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The Tree We Heard Fall Analyzing the Societal Processes Following Focusing Events Jenny Lindholm The Tree We Heard Fall Analyzing the Societal Processes Following Focusing Events Every day, an extensive number of events and have negative consequences to a large occurs. What gives some events strong focal number of people – and are generally referred power, whereas others fade away without to as crises and disasters. political impact? From a political science perspective, issues that are important for the This dissertation examines how different types general public, issues related to serious societal of focusing events affect societal processes problems and issues receiving extensive by comparing man-made disasters to natural Jenny Lindholm attention in the media are all plausible issues disasters, and events with a stronger versus that will rise onto the formal political agenda. weaker degree of focus. By analyzing citizens’ From a neurological perspective, people emotional and cognitive reactions, the media pay more attention to negative events. The coverage as well as the parliamentary debates The Tree We Heard Fall combination of these criteria gives us focusing following four focusing events, a broad ap- | 2016 Fall Heard We Tree The Lindholm | Jenny Analyzing the Societal Processes Following Focusing Events events. These events are sudden, unusual, proach to disaster research has been applied. Personalized picture area (option) 145x95mm 9 789517 658126 Åbo AkademiÅbo Akademi University University Press |Press ISBN |978-951-765-812-6 ISBN xxx-xxx-xxx-x Jenny Lindholm Born1986 in Korsnäs, Finland Master of Social Sciences 2010 (Åbo Akademi University) Åbo Akademi University Press Tavastgatan 13, FI-20500 Åbo, Finland Tel. +358 (0)2 215 3478 E-mail: [email protected] Sales and distribution: Åbo Akademi University Library Domkyrkogatan 2–4, FI-20500 Åbo, Finland Tel. +358 (0)2 -215 4190 E-mail: [email protected] Portrait photo: Jonas Udd Cover: Lindholm & Högväg / Parliament house photo: Johannes Jansson/norden.org THE TREE WE HEARD FALL The Tree We Heard Fall Analyzing the Societal Processes Following Focusing Events Jenny Lindholm Åbo Akademis förlag | Åbo Akademi University Press Åbo, Finland, 2016 CIP Cataloguing in Publication Lindholm, Jenny. The tree we heard fall : analyzing the societal processes following focusing events / Jenny Lindholm. - Åbo : Åbo Akademi University Press, 2016. Diss.: Åbo Akademi University. ISBN 978-951-765-812-6 ISBN 978-951-765-812-6 ISBN 978-951-765-813-3 (digital) Painosalama Oy Åbo 2016 Förord To dare is to do. Denna historia börjar kanske på en parkeringsplats i Petalax. Min gymnasierektor ropade “skicka mig din avhandling sen”, och jag antog att han menade doktorsavhandling. Eller möjligtvis under de kandidat- och magistersemiarier som jag tyckte var ovanligt roliga (!), och där jag insåg att jag hittat ett tema jag ville lära mig mer om. Även om det fortsättningsvis finns stunder när jag funderar över varför jag skriver en doktorsavhandling, så vet jag i alla fall hur man på bästa sätt genomför ett sådant åtagande. Man omger sig med personer som är briljanta, kreativa, generösa med sin kunskap, samt som besitter en någorlunda bra humor. Människor som tror på dig och får dig att bli bättre än vad du någonsin drömde om att vara. Jag har lyxen att vara omgiven av precis sådana människor. Jag vill rikta ett särskilt stort tack till min handledare, professor Göran Djupsund, som är expert på att se helheter, samt att erbjuda uppmuntran i precis rätt ögonblick. Om design är att skapa lösningar är jag speciellt glad för att du gav min forskningsdesign möjligheten att få en experimentell lösning. Det är tack vare dina idéer och din hjälp som detta projekt alltid har känts genomförbart. Tack för att du är mittfältsmotorn som alltid slår den öppnande passningen! Det underlättar också att i korridoren på B4 jobba sida vid sida med docent Tom Carlson och docent Kim Strandberg. Era alltid lika insiktsfulla kommentarer levereras snabbt och har fått arbetet med avhandlingen att flyta på – och plötsligt en dag var allt klart. Tack för att ingen fråga är för liten eller för stor och för att ni alltid tagit er tid! Avhandlingens förhandsgranskare, professor emerita Marie-Louise von Bergmann-Winberg från Mittuniversitet och docent Fredrik Bynander vid Försvarshögskolan i Stockholm, poängterade många viktiga lärdomar som jag tar med mig, men gav mig också ett självförtroende gällande det arbete jag gjort. Ett ödmjukt tack för er kunskap! PM Janne Berg, utan våra dagliga diskussioner av varierande vetenskaplig grad hade livet som doktorand varit bra mycket ointressantare. Du är fantastisk på många sätt och jag uppskattar att du alltid säger ja till nya äventyr, diskuterar allt från metodik i till doktorandångest och gärna skålar i