPGAVE 1. INLEIDING ....................................................................................................................... 7 2. THEORIEËN OVER SEKSUALITEIT IN DE MAATSCHAPPIJ .................................. 10 2.1. DE ROL VAN SEKSUALITEIT IN DE SOCIOLOGIE ........................................ 10 2.2. THEORIEËN OVER SEKSUALITEIT ................................................................... 12 2.2.1. Essentialisme ................................................................................................... 13 2.2.2. Sociaal constructionisme ................................................................................ 16 2.3. CONCLUSIE ........................................................................................................... 17 3. HISTORISCH OVERZICHT VAN DE JAPANSE SEKSUALITEIT ............................. 19 3.1. DE HEIAN-PERIODE (794 – 1185) ....................................................................... 20 3.1.1. Familiale structuur ......................................................................................... 21 3.1.2. Homoseksualiteit ............................................................................................ 22 3.1.3. Prostitutie ........................................................................................................ 23 3.2. DE TOKUGAWA PERIODE (1603 – 1868) .......................................................... 24 3.2.1. Familiale structuren ....................................................................................... 25 3.2.2. Homoseksualiteit ............................................................................................ 26 3.2.3. Prostitutie ........................................................................................................ 29 3.3. DE MEIJI-PERIODE TOT HEDEN (1868 – heden) ............................................... 30 3.3.1. Familiale structuren ....................................................................................... 30 3.3.2. Homoseksualiteit ............................................................................................ 32 3.3.3. Prostitutie ........................................................................................................ 35 3.4. CONCLUSIE ........................................................................................................... 37 4. SEKSUALITEIT IN DE MODERNE JAPANSE MAATSCHAPPIJ ............................... 38 4.1. LOVE HOTELS ....................................................................................................... 39 4.1.1. Definitie: Wat zijn love hotels? ..................................................................... 39 4.1.2. Historische achtergrond ................................................................................ 41 4.1.3. Love hotels in de Japanse maatschappij ...................................................... 45 4.1.4. Love hotels en homoseksualiteit .................................................................... 49 4.2. HOSTESS CLUBS ................................................................................................... 51 4.2.1. Definitie: Wat zijn hostess clubs? ................................................................. 51 4.2.2. Historische achtergrond ................................................................................ 52 Oosterse Talen en Culturen - 5 - Merckaert Kim Universiteit Gent Inhoudsopgave 4.2.3. Hostess clubs in de Japanse maatschappij ................................................... 53 4.3. HOST CLUBS .......................................................................................................... 56 4.3.1. Definitie: Wat zijn host clubs? ...................................................................... 56 4.3.2. Historische achtergrond ................................................................................ 56 4.3.3. Host clubs in de Japanse maatschappij ........................................................ 57 4.3.4. Host clubs en homoseksualiteit ..................................................................... 59 5. CONCLUSIE ................................................................................................................... 61 ONDERZOEKSSEMINARIE .................................................................................................. 63 BEGRIPPENLIJST.................................................................................................................. 68 BIBLIOGRAFIE ...................................................................................................................... 72 Oosterse Talen en Culturen - 6 - Merckaert Kim Universiteit Gent Inleiding 1. INLEIDING Seksgerelateerde bedrijven vormen de tweede grootste industrie in Japan. Seks is in Japan overal aanwezig, van erotische manga tot soaplands en maakt deel uit van het alledaagse leven.1 Sommige wetenschappers, zoals Lunsing (2001) beweren dat er in Japan zelf niet op een persoonlijke manier over seks kan gesproken worden.2 Dit geldt echter niet voor het Westen, dat zich ook over de Japanse seksualiteit uitspreekt. Zowel wetenschappers als niet – wetenschappers laten zich uit over wat volgens hen de Japanse seksualiteit typeert. De Japanse beleving van seksualiteit wordt vaak beschreven in magazines, op internet sites en blogs, enz. De auteurs van deze teksten richten zich veelal op onderdelen van seksualiteit die voor hen minder alledaags zijn, zoals love hotels