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PHILOLOGY Vol. 1-- Piotr P. Chruszczewski, Stanisław Prędota POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WROCŁAW BRANCH -- PHILOLOGY Vol. 1-- Piotr P. Chruszczewski, Stanisław Pr ędota (eds.) ISBN 9788391738627 Prace Komisji Nauk Filologicznych Oddziału Polskiej Akademii Nauk we Wrocławiu I Recenzenci: Prof. dr hab. Piotr Cap Uniwersytet Łódzki Dr Władysław Chłopicki Uniwersytet Jagielloński Korekta: Graham Crawford Radosław Wyczliński Piotr P. Chruszczewski 2 Prace Komisji Nauk Filologicznych Oddziału Polskiej Akademii Nauk we Wrocławiu I Pod redakcją Piotra P. Chruszczewskiego oraz Stanisława Prędoty POLSKA AKADEMIA NAUK ODDZIAŁ we WROCŁAWIU Wrocław 2009 3 Prace Komisji Nauk Filologicznych Oddziału Polskiej Akademii Nauk we Wrocławiu I Adres wydawcy: Oddział Polskiej Akademii Nauk we Wrocławiu ul. Podwale 75, 50-449 Wrocław www.pan.wroc.pl Komisja Nauk Filologicznych Oddziału PAN we Wrocławiu Przewodniczący Prof. dr hab. Stanisław Prędota Wiceprzewodniczący Prof. dr hab. Andrzej Zawada Sekretarz Dr hab. Piotr P. Chruszczewski Redakcja naukowa i opracowanie redakcyjne: Piotr P. Chruszczewski, Stanisław Prędota Projekt okładki: Maciej Sławuski www.slawuspolonus.art.pl Skład : Piotr P. Chruszczewski Druk i oprawa : Drukarnia Eikon Plus, Kraków © Copyright by authors Copyright for this edition by Oddział Polskiej Akademii Nauk we Wrocławiu 2009 All rights reserved ISBN 978-83-917386-2-7 Publikacja sponsorowana przez firmę “FUTHARK” oraz prywatnych darczyńców 4 PRZEDMOWA Mamy zaszczyt przedstawi ć Czytelnikowi – prosz ąc o Ŝyczliwe przyj ęcie – pierwszy tom Prac Komisji Nauk Filologicznych Oddziału Polskiej Akademii Nauk we Wrocławiu. Publikacja ta jest zbiorem rozpraw Go ści Komisji, profesorów o uznanym autorytecie w dziedzinie wiedzy przez siebie reprezentowanej. Dali śmy te Ŝ szans ę ogłoszenia drukiem kilku debiutanckich artykułów, których autorzy s ą pocz ątkuj ącymi badaczami. Nale Ŝne podzi ękowania składamy Władzom Katedry Filologii Niderlandzkiej Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, Instytutu Filologii Angielskiej Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, oraz Wy Ŝszej Szkoły Filologicznej we Wrocławiu, które były uprzejme u Ŝycza ć nam swoich sal wykładowych i wspierały nas organizacyjnie. Stanisław Pr ędota Wrocław, stycze ń 2009 Piotr P. Chruszczewski 5 6 Sprawozdanie z działalno ści Komisji Nauk Filologicznych Oddziału Polskiej Akademii Nauk we Wrocławiu (2008 ) I W 2008 roku Komisj ę Nauk Filologicznych Oddziału Polskiej Akademii Nauk we Wrocławiu swoimi wykładami byli uprzejmi zaszczyci ć: Prof. dr hab. Tomasz Krzeszowski (Uniwersytet Warszawski) „Perspektywy semantyki” (24 stycznia 2008 r.) Dr Anna Skubaczewska-Pniewska (Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu) „W wi ęzieniu systemu – Ferdinand de Saussure i teoria literatury” (20 marca 2008 r.) Prof. dr hab. Witold Ma ńczak (Uniwersytet Jagiello ński) „Nieregulary rozwój fonetyczny spowodowany frekwencj ą” (10 kwietnia 2008 r.) Prof. dr hab. Aleksander Szwedek (Uniwersytet Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu) „Na wzór i podobie ństwo … Obiektyfikacja – alternatywna teoria metafory” (22 kwietnia 2008 r.) Prof. dr hab. Tadeusz Sławek (Uniwersytet Śląski) „U-jmowa ć. H.D. Thoreau