rödvin då det har behövts. Tack för att du hejar på mig de dagar då solen inte skiner ända till andra sidan av korridoren! Till alla kollegor i Vasa, i Åbo, på Försvarshögskolan och i den finlandssvenska forskarskolan – ni har förgyllt mina dagar såväl intellektuellt som imponerat på dansgolvet. Jag är djupt tacksam för all hjälp och uppmuntran! Så många personer har bidragit till att förbättra avhandlingen, och jag vill speciellt lyfta fram PM Joni Kyheröinen och språkgranskare Paul Wilkinson. Joni var den bästa forsknings- assistent man kan tänka sig, med exemplarisk noggrannhet i kombination med roliga diskussioner under långa arbetsdagar i labbet. Paul bidrog förtjänstfullt till att det engelska språket i avhandlingen flyter smidigt. Slutligen vill jag lyfta fram min stora och fina familj, utan er alla vore livet tråkigt. Tack mamma och pappa för att jag alltid fått gå min egen väg. Jona, du som har läst min avhandling flest gånger av alla och hållit mig nere på jorden gällande alltför invecklad akademisk jargong, samtidigt som du är den person som alltid, alltid får mig att skratta. Tack för att du tror på mig, det hade aldrig gått utan din hjälp. Jocke, inledningsvis förtjänar du (och Sören!) en applåd för all assistans i labbet. Du är extremt bra på att förklara hur saker hänger samman och det är till stor del din förtjänst att jag tycker att experimentell forskning är det roligaste man kan hålla på med. Vi är båda lika nyfikna, så jag ser det som en enorm styrka att kunna diskutera forskning, Solex 32/32 TDID-förgasare, såväl som universums mysterier hemma i soffan. Tack för att du finns i mitt liv. * * * Arbetet med denna avhandling har möjliggjorts genom ekonomiskt stöd från Victoriastiftelsen. Ett innerligt tack för att jag kunnat jobba heltid med min forskning! Jag har också uppskattat de resebidrag och stipendier från Högskolestiftelsen i Österbotten, Makarna Eks fond, Rektorn vid Åbo Akademi och Svensk- Österbottniska Samfundet som gett mig möjlighet att berika min forskarvardag genom att delta i nationella och internationella konferenser. Vasa, 12 januari 2016 Jenny Lindholm ii Table of contents List of figures ........................................................................................................... vii List of tables ........................................................................................................... viii I. INTRODUCTION 1. Appetite for destruction? Introducing the research field ................................ 9 1.2 Research interest and aim of the dissertation ...................................... 15 1.3 Disposition ............................................................................................ 17 2. Jigsaw puzzle – Defining focusing events in a societal context ....................... 19 2.1 A crisis of definition? ............................................................................ 19 2.2 Risks, crises, disasters and catastrophes .............................................. 24 2.3 The song remains the same? – Waiting for the next disaster ............. 29 2.4 Different kinds of focusing events ....................................................... 31 2.5 General research questions ................................................................... 40 II. DEFINING THE CONTEXT 3. When the levee breaks – Focusing events on societal arenas .......................... 45 3.1 On the premise for societal processes .................................................. 45 3.1.1 On the concepts of arenas, agendas and salient issues ................ 48 3.2 Emotional rescue? – The civic arena .................................................... 53 3.2.1 Citizens’ political power ............................................................... 55 3.2.2 How problems reach our awareness ............................................ 57 3.2.3 Mobilization of citizens in the wake of focusing events .............. 59 3.3 Paint it black? – The media arena ........................................................ 61 3.3.1 Defining the media arena ............................................................. 61 3.3.2 Why are focusing events important in the media? ...................... 65 iii 3.3.3 The media’s power position ....................................................... 66 3.3.4 Setting the agenda ....................................................................... 68 3.3.5 The attention struggle ................................................................. 71 3.3.6 The media response to a focusing event .................................... 72 3.4 All Apologies? – The parliamentary arena ........................................ 73 3.4.1 Political processes ....................................................................... 75 3.4.2 How issues rise on the formal political agenda
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