of burusera (ブルセラ)3. De Japanse seksualiteit wordt hier vaak voorgesteld als compleet verschillend van de westerse seksualiteit, onbegrijpelijk voor de westerse geest en zelfs afwijkend van de „normale‟ seksualiteit. Het populaire discours verdeelt zich over twee ruime gebieden. De eerste zijde stelt de Japanse seksualiteit voor als promiscue en vrijzinnig. Hierbij wordt Japan voorgesteld als een land waar, op vlak van erotiek, alles kan en alles mag en de meest buitengewone verlangens vervuld kunnen worden. Zo worden bepaalde elementen uit de Japanse seksindustrie aangehaalt om deze losse houding te bewijzen: Japan heeft blijkbaar een veel vrijere houding tegenover seksualiteit. [...] Eén van de meest vreemde zaken in Japan zijn distributieautomaten waarin pornografische magazines verkocht worden. In de V.S. zou zoiets leiden tot arrestatie en vervolging van de verkoper, maar in Japan is dit helemaal niet erg.4 De tweede zijde ziet Japan als een preuts land, waar koppels elkaar niet aanraken in het openbaar. Deze auteurs argumenteren dat volgens statistieken Japanse koppels zeer weinig 1 Soaplands (sōpurando, ソープランド) vormen een onderdeel van de Japanse seksindustrie. Officieel zijn het badhuizen waar mannen gewassen worden. Officieus wordt er in deze accomodaties seks aan mannen aangeboden. Sinclair 2006: 66-67. 2 Lunsing 2001: 280. 3 Burusera is het verkopen van gebruikt (meisjes)ondergoed of school uniformen. Buru is afgeleid „bloomers‟, wat naar ondergoed verwijst. Sera is afgeleid van „sailor‟ wat verwijst naar een zeemans kostuum. Suzuki 2003: 62. 4 www.shvoong.com Oosterse Talen en Culturen - 7 - Merckaert Kim Universiteit Gent Inleiding kussen of seksuele betrekkingen hebben. Zo titelt een artikel uit USA Today „ No sex please – We‟re Japanese.‟ Hierin beschrijft de auteur hoe zelden Japanse jongeren seksueel contact hebben met elkaar.
Recommended publications
  • A Past Re-Imagined for the Geisha: Saviour of the 1950'S Japanese Sex
    A Past Re-imagined for the Geisha: Saviour of the 1950’s Japanese Sex Industry Caroline Norma Asia Institute This article looks at public discussion surrounding the enactment of Japan’s Prostitution Prevention Law in 1956. It homes in on the opinion of com- mentators that the exclusion of the geisha system from the law’s provisions allowed the Japanese sex industry to flourish even after 1956. The paper asks why the geisha system was left out of the law, and why this exclu- sion was a boon for the Japanese sex industry. It argues that the geisha system established a ‘respectable’ standard for prostitution in Japan, which shielded the sex industry from legal intervention in the postwar period. It concludes that the geisha system has normalised and lent respectability to the activities of the sex industry in Japanese society to the detriment of its women and girls. 37 INTRODUCTION in the 1950s. This discussion intends to overturn scholars’ dearly This paper looks at public discussion surrounding the enactment of held historical picture of the geisha system as an institution of the Japan’s Prostitution Prevention Law in 1956. It picks up the opinion arts.8 Understanding the prostitution status of the geisha system is of commentators that the Japanese sex industry continued to flourish necessary to the paper’s later examination of Japan’s sex industry in even after 1956 because the geisha system was left out of the law.1 The the 1950s. paper asks why the geisha system was left out of Japan’s Prostitution Girls are trafficked (jinshin baibai) into geisha houses, Kanzaki Prevention Law, and why this exclusion was a boon for the country’s wrote in 1955, through geisha house managers buying the right sex industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Studies on Sex Workers in Japan, Australia and New Zealand: the Way to Unionisation of Sex Workers
    The Otemon Journal of AustralianStudies, vol. 34, pp. 55−65, 2008 55 Comparative studies on sex workers in Japan, Australia and New Zealand: The way to unionisation of sex workers Akira Morishima Otemon Gakuin University I. Preface As widely known, the term ‘prostitution’ is regarded as a negative taboo word in Japan. Probably because of this, the word ‘Fuzoku(1)’, which is the euphemism of prostitution, has been recently commonly used to refer to the sex industry itself, brothels and sex workers. This paper intends to clarify the status quo of sex workers, and eventually reveal the taboo through comparative studies on the cases of Japan, Australia and New Zealand. Japan is opposed to Australia and New Zealand not only geographically but also in terms of re- sponses for prostitution including the welfare/health policies. Therefore, this paper mentions firstly the situations and problems sex workers in those three countries are faced with, in the process of which it will be hopefully clear at last why I conclude “The way to unionisation of sex workers” as a solution. II. Situation in Japan In Japan, the occupations and places related to prostitution began to be generally called ‘Fuzoku’ in the end of twentieth century and, the term has been commonly used since the beginning of twenty-first century. And, the ‘Fuzoku’consists mainly of escort agencies widely known in Western countries and brothels. The escort agencies in Japan have almost the same management system as those in Western countries; women (mostly) registered by the agencies are dispatched to hotels upon request via phone call or the like, while the system of brothels is rather complicated.