i wspólnota świata” (15 maja 2008 r.) Prof. dr Rui João Baptista Soares (Tavira, Portugalia) “Paremiology in Portugal” (5 czerwca 2008 r.) Prof. dr hab. Wojciech Kalaga (Uniwersytet Śląski) „O paradygmacie filozoficznym w literaturoznawstwie” (19 czerwca 2008 r.) Prof. dr Cor van Bree (Universiteit Leiden, Holandia) “Why do languages change?” (23 pa ździernika 2008 r.) Prof. dr Lorenzo Magnani (Università di Pavia) “Semiotic brains and artificial minds” (18 grudnia 2008 r.) 7 II 18 maja 2008 roku Komisja Nauk Filologicznych Oddziału Polskiej Akademii Nauk we Wrocławiu wraz z Wy Ŝsz ą Szkoł ą Filologiczn ą zorganizowała pod patronatem Konsulatu Generalnego USA w Krakowie otwart ą sesj ę naukow ą pt. „ American Day 2008 ”. W sesji czynnie uczestniczyli: Jego Ekscelencja Konsul USA w Polsce Pan Duncan Walker (Kraków) Prof. dr hab. Jacek Fisiak (UAM; Członek Korespondent PAN) Prof. dr hab. Stanisław Pr ędota (Przewodnicz ący Komisji Nauk Filologicznych Oddziału PAN we Wrocławiu, Uniwersytet Wrocławski) Prof. dr hab. Zdzisław Wąsik (UAM; JM Rektor Wy Ŝszej Szkoły Filologicznej) Prof. dr hab. Sybilla Bidwell (Szkoła Wy Ŝsza Psychologii Społecznej) Prof. dr hab. Piotr Cap (Uniwersytet Łódzki) Prof. William Minsker (Pennsylvania Partnerships Abroad) Prof. dr Ronald Kim (Uniwersytet Wrocławski; Wy Ŝsza Szkoła Filologiczna) Dr Anna Skubaczewska-Pniewska (Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika) Dr Jan Chovanec (Uniwersytet Masaryka w Brnie) Mgr Aleksandra Knapik ( Futhark Enterprise) Dr Tomasz P. Górski (Uniwersytet Szczeci ński) Prof. WSF dr hab. Piotr P. Chruszczewski (Uniwersytet Wrocławski; Wy Ŝsza Szkoła Filologiczna) III 24 czerwca 2008 roku Komisja Nauk Filologicznych Oddziału Polskiej Akademii Nauk we Wrocławiu wraz z PT Dziekanem Wydziału Filologicznego Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, Profesorem drem hab. Michałem Sarnowskim , zorganizowała otwarte warsztaty szkoleniowe pt. „Zosta ń ekspertem Komisji Europejskiej w 7. Programie Ramowym”. Warsztaty przeprowadzone zostały przez specjalistów z Regionalnego Punktu Kontaktowego Programów Badawczych Unii Europejskiej z Pozna ńskiego Parku Naukowo-Technologicznego Fundacji Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza. IV W 2008 roku podj ęta została decyzja o zredagowaniu i publikacji pierwszego tomu rozpraw pt. Prace Komisji Nauk Filologicznych Oddziału Polskiej Akademii Nauk we Wrocławiu . 8 SPIS TRE ŚCI – TABLE OF CONTENTS PRZEDMOWA S. P RĘDOTA , P. C HRUSZCZEWSKI .........................................5 SPRAWOZDANIE Z DZIAŁALNO ŚCI ........................................................................7 WHY DO LANGUAGES CHANGE ? C. VAN BREE ..............................................11 SOCIOLECT USED BY HUNTERS I. BIAŁEK .....................................................31 SUBIEKTYWIZM A IDEOLOGIA BADACZA … M. BIENIEK ..............................55 RESEARCHING “PALEOMETAPHORS ”… P. CHRUSZCZEWSKI ....................61 ENIGMATYCZNA GENEZA I CHARAKTER EWANGELII M. CZAJKOWSKI ......71 SPACES OF REVELLING ... L. DRUG Ă ............................................................75 DOR — A ROMANIAN KEY WORD … M. FRUMU ŞELU.................................93 ANGIELSKIE , POLSKIE I ROSYJSKIE SŁOWNICTWO EROTYCZNE …T. GÓRSKI.115 GENDER AND QUESTION TAGS ’ USAGE … K. JA ŃSKA ................................129 INSPIRACJE FILOZOFICZNE … W. KALAGA.................................................161 THE ANALYSIS OF SPECIFIERS POSITION … J. KOŁATA ..............................179 W OGNIU ZIMNEJ WOJNY … A. KNAPIK .....................................................191 ANALIZA KOMENTARZA SPORTOWEGO D. KSI Ęś ARCZYK .......................201 SONG LYRICS IN TRANSLATION … A. LEWICKI .........................................221 SEMIOTIC BRAINS , ARTIFICIAL MINDS … L. MAGNANI..............................233 NIEREGULARNY ROZWÓJ FONETYCZNY … W. MA ŃCZAK .........................273 PISMO RUNICZNE A J ĘZYK… J. MIANOWSKI ............................................295 O NIEKTÓRYCH FUNKCJACH PAUZY … M. OL ĘDZKI ..................................317 MAKAREWICZ ’ P OLYGLOTTE ... S. PR ĘDOTA............................................333 9 JĘZYK WALIJSKI – UMIERAJ ĄCY CZY OD śYWAJ ĄCY ? A. SKRZYPIEC ........347 MIĘDZY „BŁ ĘDEM INTENCYJNO ŚCI ”…A. SKUBACZEWSKA-PNIEWSKA 353 HENRY DAVID THOREAU I WSPÓLNOTA ŚWIATA T. SŁAWEK ....................371 NA WZÓR I PODOBIE ŃSTWO… A. SZWEDEK .............................................377 „B ĒON + IMIESŁÓW CZYNNY CZASU TERA ŹNIEJSZEGO ”…W. WITKOWSKI.381 NOTY O AUTORACH .................................................................................397 10 Cor van Bree Universiteit Leiden Why do languages change? 1 Introduction Why do languages change? This is a trivial question and there is a trivial answer: why everything in this world changes. But maybe it is possible to give a more sophisticated answer. Therefore again: why do languages change? In answering this question we shall restrict ourselves to what we can call: ordinary, i.e. spontaneous language change. There are situations, for instance the situation of standardization, in which language is changed intentionally: grammarians form a standard language and are taking decisions as to which elements are acceptable henceforth and which not. This is the way in which Standard Polish, Standard Dutch, Standard English and so on came into being. This situation we shall leave out of consideration, although it is a very interesting situation. In connection with this: let us note that languages changes are often in conflict with the norm of the standard language. At first they are often considered to be errors. Later on they can be accepted and even become the standard norm. In order to interpret and explain language changes, we have to switch off our “normative button”. Let me illustrate this with a famous metaphor, the metaphor of the botanist and the gardener. The botanist is 1 This paper was presented in the form of a lecture at the Philological School of Higher Education in Wrocław (Poland) on the 24 th of October 2008. I thank Jan Noordegraaf (Alphen aan den Rijn NL), Ariane van Santen (Leiden NL), Guy Tops (Wilrijk Belgium) and Arjen Versloot (Ljouwert/Leeuwarden NL) for help and comments. 11 interested in everything that grows up in the garden; the gardener wants to keep the garden in an orderly state. He distinguishes between herbs en weeds. 2 I would ask the reader to be a botanist while reading this contribution. Natural or cultural? Why do languages change spontaneously? If we
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