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Sociologische Studie Van Seksualiteit in De Moderne Japanse Maatschappij

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Sociologische Studie Van Seksualiteit in De Moderne Japanse Maatschappij UNIVERSITEIT GENT Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte Opleiding Oosterse Talen en Culturen ACADEMIEJAAR 2008-2009 De Sociologie van Pinku: sociologische studie van seksualiteit in de moderne Japanse maatschappij Scriptie voorgelegd aan de Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte voor het behalen van de graad Master in de Oosterse Talen en Culturen Merckaert Kim Promotor: Prof. Dr. A. Niehaus UNIVERSITEIT GENT Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte Opleiding Oosterse Talen en Culturen ACADEMIEJAAR 2008-2009 De Sociologie van Pinku: sociologische studie van seksualiteit in de moderne Japanse maatschappij Scriptie voorgelegd aan de Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte voor het behalen van de graad Master in de Oosterse Talen en Culturen Merckaert Kim Promotor: Prof. Dr. A. Niehaus Universiteit Gent Voorwoord VOORWOORD Ter afsluiting van een vier jaar durende studieloopbaan tot master in de Oosterse Talen en Culturen mag een scriptie natuurlijk niet ontbreken. Deze scriptie – waarin ik trachtte al de verworven wetenschappelijke en praktische kennis te verenigen – vormt de kroon op het werk. In het tweede jaar van deze opleiding stond het boek An introduction to Japanese Society op het programma. In dit boek las ik voor het eerst over de Japanse Love Industry. Na het lezen van deze, echter korte vermelding van dit Japanse cultuuraspect, was mijn interesse gewekt. Tijdens een reis naar Japan kwam ik opnieuw in contact met dit specifieke aspect van de Japanse samenleving. Het onderwerp sprak mij zodanig aan dat het idee rees het te gebruiken als onderwerp van mijn scriptie. Geleidelijk aan ontwikkelde het idee zich verder tot ik bij het uiteindelijke onderzoeksthema kwam: een sociologische studie over de seksualiteit in Japan. Tot slot wil ik graag een woord van dank richten aan al diegenen die mij geholpen hebben bij het verwezenlijken van dit doel. Mijn promotor Prof. Dr. Andreas Niehaus, alsook het assisterende personeel van de Universiteit Gent vakgroep Oosterse Talen en Culturen. Tenslotte ook familie en vrienden voor de onvoorwaardelijke mentale steun. De student Merckaert Kim Oosterse Talen en Culturen - 4 - Merckaert Kim Universiteit Gent Inhoudsopgave INHOUDSOPGAVE 1. INLEIDING ....................................................................................................................... 7 2. THEORIEËN OVER SEKSUALITEIT IN DE MAATSCHAPPIJ .................................. 10 2.1. DE ROL VAN SEKSUALITEIT IN DE SOCIOLOGIE ........................................ 10 2.2. THEORIEËN OVER SEKSUALITEIT ................................................................... 12 2.2.1. Essentialisme ................................................................................................... 13 2.2.2. Sociaal constructionisme ................................................................................ 16 2.3. CONCLUSIE ........................................................................................................... 17 3. HISTORISCH OVERZICHT VAN DE JAPANSE SEKSUALITEIT ............................. 19 3.1. DE HEIAN-PERIODE (794 – 1185) ....................................................................... 20 3.1.1. Familiale structuur ......................................................................................... 21 3.1.2. Homoseksualiteit ............................................................................................ 22 3.1.3. Prostitutie ........................................................................................................ 23 3.2. DE TOKUGAWA PERIODE (1603 – 1868) .......................................................... 24 3.2.1. Familiale structuren ....................................................................................... 25 3.2.2. Homoseksualiteit ............................................................................................ 26 3.2.3. Prostitutie ........................................................................................................ 29 3.3. DE MEIJI-PERIODE TOT HEDEN (1868 – heden) ............................................... 30 3.3.1. Familiale structuren ....................................................................................... 30 3.3.2. Homoseksualiteit ............................................................................................ 32 3.3.3. Prostitutie ........................................................................................................ 35 3.4. CONCLUSIE ........................................................................................................... 37 4. SEKSUALITEIT IN DE MODERNE JAPANSE MAATSCHAPPIJ ............................... 