    [Show full text]
  • Love Motels: Oriental Phenomenon Or Emergent Sector?
    Love Motels: Oriental Phenomenon or emergent sector? Abstract Purpose This study explores the ‘Love Motel’ concept by examining the changing attitude of consumers in Taiwan. This will increase knowledge of the sector and define love motels. Design/methodology/approach The literature review charts the development of Taiwanese love motels from a duel origin; American Motels and Japanese ‘Love Hotels.’ This is followed by an empirical qualitative study consisting of a twostage collection strategy: focus groups of hospitality and tourism professionals to gather a wide range of opinions on the subject area followed by semi structured interviews with consumers. Findings The findings split into three interrelated areas: growth of Taiwanese love motels due to more liberal attitudes towards sexual practice; a change in the public perception of motels due to increased standards and an increased satisfaction with the personal consumption experience; these hotels are designed for couples. Research limitations/implications The empirical element of this study is an exploration of consumer experience in Taiwanese love hotels. Due to the sensitive nature of some of the data that was gathered a qualitative approach has been adopted. Practical Implications The sexual associations with this product appear almost coincidental. If the love motel product is considered in its purest form it is simply a hotel product that provides complete anonymity for its guests. Therefore, despite its application in South East Asia, this hospitality concept has potential to be applied in a variety of guises. Originality/value The phenomenon of ‘Love Hotels’ is absent from hospitality management literature; this paper begins to fill that gap by beginning a discussion on this possibly controversial sector.
    [Show full text]
  • Descargar Descargar
    2 DIRECTORIO Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes M. en Admón. Mario Andrade Cervantes, Rector Dr. en C. Francisco Javier Avelar González, Secretario General Dr. Daniel Eudave Muñoz, Decano del Centro de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades Dr. Andrés Reyes Rodríguez, Jefe del Departamento de Historia Consejo Editorial: Daniela Itzel Domínguez Tavares José Antonio Gutiérrez Gutiérrez Mario Antonio Frausto Grande Miriam Herrera Cruz Fernando Plascencia Martínez Fabián Rodríguez Nieto Enrique Rodríguez Varela Martha Lilia Sandoval Cornejo Comité Editorial: Ana Victoria Velázquez Díaz, Directora Minerva Ponce Ramírez, Secretaria Luis Gerardo Bernal Guzmán, Comité Editorial Luis Octavio Martínez Vargas, Comité Editorial Miguel Ángel Nieto Ángeles, Comité Editorial Andrea Isabel Ramírez Palacios, Comité Editorial Stephanie Scarlett Vicencio Rodríguez, Comité Editorial Corrección de estilo: Yessica Andrea Esparza Lozano Monserrat García Meraz Elsa Nidia Mauricio Balbuena Alexis Salvador Gómez Rodríguez Referencia de la imagen de portada: The creation of Adam Graffitty Style, Gary Hogben, 2008. Esta publicación no tiene fines de lucro. Las opiniones planteadas en los artículos son responsabilidad de sus autores y no necesariamente coinciden con el punto de vista de la revista y de la Institución. ÍNDICE 4 EDITORIAL LoS EnTEóGEnoS, como un mEdio HAciA EL conocimiEnTo 6 Luis Gerardo Bernal Guzmán LA GEnEALoGíA dEL ciELo y EL infiErno En AméricA 16 Aldo Barucq Muro Santoyo LoS pLEiToS dEL obiSpo: LAS ALEGAcionES dE don JuAn dE Palafox En conTrA dE LAS órdEnES rEGuLArES, 1640-1650 27 Adrián González Hernández mETodiSmo En méxico Su TránSiTo dE LA modErnidAd porfiriAnA A LA poST rEvoLución, 1873-1954 41 Oswaldo Ramirez González LA rELAción dEL ParTido Acción nAcionAL con EL catoLiciSmo En EL SiGLo xx y Su dESEmpEño ELEcTorAL En AGuAScALiEnTES: un AnáLiSiS dEL 52 municipio dE EL LLAno (1995-2016) Daniel Obed Ortega Vázquez KuKAi y LA TrAdición dEL nAnSHoKu En EL budiSmo SHinGon.
    [Show full text]
  • The Japanese Schoolgirl Figure
    The Japanese Schoolgirl Figure: Renegotiation of Power through Societal Construction, Masking a Crisis of Masculinity Sarah Hamm A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in International Studies University of Washington 2012 Committee: Sara Curran Gary Hamilton Program Authorized to Offer Degree: International Studies TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Figures .................................................................................................................................. i List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ iii Dedication ...................................................................................................................................... iv Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Part I: The Schoolgirl Figure and Masculinity in Crisis ................................................................. 7 Japanese Adolescent Girls ........................................................................................................... 7 The Context of Japan in the 1990s ............................................................................................ 10 The Salaryman Family Model and the
    [Show full text]
  • The Films of Kenji Mizoguchi: Authorship and Vernacular Style
    The Films of Kenji Mizoguchi: Authorship and Vernacular Style Paul Spicer This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Portsmouth October 2011 Contents Declaration i List of Figures ii Notes on Translation v Acknowledgements vii Dedication ix Introduction 1 Chapter One – Ideas of Language 34 Chapter Two – Ideas of Authorship 76 Chapter Three – Mizoguchi and Mise en Scène 119 Chapter Four – Ideas of Spectatorship 162 Chapter Five – Mizoguchi and Melodrama 195 Chapter Six – Mizoguchi and Theatre 247 Conclusion 288 Bibliography 308 Select Filmography 319 Mizoguchi Filmography 321 Appendix One: Interview with Oshima Kinue 328 Appendix Two: Interview with Sawato Midori 336 Appendix Three: Interview with Saso Tsutomu 349 Appendix Four: Omoukotonado: Edo Jocho no Eigaka Sonohoka: (My Thoughts: Creating Edo Culture in Film) by Director Kenji Mizoguchi. Nikkatsu Magazine June 1926 374 Appendix Five: Kanji Readings of Key Figures 378 Declaration Whilst registered as a candidate for the above degree, I have not been registered for any other research award. The results and conclusions embodied in this thesis are the work of the named candidate and have not been submitted for any other academic award. i List of Figures Chapter One Figure 1, p.56. Naniwa Ereji (1936). Mizoguchi's Fallen Women: Eclipse Series 13 (2008) [DVD]. New York: Criterion. Figure 2, p.57. Naniwa Ereji (1936). Mizoguchi's Fallen Women: Eclipse Series 13 (2008) [DVD]. New York: Criterion Figure 3, p.58. Naniwa Ereji (1936). Mizoguchi's Fallen Women: Eclipse Series 13 (2008) [DVD].
    [Show full text]
  • Japanese Love Hotels: Protecting Privacy for Private Encounters Michael Basil, University of Lethbridge, CANADA
    ASSOCIATION FOR CONSUMER RESEARCH Labovitz School of Business & Economics, University of Minnesota Duluth, 11 E. Superior Street, Suite 210, Duluth, MN 55802 Japanese Love Hotels: Protecting Privacy For Private Encounters Michael Basil, University of Lethbridge, CANADA This paper explores a cultural curiosity – Japanese “love hotels.” We explore the historical roots and sociological environment of love hotels. Even with a religious and cultural acceptance of sex in Japan, privacy is still an important aspect of the love hotel business. The ways in which love hotels protect patrons’ privacy is a primary part of the service encounter, and is demonstrated here. The importance of privacy may suggest that the need for sexual privacy may be rooted deep in our evolutionary biology. This is an important lesson for the field of marketing, especially for those in the sex-related industries. [to cite]: Michael Basil (2007) ,"Japanese Love Hotels: Protecting Privacy For Private Encounters", in E - European Advances in Consumer Research Volume 8, eds. Stefania Borghini, Mary Ann McGrath, and Cele Otnes, Duluth, MN : Association for Consumer Research, Pages: 505-510. [url]: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/13953/eacr/vol8/E-08 [copyright notice]: This work is copyrighted by The Association for Consumer Research. For permission to copy or use this work in whole or in part, please contact the Copyright Clearance Center at http://www.copyright.com/. Japanese Love Hotels: Protecting Privacy for Private Encounters Michael Basil, University of Lethbridge, Canada ABSTRACT affordable love-nest that rented by the hour. In the 1960s they were This paper explores a cultural curiosity–Japanese “love ho- often labeled “yellow hotels,” “couple hotels,” or finally, “love tels.” These have historical sociological roots deep in the culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Streetwalking in Occupied Japan Author(S): Holly Sanders Source: Pacific Historical Review, Vol