38 4.1. LOVE HOTELS ....................................................................................................... 39 4.1.1. Definitie: Wat zijn love hotels? ..................................................................... 39 4.1.2. Historische achtergrond ................................................................................ 41 4.1.3. Love hotels in de Japanse maatschappij ...................................................... 45 4.1.4. Love hotels en homoseksualiteit .................................................................... 49 4.2. HOSTESS CLUBS ................................................................................................... 51 4.2.1. Definitie: Wat zijn hostess clubs? ................................................................. 51 4.2.2. Historische achtergrond ................................................................................ 52 Oosterse Talen en Culturen - 5 - Merckaert Kim Universiteit Gent Inhoudsopgave 4.2.3. Hostess clubs in de Japanse maatschappij ................................................... 53 4.3. HOST CLUBS .......................................................................................................... 56 4.3.1. Definitie: Wat zijn host clubs? ...................................................................... 56 4.3.2. Historische achtergrond ................................................................................ 56 4.3.3. Host clubs in de Japanse maatschappij ........................................................ 57 4.3.4. Host clubs en homoseksualiteit ..................................................................... 59 5. CONCLUSIE ................................................................................................................... 61 ONDERZOEKSSEMINARIE .................................................................................................. 63 BEGRIPPENLIJST.................................................................................................................. 68 BIBLIOGRAFIE ...................................................................................................................... 72 Oosterse Talen en Culturen - 6 - Merckaert Kim Universiteit Gent Inleiding 1. INLEIDING Seksgerelateerde bedrijven vormen de tweede grootste industrie in Japan. Seks is in Japan overal aanwezig, van erotische manga tot soaplands en maakt deel uit van het alledaagse leven.1 Sommige wetenschappers, zoals Lunsing (2001) beweren dat er in Japan zelf niet op een persoonlijke manier over seks kan gesproken worden.2 Dit geldt echter niet voor het Westen, dat zich ook over de Japanse seksualiteit uitspreekt. Zowel wetenschappers als niet – wetenschappers laten zich uit over wat volgens hen de Japanse seksualiteit typeert. De Japanse beleving van seksualiteit wordt vaak beschreven in magazines, op internet sites en blogs, enz. De auteurs van deze teksten richten zich veelal op onderdelen van seksualiteit die voor hen minder alledaags zijn, zoals love hotels of burusera (ブルセラ)3. De Japanse seksualiteit wordt hier vaak voorgesteld als compleet verschillend van de westerse seksualiteit, onbegrijpelijk voor de westerse geest en zelfs afwijkend van de „normale‟ seksualiteit. Het populaire discours verdeelt zich over twee ruime gebieden. De eerste zijde stelt de Japanse seksualiteit voor als promiscue en vrijzinnig. Hierbij wordt Japan voorgesteld als een land waar, op vlak van erotiek, alles kan en alles mag en de meest buitengewone verlangens vervuld kunnen worden. Zo worden bepaalde elementen uit de Japanse seksindustrie aangehaalt om deze losse houding te bewijzen: Japan heeft blijkbaar een veel vrijere houding tegenover seksualiteit. [...] Eén van de meest vreemde zaken in Japan zijn distributieautomaten waarin pornografische magazines verkocht worden. In de V.S. zou zoiets leiden tot arrestatie en vervolging van de verkoper, maar in Japan is dit helemaal niet erg.4 De tweede zijde ziet Japan als een preuts land, waar koppels elkaar niet aanraken in het openbaar. Deze auteurs argumenteren dat volgens statistieken Japanse koppels zeer weinig 1 Soaplands (sōpurando, ソープランド) vormen een onderdeel van de Japanse seksindustrie. Officieel zijn het badhuizen waar mannen gewassen worden. Officieus wordt er in deze accomodaties seks aan mannen aangeboden. Sinclair 2006: 66-67. 2 Lunsing 2001: 280. 3 Burusera is het verkopen van gebruikt (meisjes)ondergoed of school uniformen. Buru is afgeleid „bloomers‟, wat naar ondergoed verwijst. Sera is afgeleid van „sailor‟ wat verwijst naar een zeemans kostuum. Suzuki 2003: 62. 4 www.shvoong.com Oosterse Talen en Culturen - 7 - Merckaert Kim Universiteit Gent Inleiding kussen of seksuele betrekkingen hebben. Zo titelt een artikel uit USA Today „ No sex please – We‟re Japanese.‟ Hierin beschrijft de auteur hoe zelden Japanse jongeren seksueel contact hebben met elkaar.
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