    Panpan : Streetwalking in Occupied Japan Author(s): Holly Sanders Source: Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 81, No. 3 (August 2012), pp. 404-431 Published by: University of California Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/phr.2012.81.3.404 . Accessed: 12/05/2014 04:31 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. University of California Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Pacific Historical Review. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 133.99.150.169 on Mon, 12 May 2014 04:31:52 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Panpan: Streetwalking in Occupied Japan HOLLY SANDERS The author is a member of the history department at Villanova University. This article explores sex markets in Occupied Japan. These operated under a legal regime distinct from traditional pleasure quarters and provided wage labor. There, streetwalkers, or panpan, had unprecedented control over their work. Many came from the middle class and formed women-led gangs that resembled criminal syndi- cates. The former especially concerned social scientists and mothers in postwar Japan. Calls to sanitize public space to protect Japanese children increasingly dominated public discourse about the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Japan Foundation Touring Film Programme 2017 Odd Obsessions: Desires, Hopes and Impulses in Japanese Cinema
    PRESS RELEASE January 9, 2017 For Immediate Release The Japan Foundation presents: The Japan Foundation Touring Film Programme 2017 Odd Obsessions: Desires, Hopes and Impulses in Japanese Cinema Experience Japan through Cinema 3 February – 29 March 2017, nationwide 3 February – 9 February 2017 at ICA, London Image: Pale Moon (Kami no tsuki), Daihachi Yoshida, 2014 The Japan Foundation Touring Film Programme, the largest programme focusing on Japanese cinema in the UK returns in 2017, touring to 15 cities nationwide. Taking inspiration from Charlie Chaplin’s famous quote “Life is a desire, not a meaning”, the programme features an all-encompassing introduction to Japanese cinema through the prism of “desires, hopes and impulses”. From the newly released work, The Mohican Comes Home (2016) by Shuichi Okita to classic example Flora on the Sand (1964) by Ko Nakahira, this year’s programme spans a myriad of genres to present the multiplicity of “wanting” in all its guises and explore a theme that is both prevalent and universal. Also showcasing younger Japanese filmmakers’ talents as well as a popular anime and rare documentary, the Japan Foundation Touring Film Programme 2017 promises to not only capture trends in Japanese cinema but also provide a vivid insight into what drives human action. Programme for screenings at ICA, London: Pale Moon (Kami no tsuki) Daihachi Yoshida, 2014 3 Feb 2017 6.30pm Ordinary housewife and bank employee Rika (Rie Miyazawa) turns to a life of crime by embezzling money from clients’ accounts in order to please her young lover. A mischievous dark drama adapted from the bestselling novel by Mitsuyo Kakuta.
    [Show full text]
  • Gestisci I Tuoi Dispositivi Mobi Con Telegram Emoji Nei
    GESTISCI I TUOI DISPOSITIVI MOBI CON TELEGRAM EMOJI NEI MESSAGGI INVIATI DAL DISPOSITIVO Per inviare un emoticon all’interno del messaggio inviato dal dispositivo remote, inserisci il codice del simbolo richiesto tra parentesi all’inizio del messaggio. Al verificarsi dell’evento riceverai un messaggio simile a questo: L’emoticon corrispondente al codice 1f600 è stato inserito sopra il testo. I simboli supportati e relativi codici sono riportati nella tabella seguente. 1 MobiBotEmoticons IT - 03/10/17 People GRINNING FACE 1f600 GRIMACING FACE 1f62c GRINNING FACE WITH SMILING EYES 1f601 FACE WITH TEARS OF JOY 1f602 SMILING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH 1f603 SMILING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH AND SMILING EYES 1f604 SMILING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH AND COLD SWEAT 1f605 SMILING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH AND TIGHTLY-CLOSED EYES 1f606 SMILING FACE WITH HALO 1f607 WINKING FACE 1f609 SMILING FACE WITH SMILING EYES 1f60a SLIGHTLY SMILING FACE 1f642 UPSIDE-DOWN FACE 1f643 FACE SAVOURING DELICIOUS FOOD 1f60b RELIEVED FACE 1f60c SMILING FACE WITH HEART-SHAPED EYES 1f60d FACE THROWING A KISS 1f618 KISSING FACE 1f617 KISSING FACE WITH SMILING EYES 1f619 KISSING FACE WITH CLOSED EYES 1f61a FACE WITH STUCK-OUT TONGUE AND WINKING EYE 1f61c FACE WITH STUCK-OUT TONGUE AND TIGHTLY-CLOSED EYES 1f61d FACE WITH STUCK-OUT TONGUE 1f61b MONEY-MOUTH FACE 1f911 NERD FACE 1f913 SMILING FACE WITH SUNGLASSES 1f60e HUGGING FACE 1f917 SMIRKING FACE 1f60f FACE WITHOUT MOUTH 1f636 NEUTRAL FACE 1f610 2 MobiBotEmoticons IT - 03/10/17 EXPRESSIONLESS FACE 1f611 UNAMUSED
    [Show full text]
  • Enjokosai in Japan: Rethinking the Dual Image of Prostitutes in Japanese and American Law
    UCLA UCLA Women's Law Journal Title Enjokosai in Japan: Rethinking the Dual Image of Prostitutes in Japanese and American Law Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8gc4h12r Journal UCLA Women's Law Journal, 13(1) Author Wakabayashi, Tsubasa Publication Date 2003 DOI 10.5070/L3131017775 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California STUDENT SCHOLARSHIP ENJOKOSAI IN JAPAN: RETHINKING THE DUAL IMAGE OF PROSTITUTES IN JAPANESE AND AMERICAN LAW Tsubasa Wakabayashi*, ** ABSTRACT This Article details the various laws in both Japan and the United States affecting and regulating prostitution. Specifi- cally, Tsubasa Wakabayashi examines enjokosai, an unconven- tional style of teenage prostitution and further analyzes whether it is a valid occupation or a form of exploitation. She begins by discussing the background of enjokosai by exploring Japanese history and customs regarding sex and prostitution. Ms. Wakabayashi then demonstrates how sex, prostitution, and the sexual activity of minors are treated under Japanese law. This treatment is later compared to federal and state laws in the Unites States, particularly laws affecting teenage prosti- tution. Finally, she argues that Japanese laws are improperly based upon fixed notions of sex, paternalism, and gender- prejudice, which result in an improper analysis of prostitution as a form of exploitation rather than a chosen occupation. * Lecturer, Osaka University Graduate School of Law in Japan. L.L.M, UCLA School of Law, 2002; Master of Laws, Osaka University Graduate School of Law, 2000; Bachelor of Law, Osaka University Faculty of Law, 1996. I would like to thank the following people: my L.L.M.
    [Show full text]
  • Costumi Sessuali in Giappone
    Costumi sessuali in Giappone Autore Dott.ssa Sara Ballotti 1- INTRODUZIONE L’oriente, soprattutto nel periodo dal III al XIV secolo, era culla di civiltà più progredita dell’occidentale in molti campi, fra i quali arti, costruzioni, filosofia, letteratura. La sessualità è culturalmente affrontata in modo pressoché opposto in Oriente ed in Occidente. Questo è dovuto principalmente ad un fattore religioso: mentre in occidente la religione negava e nascondeva la sessualità, in oriente veniva affermata e raffigurata, anche nei luoghi sacri e di culto come i templi. In oriente “l’arte dell’amore” era vissuta in piena libertà e con la ricerca massima della soddisfazione e del piacere; in questo scenario nacquero più opere volte a spiegare come fare a vivere appieno la sessualità e il corpo (Kamasutra, Tantra,...). Comprendere come si manifesti la sessualità in un dato Paese non può prescindere dall’osservazione dei suoi caratteri culturali. Per comprendere la cultura sessuale giapponese è necessario conoscere le credenze religiose autoctone che, nell’interazione con la società e l’ambiente, hanno inciso profondamente sullo sviluppo di una morale sessuale. Lo shintoismo presenta un atteggiamento permissivo nei confronti del sesso, in particolare per il ruolo fondamentale che esso ricopre nella procreazione: ampio spazio è riservato ai riti di fertilità e ai culti fallici connessi. Molto frequenti nelle campagne, questi rituali della fertilità assumono un valore sacro di estrema importanza, collegando la sessualità e la potenza erotica alla prosperità della terra e al lavoro agricolo. Come l'uomo semina nel corpo della donna, così seminerà nel corpo della terra. Culto essenzialmente animista e politeista, lo shinto vede la presenza di forze soprannaturali (i kami) in tutte le manifestazioni del reale e, conseguentemente, tutto ciò che è naturale è anche morale.
    [Show full text]